• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.191-205
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• 2008

In order to use the geologic information data such as industrialization of rock resources, site enlargement and development planning, distributive ratios of rock types and geologic ages were obtained by the ArcGIS 9.2 program, and digital geologic and geographic maps of 1:250,000 scale, in the Chungbug, Chungnam and Daejeon areas, respectively. In the Chungbug area, 64 rock kinds are developed and their geologic ages can be classified into 8 large groups. In the geologic ages, the ratios are decreasing in the order of Jurassic, Precambrian, Age-unknown, Cretaceous, Quaternary, Cambro-Ordovician and Carboniferous-Triassic ages, all of which comprise most ratios of 98.48% in the area. In the rock types, the ratios show the decreasing order of Jurassic Daebo granite, Precambrian banded gneiss of Gyeonggi metamorphic complex, Cretaceous biotite granite, Quaternary alluvium, Great limestone group, Lower phyllite zone and Meta-sandy rock zone of age-unknown Ogcheon group, Triassic Cheongsan granite, Precambrian granitic gneiss of Gyeonggi gneiss complex, Pebble bearing phyllite zone of age-unknown Ogcheon group and biotite gneiss of Sobaegsan metamorphic complex, all of which comprise the prevailing ratio of 84.27% in the area. In the Chungnam area, 35 rock types are developed and their geologic ages can be classified into 6 large groups. In the geologic ages, the ratios are decreasing in the order of Precambrian, Jurassic and Quaternary ages, which occupy the prevailing ratio of 87.55% in the area. In the rock types, the ratios show the decreasing order of Jurassic Daebo granite, Precambrian banded gneiss of Gyeonggi metamorphic complex, Quaternary alluvium, Precambrian granite and granitic gneiss of Gyeonggi gneiss complex, Cretaceous acidic dykes, Lower phyllite zone and Pebble bearing phyllite zone of age-unknown Ogcheon group and Quaternary reclaimed land, which occupy the ratios of 74.28% in the area. In the Daejeon area, 11 rock types are developed and their geologic ages can be classified into 5 large groups. In the ages, the ratios are decreasing in the order of Jurassic, Age-unknown and Quaternary, which occupy most ratios of 93.40% in the area. In the rock types, the ratios show the decreasing order of Jurassic Daebo granite, Quaternary alluvium and Lower phyllite zone and Pebble bearing phyllite zone of age-unknown Ogcheon group, which occupy the prevailing ratios of 91.09% in the area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2015

Momordica charantia L. is a valuable food and medicinal plant of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) that is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Physicochemical properties of M. charantia based on cultivars, parts and growing stage were investigated. Crude protein contents of leaf were 27.5%, 26.9%, and 23.6% in native leaf (NL), cv. Erabu leaf (EL), and cv. Dragon leaf (DL), respectively. In particular, the crude protein content was the highest in leaves. The crude fat content was in the order of developmental stage 1 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF1) and developmental stage 1 of native fruit (NF1) with values of 4.0%, and 3.9%, respectively. There was also high amount of crude fiber in stem of all three cultivars. The crude ash content was in the order of cv. Erabu leaf, cv. Dragon leaf, and developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3) with values of 23.2%, 17.4%, and 13.6%, respectively. The major minerals found in M. charantia were K, Ca, and Mg. The potassium contents of developmental stage 3 of native fruit (NF3), developmental stage 3 of cv. Dragon fruit (DF3), cv. Dragon stem (DS), and developmental stage 2 of native fruit (NF2) were 498.37, 339.21, 314.30, and 307.34 ㎎ /100g, respectively, while the calcium contents were decreased of EL, DL, and NL with values of 513.45, 371.69, and 209.43 ㎎/100g, respectively. The calcium content was higher in leaves and stems than fruits. On the otherhand, the highest magnesium content was measured in EL (69.92 ㎎/100g). The highest contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were found in NL (442.9 ㎎/100g dw), EL (759.6 ㎎/100g dw), and EL (1164.9 ㎎/100g dw), respectively. The vitamin C contents from developmental stage 2 of cv. Erabu fruit (EF2), NF3, developmental stage 3 of cv. Erabu on fruit (EF3), and NF2 were found with values of 2849.9, 2330.5, 1985.1, and 1844.5 ㎎/㎏, respectively, and found to be higher in Korean cultivar and Erabu fruit than in Dragon. The charantin contents of leaf were higher than the fruit found to be 547.71, 506.04 and 395.62 ㎍/g dw in DL, EL and EF2, respectively. According to the results, mineral contents, total chlorophyll and charantin contents of M. charantia were higher in the leaves (EL and DL) than the fruits. And, vitamin C content was the highest in the fruit (EF2 and EF3). Therefore, much more research needs to be undertaken to use of the leaves as well as fruits. The data showed that M. charantia can be considered a good source of nutrient for application in food system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.121-131
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• 2008

This study was conducted to delineate temporal and spatial patterns of potential risk of cold injury by combining the short-term cold hardiness of Campbell Early grapevine and the IPCC projected climate winter season minimum temperature at a landscape scale. Gridded data sets of daily maximum and minimum temperature with a 270m cell spacing ("High Definition Digital Temperature Map", HD-DTM) were prepared for the current climatological normal year (1971-2000) based on observations at the 56 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) stations using a geospatial interpolation scheme for correcting land surface effects (e.g., land use, topography, and elevation). The same procedure was applied to the official temperature projection dataset covering South Korea (under the auspices of the IPCC-SRES A2 and A1B scenarios) for 2071-2100. The dormancy depth model was run with the gridded datasets to estimate the geographical pattern of any changes in the short-term cold hardiness of Campbell Early across South Korea for the current and future normal years (1971-2000 and 2071-2100). We combined this result with the projected mean annual minimum temperature for each period to obtain the potential risk of cold injury. Results showed that both the land areas with the normal cold-hardiness (-150 and below for dormancy depth) and those with the sub-threshold temperature for freezing damage ($-15^{\circ}C$ and below) will decrease in 2071-2100, reducing the freezing risk. Although more land area will encounter less risk in the future, the land area with higher risk (>70%) will expand from 14% at the current normal year to 23 (A1B) ${\sim}5%$ (A2) in the future. Our method can be applied to other deciduous fruit trees for delineating geographical shift of cold-hardiness zone under the projected climate change in the future, thereby providing valuable information for adaptation strategy in fruit industry.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.2 s.40
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• pp.63-77
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• 2006

The Purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for the improvement or the contents or clothing curriculum in the 7th technology home economics of middle school. The standard of satisfaction of students' according to the detail domains and the standard of necessity and practical use and learners' patterns of activity task suggested in textbooks were evaluated. The ninth grade 169 boy students and 336 girl students in the national capital region were participated in this survey. According to the survey results, firstly, a dress domain got the highest relative importance(28.56%) while a clothes material domain took the lowest relative importance(8.07%) among various detail domains. Secondly, the standard of satisfaction according to each detail domain fell below the average. Generally girls' satisfaction for teaching was higher than boys'. Thirdly, a clothes material domain showed the lowest necessity for textbook contents according to detail domain and other domains showed above the average. The necessity for textbook contents appeared high for boy students rather than girl students. In addition, boy and girl students did not have interest in content relevance in textbook. Especially, they could not do well and understand experiments and practices in clothing section. Finally, The degree of utilization of the activity task ill textbooks was very low. Among various activity tasks, the learning by discovering and exploring were more utilized than cooperating learning.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.101-116
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• 2008

Most who were polled stated that they use the internet everyday. Also, it is undeniable that Internet has become one of the popular shopping markets with the spatial-convenience and time-saving it provides. With the growth of Internet and Internet shopping malls, effects on clothing purchasing of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clothing shopping orientation and Internet clothing purchasing type of high school students. Subjects were 685(male 354, female 331) high school students located in Jeollabukdo province. In this statistical analysis, SPSS 11.5 for Windows Program. These data were analyzed by factor analysis, $x^2$ test, t-test, One-way Anova, Duncan' multiple range, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows. Six dimensions of clothing shopping orientation were derived by factor analysis: fashion hedonic shopping brand ostentation time convenience economic esthetics orientation. The clothing purchasing type in Internet had 3 factors(convenience active impulse buying economic pursuit). The groups were significantly different in regard to clothing shopping orientation, clothing purchasing type in Internet shopping mall according to demographic variables(gender, educational background of parents, a school record). Clothing shopping orientation variables had positive correlations except of hedonic shopping economic orientation with clothing purchasing type in Internet. As a conclusion, high school students' shopping orientation and purchasing type of apparel in Internet shopping mall constituted important characteristics which could affect directly Internet purchase behavior of adolescents. These results should be fundamental information for clothing and textile education in secondary school.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.57-70
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• 2009

Objectives: This purpose of this study was to make clear the fitness to data of the causality model related to father's child-rearing participation in a double-income household. Methods: Subjects of this survey consisted of the fathers of 2,006 households that use 21 day-care centers and 4 kindergartens whose cooperation was received via the city government departments that have jurisdiction over day-care centers and kindergartens in cities A and B in prefecture I and in city C in prefecture II (city A: 499 households; city B: 1,113 households; city C: 988 households). The surveyed items consisted of the father's age, the father's educational history, the number of children, the age of the youngest child, the father's parental-role awareness, the father's daily working hours, the father's return-home time, and child-rearing participation by the father. Results: The fit indices were found to be CFI = 0.912, GFI = 0.948, and RMSEA = 0.082. Regarding the path coefficients, the path coefficient of the pathway from the age of the youngest child to the father's parent positivity (0.08) and the path coefficient of the pathway from the father's parent positivity to child-rearing participation (0.19) were both at statistically significant levels. Also, the father's return-home time and the working hours, which were considered as disincentives exhibited a direct effect on child-rearing participation without being influenced by the father's parent positivity or parent negativity. The path coefficient of the pathway from return-home time to child-rearing participation was -0.43, and the path coefficient of the pathway from working hours to child-rearing participation was -0.13. The value of the path coefficient expressing the relationship between the return-home time and working hours was 0.80. Conclusion: Authors infered that it'll be the basic material to build a generation mechanism about vanity and father's child-rearing participation appropriately as a result of this research.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.9-40
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• 1984

This thesis purports to overview the diverse administrative and organizational factors and plannings developed by the government organizations, municipal or otherwise, to tackle the Han River water pollution issues in the past years. This thesis also looks into the ever-worsening Han River water pollution problems, in particular, in terms of the various government plans ostensibly designed to reduce the pollution level but with little success. Also dealt with are the efficiencies with which the laws and decrees on water pollution the administrative organizations put to use in the prosecution of the diverse antiwater pollution projects involving the Han River basin. From the early 1960's up to the 1970's the government had concentrated on the growth-oriented economic policy with the result that little attention had been paid to the water pollution and other environmental issues that are bound to arise from the massive economic growth. Belatedly, the five-year Hah River Development Project was initiated in 1982 with emphasis on reducing the water pollution level at Hah River to the minimum. The following are the gists of the thesis and recommendations for the future antiwater pollution plans by the administrative organizations: 1. Documents to date indicate that the irrigation projects along the Han River area had been the main focus of attention during the Yi Dynasty and under the Japanese rule of the country. 2. Despite that the water pollution issue became the subject of many debates among the academic and research institutions in the 1960's and in the 1970's, the administrative organizations in charge of the Han River water quality control failed to come up with a concrete plan for the river's water quality control. 3. Nevertheless, the water pollution of the Han River area in fact began in the 1950's, with the unprecedented concentration into Seoul of population and the industrial facilities on a larger scale, in particular, enforced by the government's strong growthoriented policy in its Economic Development plans in the 1960's. 4. Starting in the 1960's, the Han River water pollution level dramatically increased, but the government was reluctant to promulgate or put into effect strong measures to curb the many factors contributing to the river water pollution, thus worsening the environmental issues along the Han River basin. 5. The environmental protection law and other laws and decrees relating to the antiwater and air pollution issues that were subsequently put into effect underwent so many changes that efficient anti-water pollution policies could not be effected for the Han River basin. The frequent organizational reshuffle within the administrative units concerned with environmental problems has resulted in the undue waste in personnel management and finance. 6. The administration on the environmental protection could not be efficiently carried out due to the organizational overlapping. Under the existing law, frequent organizational frictions and inefficiency are bound to occur among the central government offices themselves, as well as between the central government and the Seoul city administration, and among the city's administrative offices over the conservation of the Han River basin and over the river's anti-water pollution issue. 7. In the planning and prosecution of the Han River project, political influences from the president down to the lower-level politicious appear to have been involved. These political influences in the past had certainly had negative influence on the project, nevertheless, it appears that in the recent years, these political influences are not all that negative in view of the fact that they serve as a positive contributing factor in developing a better water quality control project along the Han River basin. The following are a few recommendations based on the data from the thesis: First, officials in charge of the Han River water quality control should pay attention to a careful screening of the opinions and recommendations from the academic circles and from the public should be made so that the government could better grasp the core issues in the environmental problems that require preventive and other necessary measures. Second, vigorous redistribution policies of population and industrial facilities away from the Seoul area should be pursued. Third, the government should refrain from revising or revamping too frequently the laws and decrees on the anti-water pollution, which is feared to cause undue inconveniences in the environmental administration. Fourth, a large-scale streamlining should be made to the existing administrative organization in an effort to do away with the inter- and intra-organizational friction. It is recommended that a secretariat for the Hah River basis conservation be established. Fifth, High-level administrative officials, with a thorough knowledge and vision on the Han River water quality control, should be prepared to better deal with the budgeting and personnel management for the Han River water pollution control not only at the control government, but also at the Seoul city municipal government levels. Environmental issues should be kept distinct from political issues. Environmental issues should not serve as a window-dressing for sheer political purposes. Sixth, the Hah River proiect should also include, along with the main Han River basin, those areas covering North Han River, South Han River, and the tributaries to the main river basin. The 'Han River Basin Water Quality Control Board' should be established immediately as a means of strengthening the current Han River basin water quality control policy. Seventh, in drawing up the Han River proiect, the administrative officials should be aware that Han River basin is a life line for those people in the region, providing them with not only a sheer physical space, but with a psychological living space for their everyday life.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2004

Virtual reality that we have seen from the movies in 80's and 90's is hawing near based on the rapid progress of science together with a computer technology. Various virtual reality system developments (such as VRML, HMD FishTank, Wall Type, CAVE Type, and so on) and the advancement of those systems make for the embodiment of virtual reality that gives more sense of the real. Virtual reality is so immersive that makes people feel like they are in that environment and enable them to manipulate without experiencing the environment at first hand that is hard to experience in reality. Virtual reality can be applied to the spheres, such as education, high-level programming, remote control, surface exploration of the remote satellite, analysis of exploration data, scientific visualization, and so on. For some connote examples, there are training of a tank and an aeroplane operation, fumiture layout design, surgical operation practice, game, and so on. In these virtual reality systems, the actual operation of the human participant and virtual workspace are connected each other to the hardware that stimulates the five senses adequately to lend the sense of the immersion. There are still long way to go, however, before long it will be possible to have the same feeling in the virtual reality as human being can have by further study and effort. In this thesis, the basic definition, the general idea, and the kind of virtual reality were discussed. Especially, CAVE typed in reality that is highly immersive was analyzed in definition, and then the method of VR programming and modeling in the virtual reality system were suggested by showing the restoration process of Kyongbok Palace (as the content of the original form of the culture) that was made by KISTI(Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) in 2003 through design process in virtual reality system. Through these processes, utilization of the immersive virtual reality system was discussed and how to take advantage of this CAVE typed virtual reality system at the moment was studied. In closing the problems that had been exposed in the process of the restoration of the cultural property were described and the utilization plan of the virtual reality system was suggested.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-79
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• 1990

Research on technical efficiency, an important dimension of market performance, had received little attention until recently by most industrial organization empiricists, the reason being that traditional microeconomic theory simply assumed away any form of inefficiency in production. Recently, however, an increasing number of research efforts have been conducted to answer questions such as: To what extent do technical ineffciencies exist in the production activities of firms and plants? What are the factors accounting for the level of inefficiency found and those explaining the interindustry difference in technical inefficiency? Are there any significant international differences in the levels of technical efficiency and, if so, how can we reconcile these results with the observed pattern of international trade, etc? As the first in a series of studies on the technical efficiency of Korea's manufacturing industries, this paper attempts to answer some of these questions. Since the estimation of technical efficiency requires the use of plant-level data for each of the five-digit KSIC industries available from the Census of Manufactures, one may consture the findings of this paper as empirical evidence of technical efficiency in Korea's manufacturing industries at the most disaggregated level. We start by clarifying the relationship among the various concepts of efficiency-allocative effciency, factor-price efficiency, technical efficiency, Leibenstein's X-efficiency, and scale efficiency. It then becomes clear that unless certain ceteris paribus assumptions are satisfied, our estimates of technical inefficiency are in fact related to factor price inefficiency as well. The empirical model employed is, what is called, a stochastic frontier production function which divides the stochastic term into two different components-one with a symmetric distribution for pure white noise and the other for technical inefficiency with an asymmetric distribution. A translog production function is assumed for the functional relationship between inputs and output, and was estimated by the corrected ordinary least squares method. The second and third sample moments of the regression residuals are then used to yield estimates of four different types of measures for technical (in) efficiency. The entire range of manufacturing industries can be divided into two groups, depending on whether or not the distribution of estimated regression residuals allows a successful estimation of technical efficiency. The regression equation employing value added as the dependent variable gives a greater number of "successful" industries than the one using gross output. The correlation among estimates of the different measures of efficiency appears to be high, while the estimates of efficiency based on different regression equations seem almost uncorrelated. Thus, in the subsequent analysis of the determinants of interindustry variations in technical efficiency, the choice of the regression equation in the previous stage will affect the outcome significantly.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.183-195
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the flexural strength of CAD/CAM denture base resins with conventional denture base resins based on their thicknesses. Materials and Methods: For the conventional denture base resins, Lucitone 199^® (C-LC) was used. DIOnavi - Denture (P-DO) and DENTCA Denture Base II (P-DC) were taken for the 3D printing denture base resins. For the prepolymerized PMMA resins, Vipi Block Gum (M-VP) and M-IVoBase^® CAD (M-IV) were used. The final dimensions of the specimens were 65.0 mm x 12.7 mm x 1.6 mm / 2.0 mm / 2.5 mm. The 3-point bend test was implemented to measure the flexural strength and flexural modulus. Microscopic evaluation of surface of fractured specimen was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). After testing the normality of the data, one-way ANOVA was adopted to evaluate the differences among sample groups with a significance level of P = 0.05. The Tukey HSD test was performed for post hoc analysis. Results: Under the same thicknesses, there are significant differences in flexural strength between CAD/CAM denture base resins and conventional denture base resins except for P-DO and C-LC. M-VP showed higher flexural strength than conventional denture base resins, P-DC and M-IV displayed lower flexural strength than conventional denture base resins. Flexural modulus was highest in M-VP, followed by C-LC, P-DO, P-DC, M-IV, significant differences were found between all materials. In the comparison of flexural strength according to thickness, flexural strength of 2.5 mm was significantly higher than that of 1.6 mm in C-LC. Flexural strength of 2.5 mm and 2.0 mm was significantly higher than that of 1.6 mm in P-DC and M-VP. In M-IV, as the thickness increases, significant increase in flexural strength appeared. SEM analysis illustrates different fracture surfaces of the specimens. Conclusion: The flexural strength of different CAD/CAM denture base resins used in this study varied according to the composition and properties of each material. The flexural strength of CAD/CAM denture base resins was higher than the standard suggested by ISO 20795-1:2013 at a thickness of 1.6 mm or more though the thickness decreased. However, for clinical use of dentures with lower thickness, further researches should be done regarding other properties at lower thickness of denture base resins.