• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2004

This study selected emergency medical technicians at 24 fire police boxes in Jeonnam in order to examine the relationship between job stress, fatigue and job satisfaction of 119 emergency medical technicians. Data were collected from Apr. 10 to May 9, 2004, questionnaires were mailed and returned by mail. Total 109 questionnaires were distributed and 89 questionnaires were collected and 80 except 9 omitting answers and showing inappropriate answers were used for final analysis. The results of this study are as follows. A. The total mean of areas composing job stress in the degree of job stress of 119 emergency medical technicians was over the average as 2.54 (SD .44) of 4 full marks. According to the degree of job stress by each area, the highest area of job stress was crisis situation (2.98), followed by role conflict as professional job (2.58), social factors (2.57), involvement in organization (2.55). To the contrary, the areas of the lowest job stress were professional knowledge and technique (2.35), psychological burden of medical limitation (2.38), conflicts in personal relationship and services (2.45) and improper treatment (2.53). B. The degree of fatigue of 119 emergency medical technicians by areas was over mean as 2.09(SD .49) of 4 full scores and physical fatigue was highest (2.18), followed by mental fatigue (2.11) and neurosensory fatigue (1.99). C. The degree of job satisfaction of 119 emergency medical technicians was 2.71 of 5 full scores and working condition area (3.70) showed the highest job satisfaction, followed by requirement of organization (2.85) and the lowest job satisfaction area was job itself (2.18), followed by desire for job (2.49). D. According to differences in demographical characteristics of 119 emergency medical technicians, there was no variable of statistical difference at job stress and job satisfaction in significance level .05, but fatigue showed statistical difference at final education (F=2.393, p=.046). E. According to differences related to job characteristics of 119 emergency medical technicians, job stress showed statistical differences at motif of current services (F=4.935, p=.003), fatigue showed those at health conditions (F=2.732, p=.008), job satisfaction at overtime (F=3.038, p.034) and the greatest reason of having job (F=3.217, p=.017), F. As a result of analyzing correlations between job stress. fatigue and job satisfaction of the subject, job stress showed positive correlations (r=.411, p=.000) with fatigue and negative correlation (r=-.267, p=.008) with job satisfaction. Fatigue showed negative correlation (r=-.287, p=.005) with job satisfaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study. "There will be relationship between degree of stress, fatigue and job satisfaction of subjects." was supported.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.68-88
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 공업계열 특성화고등학교 교사들의 STEAM 교육에 대한 인식과 요구도를 분석하였다. 전국 16개 시 도 공업계열 특성화고등학교 교사 750명에게 설문지를 발송하여 655매가 회수되었고 최종적으로 611매(보통교과 234매, 전문교과 377매)의 응답지를 바탕으로 실태, 인식, 요구도를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, STEAM 교육의 필요성에 대한 인식도는 보통교과 교사에 비해 전문교과 교사가 높은 것으로 나타났고, STEAM 교육의 어려움에 대한 인식은 보통교과 교사가 전문교과 교사보다 높게 나타났다. 교수-학습 요구에서는 보통교과 교사는 참고자료 보급을, 전문교과 교사는 동일 교과 간 STEAM 수업 및 자료 공유 시스템 마련이 최우선 요구도 순위로 나타났다. 교육프로그램 개발에 대한 요구에서는 보통교과와 전문교과 교사 모두 창의적 사고력 문제해결력을 우선 요구도 순위로 나타났다. 마지막으로 행 재정적 요구에서는 보통교과와 전문교과 교사 모두 행정적 업무경감이 우선 요구도 순위로 나타났다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권15호
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• pp.6381-6386
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• 2014

Background: The global burden of cancer is continuously increasing. According to recent report of the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) on time trends it is estimated that future burden of cancer cases for India in 2020 will be 1,320,928. It is well known that knowledge of the incidence of cancer is a fundamental requirement of rational planning and monitoring of cancer control programs. It would help health planners to formulate public health policy if relevant ethnic groups were considered. North East-India alone contains over 160 Scheduled Tribes and 400 other sub-tribal communities and groups, whose cancer incidence rates are high compared to mainland India. As since no previous study was done focusing on ethnicity, the present investigation was performed. Materials and Methods: In this paper PBCR-Guwahati data on all cancer registrations from January 2009 to December 2011 for residents of the Kamrup Urban District, comprising an area of 261.8 sq. km with a total population of 900,518, including individual records with information on sex, age, ethnicity and cancer site are provided. Descriptive statistics including age adjusted rates (AARs) were taken as provided by NCRP. For comparison of proportional incidence ratios (PIR) the Student's t test was used, with p<0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results and Conclusions: Differences in leading sites of Kamrup Urban District since from the beginning of the PBCR-Guwahati were revealed among different ethnic groups by this study. The results should help policy makers to formulate different strategies to control the level of burden as well as for treatment planning. This study also suggests that age is an important factor of cancer among different ethnic populations as well as for overall population of Kamrup District of Assam.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1744-1748
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• 2014

A dose-response experiment with seven supplemental pyridoxine levels (0, 0.66, 1.32, 1.98, 2.64, 3.30, and 3.96 mg/kg) was conducted to investigate the effects of pyridoxine on growth performance and plasma aminotransferases and homocysteine of White Pekin ducks and to estimate pyridoxine requirement for these birds. A total of 336 one-day-old male White Pekin ducks were divided to 7 experimental treatments and each treatment contained 8 replicate pens with 6 birds per pen. Ducks were reared in raised wire-floor pens from hatch to 28 d of age. At 28 d of age, the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, and the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and homocysteine in plasma of ducks from each pen were all measured. In our study, the pyridoxine deficiency of ducks was characterized by growth depression, decreasing plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity and increasing plasma homocysteine. The ducks fed vitamin $B_6$-deficient basal diets had the worst weight gain and feed/gain among all birds and this growth depression was alleviated (p<0.05) when pyridoxine was supplemented to basal diets. On the other hand, plasma aspartate aminotransferase and homocysteine may be the sensitive indicators for vitamin $B_6$ status of ducks. The ducks fed basal diets had much lower aspartate aminotransferase activity and higher homocysteine level in plasma compared with other birds fed pyridoxine-supplemented diets (p<0.05). According to quadratic regression, the supplemental pyridoxine requirements of Pekin ducks from hatch to 28 days of age was 2.44 mg/kg for feed/gain and 2.08 mg/kg for plasma aspartate aminotransferase and the corresponding total requirements of this vitamin for these two criteria were 4.37 and 4.01 mg/kg when the pyridoxine concentration of basal diets was included, respectively. All data suggested that pyridoxine deficiency could cause growth retardation in ducks and the deficiency of this vitamin could be indicated by decreasing plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity and increasing plasma homocysteine.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.452-462
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 디지털 라디오와 지상파 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB)에서 사용되는 MUSICAM 이라 불리는 MPEG-1/2 Layer-II 와 MPEG-4 ER-BSAC 디코더를 330 MHz 클럭수를 가지고 동작하는 고정 소수점 digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320C64x+ 상에 실시간 구현한다. 오디오 디코더의 실시간 구현하기 위해, 다음과 같은 여러 단계의 최적화를 수행한다. 첫 째, 메모리 공유, 데이터 타입 재설정 및 루프의 unrolling 과정을 통해, C 코드 레벨에서 최적화를 수행한다. 다음으로, 비트스트림 분석의 재구성, 합성 필터의 변경 및 합성 필터의 윈도우 계수의 재배열을 통해 알고리즘 레벨에서 최적화를 수행한다. 또한, MPEG-1/2 Layer-II 디코더의 합성필터 모듈을 linear assembly program 레벨로 치환한다. Linear assembly program 레벨로 치환하는 이유는 MPEG-1/2 Layer-II 디코더에서 합성 필터 모듈이 가장 많은 계산량을 차지하기 때문이다. 구현된 오디오 디코더의 성능 평가를 위해, 복호화 처리시간의 비율을 측정하고, 최적화된 MPEG 디코더와 레퍼런스 MPEG 디코더로 처리된 오디오 신호 사이의 root mean square (RMS)를 계산한다. 최적화 실시간 구현 결과, MPEG-1/2 Layer-II 와 MPEG-4 ER-BSAC 디코더는 TMS320C64x+가 동작하는 최대 클럭 수의 3%와 11%의 사용으로 각각 동작하며, 오디오 디코더의 품질은 MPEG standard에 정의된 -77.01 dB의 조건을 모두 만족함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2020

무기체계를 지원하는 요소들 중에 있어서 RAM 업무는 개발 초기단계에 수행되며, 무기체계의 작전요구성능과 함께 설계 관점에서 무기체계가 달성해야 할 기준으로 제시된다. RAM 업무 중 운용가용도는 전투준비태세를 보장하고 전쟁에서 승리하기 위한 군의 핵심요소로서, 무기체계 개발 단계에서 개발기준으로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 운용가용도의 요소에는 평균 고장간 시간, 평균 수리시간, 행정 및 군수 지연시간(ALDT: Administrative and Logistic Delay Time, 이하 ALDT) 등이 있으며, ALDT는 무기체계의 노후화, 정비정책 및 지리적인 특수상항에 달라지는 요소로 군의 전투준비태세를 위해 유지해야 하는 운용가용도의 핵심요소라고 할 수 있다. 개발 간 군은 운용가용도의 요소 중 ALDT, 운용 및 대기 시간 등을 제공하며, 제공시 ALDT가 단순 가정으로 제시되어 개발단계에서 설정되어 산출되는 운용가용도는 실제 운용단계에서 분석한 운용가용도와 상이하다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 초기 전력화 기간 동안 획득한 고장정비 데이터를 의사결정계보기법을 적용하여 ALDT를 산출하였으며, 본 연구를 통해 전력화 운용기간 동안 개발시 설정한 운용가용도를 달성하기 위한 최적의 ALDT 설정 방안을 제시한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.200-217
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess energy and nutritional intake and investigate the preference for food and cooking methods of the residents in elderly care facilities. Methods: Data were collected from 72 residents (10 males and 62 females) aged ${\geq}70$ years in elderly care facilities using questionnaires, food photographs for estimating dietary intake and records for daily physical activity. Results: Average age of the study participants was 85.0 years and 41, 36 and 8 had dementia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. 15%, 65% and 19% of subjects were physically mobile, enervated, and immobile, respectively. Daily energy intake was 1360.2 kcal in men and 1378.0 kcal in women, which were 68.0% and 86.1% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) of dietary reference intake for Koreans (KDRI) for ${\geq}75$ year old individuals, respectively. Estimated energy expenditure (EEE) of subjects calculated using formula from KDRI was 1361.9 kcal and EER calculated using estimated daily physical activity (EDPA) was 1232.9 kcal. Energy intake and EEE from KDRI were higher than EER from EDPA. Dietary intake of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C were lower, and protein, phosphorous, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin E were higher than the corresponding ones of KDRI. Subjects liked meats, fishes and shellfish, and fruits, while subjects disliked milk, seaweeds and salted fish and salted vegetables. Cooked rice, soybean paste soup, beef, cooked sliced radish strip, and yogurt were favorite foods, with steam being a favorite cooking method. Subjects considered nutrition as the most important factor for improving food service quality. Conclusions: Results of this study could be utilized for improving food-service for the residents in elderly care facilities, and provide a basis for setting reference intake of energy and nutrients of the elderly having very low activity levels.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2013

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to systematically review the background of the Korean distribution promotion policy and distribution adjustment policies along with related regulations and policies. Research design, data, and methodology - Domestic distribution policy and relevant laws were examined through a review of existing research literature. The results of the development process of the domestic distribution policy, promotion policies, and adjustment policies are summarized below. Results - The results are summarized as follows. First, the purpose of the development of the domestic distribution promotion policy was to strengthen the competitiveness of the small and medium business industry through structural advancement of the small and medium industry. By expanding the managerial base for the small and medium industry, a new balance could be created in the national economy. There was a requirement for an early assistance policy for small and medium businesses as a base of these businesses in the distribution industry developed from their original model of catering to a traditional market of retail shops. Since 1996, there was a need for this early assistance policy due to the expansion and rapid growth of large scale stores causing a change in the consumption pattern for distribution markets and the decline of large enterprises. Second, the government supports small and medium business distribution through distribution promotion policies by supporting an organization promoting small business and supporting innovation in the distribution system. Third, in 1961 a business mediation system was established to protect small and medium industries. The Small and Medium Business Administration advises conglomerates to postpone acquisitions, restrain expansion of the business, or to reduce business scale if small businesses undergo an adverse effect such as decreasing demand because large companies are expanding into their areas. Fourth, the Distribution Adjustment Policy managed large-scale store regulation as follows: ① limitation on construction by urban planning ordinance, ② limitation on location based on traffic impact assessments, ③ regulation based on business guidelines by chiefs of autonomous bodies, ④ regulation on mandatory holidays and limitation of business hours. This large-scale store regulation is a policy introduced by authority to increase competitiveness of small and medium business distribution by the government. Conclusions - As discussed in this study, the distribution promotion policy and distribution adjustment policy are government distribution policies focused on the protection of the small and medium distribution businesses. This study is timely, since it was planned when the strengthening of the revisions of the Distribution Industry Development Act, aimed to protect small and medium retailers and merchants, was under discussion. The significance of this study is that it offers insights for the development of new policies in the future and an opportunity to consider the background of the distribution policy by the government.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.44-55
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• 1998

한반도 연근해는 지리적으로 온대해역에 속하나, 동해는 두개의 서로 다른 해류계와 연중 $1^{\circ}C$ 이하의 독특한 동해 고유수가 존재하고 있어, 최근 새로운 에너지 자원으로 주목받으며 적도해역에서 실용화되고 있는 해양온도차발전의 가능성을 본 연구를 통해 한국 연근해역에서 찾고자 하였다. 국립수산진흥원에서 정기 관측하고 있는 정선해양관측자료 중 1966~1995년간 평균 수온자료를 이용하여 계절별, 위도별로 표층과 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 그리고 500m 간 수온차가 $15^{\circ}C$ 및 $20^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 분포하는 해역을 파악하였다. 본 연구 결과에 의하면 $20^{\circ}C$ 이상의 수온차를 이용한 경제성있는 해양 온도차발전소의 최적지는 포항 연근해이며, 운용 유용기간은 8월~10월에 걸쳐 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 $15^{\circ}C$ 이상 수온차 조건을 기준으로 볼 때 해양온도차 발전 가능해역은 포항을 포함한 대부분 동해 연근해역에서 6월부터 12월까지가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이들 대상지역들에 대하여 최근 첨단공간분석도구로 각광받고 있는 GIS(Geographic Information Systems)을 도입하여 온도차발전소 입지를 위한 최적지를 선정하고자 GIS 탐색 1차 요건을 제시한다.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2003

In Korea, quality evaluation of dried oak mushrooms are done first by classifying them into more than 10 different categories based on the state of opening of the cap, surface pattern, and colors. And mushrooms of each category are further classified into 3 or 4 groups based on its shape and size, resulting into total 30 to 40 different grades. Quality evaluation and sorting based on the external visual features are usually done manually. Since visual features of mushroom affecting quality grades are distributed over the entire surface of the mushroom, both front (cap) and back (stem and gill) surfaces should be inspected thoroughly. In fact, it is almost impossible for human to inspect every mushroom, especially when they are fed continuously via conveyor. In this paper, considering real time on-line system implementation, image processing algorithms utilizing artificial neural network have been developed for the quality grading of a mushroom. The neural network based image processing utilized the raw gray value image of fed mushrooms captured by the camera without any complex image processing such as feature enhancement and extraction to identify the feeding state and to grade the quality of a mushroom. Developed algorithms were implemented to the prototype on-line grading and sorting system. The prototype was developed to simplify the system requirement and the overall mechanism. The system was composed of automatic devices for mushroom feeding and handling, a set of computer vision system with lighting chamber, one chip microprocessor based controller, and pneumatic actuators. The proposed grading scheme was tested using the prototype. Network training for the feeding state recognition and grading was done using static images. 200 samples (20 grade levels and 10 per each grade) were used for training. 300 samples (20 grade levels and 15 per each grade) were used to validate the trained network. By changing orientation of each sample, 600 data sets were made for the test and the trained network showed around 91 % of the grading accuracy. Though image processing itself required approximately less than 0.3 second depending on a mushroom, because of the actuating device and control response, average 0.6 to 0.7 second was required for grading and sorting of a mushroom resulting into the processing capability of 5,000/hr to 6,000/hr.