• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1399-1406
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• 2000

A continuous culture study was conducted to determine the impact of ruminal degradable soy protein (S-RDP) level and dilution rate (D) on growth of ruminal non-structural carbohydrate-fermenting microbes. Corn starch, urea and isolated soy protein (ISP) were used to formulate three diets with S-RDP levels of 0, 35 and 70% of total dietary CP. Two Ds were 0.03 and $0.06h^{-1}$ of the fermenter volume in a single-effluent continuous culture system. As S-RDP levels increased, digestibilities of dietary dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) linearly (p=0.001) decreased, whereas digestion of dietary starch linearly (p=0.001) increased. Increasing D from 0.03 to $0.06h^{-1}$ resulted in decreased digestibilities of dietary DM and OM, but had no effect on digestibilities of dietary starch (p=0.77) and CP (p=0.103). Fermenter pH, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and daily VFA production were unaffected (p=0.159-0.517) by S-RDP levels. Molar percentages of acetate, propionate and butyrate were greatly affected by S-RDP levels (p=0.016-0.091), but unaffected by D (p=0.331-0.442). With increasing S-RDP levels and D, daily bacterial counts, daily microbial N production (DMNP) and microbial efficiency (MOEFF; grams of microbial N produced per kilogram of OM truly digested) were enhanced (p=0.001). The increased microbial efficiency with increasing S-RDP levels is probably the result of peptides or amino acids that served as a stimulus for optimal protein synthesis. The quantity of ruminal degradable protein from soy proteins required for optimum protein synthesis of non-structural carbohydrate-fermenting microbes appears to be equivalent to 9.5% of dietary fermented OM.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.131-138
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• 2002

Fed on commercial flounder diet at 20, 23 and $26^{\circ}C$ in semiclosed culture system for 32 weeks, the juvenile red drum (1.2 g) showed linear increase in daily feeding rate (DFR), growth (g/fish) and specific growth rate (SGR) with increasing temperature. In the second experimental series, the young red drum (214 g), cultured at densities of 2.16, 4.24 and 6.40 kg/$m^3$ in flow-through tanks at water temperatures from 12.3 to $27.2^{\circ}C$ for 25 weeks, grew faster at the stocking density of 2.16 kg/$m^3$ than at the densities of 4.24 and 6.40 kg/$m^3$ the difference in growth observed at the stocking densities of 4.24 and 6.40 kg/$m^3$ was not significant. The DFR and SGR were also significantly higher for the density group of 2.16 kg/$m^3$. Briefly, growth of the red drum increased with increasing tested range of temperature and was also faster with decreasing stocking density. However, the total growth (g/tank) increased with increasing stocking density.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2011

To investigate whether the rearing environmental factors (size heterogeneity, rearing density, and feeding frequency) affect the growth and cannibalism of fry in cultured puffer Takifugu obscurus, we conducted three experiments. To examine size effects, we used small (total length [TL] $26.0{\pm}0.5\;mm$, body weight [BW] $0.18{\pm}0.01\;g$), medium (TL $23.1{\pm}0.1\;mm$, BW $0.28{\pm}0.01\;g$), large (TL $26.0{\pm}0.2\;mm$, BW $0.48{\pm}0.01\;g$) and small-large size combination groups. For density, we used size-matched puffers (TL $25.0{\pm}0.5\;mm$, BW $0.53{\pm}0.03\;g$) and five density were examined ranging from 1.43 to 7.14 individuals/L. For the feeding frequency, we also used size-matched fry and feeding frequencies of three times/2 days, one time/day, two times/day, three times/day. We ran each experiment in triplicate and investigated the survival rate, daily food intake (DFI), feed efficiency (FE), and daily growth rate (DGR). The growth of the puffers increased with increasing size, density, and feeding frequency, while cannibalism increased with a greater size gap, density and lower feeding frequency. Therefore, we concluded that size, rearing density, and feeding frequency are major factors influencing growth and cannibalism of the puffer, T. obscurus.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.397-403
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• 2017

Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the growth, yield, and carbohydrate content in the whole Allium hookeri plant with shading treatment in hot summer. Methods and Results: Different shading rate, including 0 (control), 35 or 55%, was employed from the June $21^{st}$ to August $31^{st}$. Daily average air and soil temperature, which were approximately $2.5^{\circ}C$ and $3.8^{\circ}C$ lower, respectively, were observed with both 35% and 55% treatments in July and August, with no significant difference in daily maximum air temperature. Dry weights were high, approximately 40% and 48% for the shoot and 20% and 12% for the root, with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively, 8 weeks after shading. Division number was increased by 13% and 19.8% with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. The mortality rates of 150 plants were 9.1%, 4.0%, and 1.3% with the 0 (control), 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 4 weeks after shading, the highest and lowest sucrose levels in both shoot and root were observed with the 35% and 55% treatments, respectively. At 8 weeks after shading, there was no significant difference in the sucrose content in the shoot among the treatments. Conclusions: The highest plant growth rate and yield with the 55% treatment may be related with the decrease in both air and soil temperatures, resulting in reducted leaf respiration and thus compensate net photosynthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2003

In this study, the food selection of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, on four various diets, Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, Navicula spp., and artificial diet, was investigated. The abalones in Ulva pertusa and Navicula spp groups had the higher migration rate than the others. The artificial group had the lowest migration rate. As to the growth, Ulva pertusa group had the highest daily increment and the growth rate, which is 120.7 ${\mu}$m and 2.41%. The value of Navicula spp. group is 102.0 ${\mu}$m and 2.04% and that of Laminaria japonica group is 88.7 ${\mu}$m and 1.77%. The lowest one is 81.7 ${\mu}$m and 1.63%, which appeared at the artificial diet group. We suggest that, when breeding Haliotis discus hannai and the diets which is easy to be ingested and digested, as well as contains much nutrient content, should be used. If the artificial diet is used, it should contain low concentration of flesh-eating content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2012

To investigate the influence of the prolactin receptor 3 (PRLR3) gene and the retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) gene on the production traits of swine, genotyping was performed on 156 and 141 Berkshire pigs, respectively, that were carefully selected for economic traits. The frequencies of allele A in the PRLR3 locus and allele B in the RBP4 locus were 0.50 and 0.42, respectively. Neither locus was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. After a genotype was assigned to the individuals whose parents had the homozygous genotype, a statistical analysis was conducted for 291 pigs. The animals with the PRLR3 and RBP4 genotypes included 182 and 227 head, respectively. Even though the genotypic effects of PRLR3 (p<0.05) and RBP4 (p<0.01) had a significant influence on the pigs' back fat thickness, the interaction of both genes was not highly significant in terms of the back fat thickness (p = 0.1235). While the estimated epistasis effects of aaBB and aaBb decreased the back fat thickness and reduced the growth rate, the effects of AAbb and aabb increased the growth rate. Despite the insignificant difference in the PRLR genotypes in terms of the days to 90 kg and the average daily gain, the back fat thickness showed a significant difference (p<0.05), and the additive effect of allele A and the dominant effect of the hetero-genotype were -0.377 and 1.206 mm, respectively. The RBP4 genotypes had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on the back fat thickness, the days to 90 kg, and the average daily gain. The additive effects of allele B of the RBP4 locus on the back fat thickness, the days to 90 kg, and the average daily gain were 0.70 mm, -1.3 days and 6.2 g, respectively. Moreover, the dominant effects of the heterozygote for those traits were 0.63 mm, 9.9 days and -45.0 g, respectively. Allele A of the PRLR3 locus favorably influenced the back fat thickness, the days to 90 kg of the body weight, and the average daily gain and its dominant effect unfavorably influenced those traits. Allele B of RBP4 showed an incremental growth rate and back fat thickness, which could lower the lean meat percentage in the carcass. The RBP4 hetero-genotype negatively affected the pork production. These results strongly imply that the selection of allele A of PRLR3 and allele B of RBP4 would produce highly productive pigs in the Berkshire breed. Careful selection of allele B of RBP4 is required because of the increase in the back fat thickness.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.718-724
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• 2015

To survey the most feeding frequence of formulated diet as food for cultured puffer in winter season, we performed a rearing test using juveniles of river puffer, Takifugu obscurus (body weight 15.0 g) for 120 days. The feeding frequencies were set up as 2times/1day, 2times/2days, 2times/3days and 2times/4days. We tested triplicately the experiment and investigated survival rate, daily food intake (DFI), feed efficiency (FE), condition factor (CF), daily growth rate (DGR). Consequently, growth was increased following to an increasing of feeding frequency, was the fast in 2times/1day of feeding frequency, and was the slowest in 2times/4days (p<0.05). DFI and CF were increased following to an decreasing of feeding frequency and was the highest in 2times/4days of feeding frequency. FE was decreased following to an decreasing of feeding frequency, and was the highest in 2times/1day of feeding frequency. In a proximate carcass composition at the final day, moisture and crude lipid contents were the lowest in 2times/4days, and in survival, there was not any significant difference among experimental groups. Therefore, we concluded that the 2times/2days are the best of feeding frequency for economical benefit of river puffer culture in winter season.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2009

We conducted two studies to determine the effect of gender, gonadectomy (GDX) on growth and plasma cholesterol levels in pigs. In experiment 1, five sham-operated and five GDX female Landrace pigs (26kg) were allowed to have free access to water and feed up to market weight (approximately 100kg). Body weight and feed consumption were recorded biweekly, and daily body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency (gain/feed) were calculated during the feeding period. In experiment 2, 10 male (26kg) and 10 female (26kg) Landrace pigs were used; five male and five female pigs were assigned to sham-operated or GDX. Pigs were allowed to have free access to water and a diet without added cholesterol (Table 1) until they were 6 months old (male 104 and female 98kg) and thereafter they were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (Table 1) containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate for 10 days. GDX of female pigs increased average daily gain (P<0.05), compared with their sham-operated counterparts during the growing-finishing period, but had no effect (P>0.05) on feed efficiency. Plasma cholesterol levels in pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 10 days were much higher (P<0.05) in females than in males (161 vs 104mg/100mL plasma), and were increased by GDX only in male pigs. HDL-cholesterol/LDL+VLDL-cholesterol ratio appeared to be higher in males than in females, and was not influenced by GDX in either sex. Results suggested that the lower growth rate of female pigs than their male counterparts is attributable to the ovarian activity, and the lower plasma cholesterol level in male than in female pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet is due to the testicular activity.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.242-246
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• 2006

Comparisons of growth and survival rate in different culture systems for juvenile abalone were determined in the West Coast of South Korea from June, 2000 to April, 2001. Daily growth rate reached at the maximum by $148.6{\pm}48.96\;{\mu}m/day$ with a stagnant system and at the minimum by $95.3{\pm}21.45\;{\mu}m/day$ with a sprinkler culture system. Survival rate of the juvenile abalone was significantly higher than that in sprinkler culture with a rotary culture (P<0.05). The highest survival rate was 50.0% in the rotary culture and 38.3% was observed in the stagnant culture system. The results from this study indicate that effective survival and growth rate could be predicted in the rotary culture system.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.132-160
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• 1995

This study purported to acquire information necessary to improve the management of general hospitals. It tried to determine major indices which represent managerial performance of general hospitals and to identify the managerial characteristics of general hospitals which affect the major financial indices. Eighty-eight hospitals were chosen from 188 hospitals which were subject to standardization audit by the Korean Hospital Association. The results of a discriminant analysis are summarized as followings. First, when a single index was used to measure managerial performance of the sample hospitals, the ration of net profit to total capital was the best index and its discriminant power was 58.14%. The ratio of the number of boardmen((M. D.) and average daily medical cost were highly related to this index. Second, when two indices were used, income growth rte and the ration of net profit to total capital had the highest discriminant distinction ability. Their discriminant power was 61.9%. In this case, the ratio of the number of boardmen(M. D.) was significantly and highly related to the indices. Third, when all three indices-income growth rate, the ration of net profit to total capital and quick ratio - were used together, a discriminant function was statistically insignificant. Therefore, using all three indices was not useful in measuring managerial performance of the sample hospitals. In conclusion, using two indices-income growth rate and the ration of net profit to total capital-was better in measuring manegerial performance of general hospitals than using a single index. The independent variable which affected these indices was the ration of the number of boardmen. The discriminant function was : $D_{GI}=2.77+4.832\times(the ratio of the number of boardmen)$ *G=growth index(income growth rate) *I=profit index(the ration of net profit to total capital)