• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the number of patients with and without medical history transported to the emergency department due to changes in daily temperature and season. Methods: Data on emergency activity sheet and daily weather were collected from March 2016 to February 2017 in the city of Gyeonggi-do. In total, 13,531 patients were transferred to the emergency department in 119 ambulance. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 21). Results: The daily average number of patients transferred was the highest in August and September, i.e., the summer season. The higher the daily highest and lowest temperatures, higher the daily average number of patients transferred. In contrast, patients with medical history of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and pulmonary disease had a higher incidence of transfers in the winter season and on days with lower temperature. Conclusion: The results indicate that as people become more active during the summer when temperatures are high, the chances of daily emergencies increases, whereas patients with medical history are more likely to experience emergencies when the temperatures were lower. Hence, 119 ambulances will have to be prepared in advance to deal with this trend.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권7호
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• pp.1457-1462
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• 2017

Unsteady thermal processes in storage containers with spent nuclear fuel were modeled. The daily fluctuations of outer ambient temperatures were taken into account. The modeling approach, which is based on the solving of conjugate and inverse heat transfer problems, was verified by comparison of measured and calculated temperatures in outer channels. The time delays in the reaching of maximal temperatures for each spent fuel assembly were calculated. Results of numerical investigations show that daily fluctuation of outer temperatures does not have a large influence on the maximal temperatures of stored spent fuel, so that fluctuation can be neglected and only daily average temperature should be considered for safety estimation using the "best estimation" approach.

• 농촌계획
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2016

There is a need to analyze unconfined groundwater behavior since the demand of groundwater use has been increasing. While unconfined groundwater temperature is tend to be affected by air temperature, it is hard to find an empirical study in South Korea. In this research, we try to determine the relationship between daily average air temperature and daily average groundwater temperature by time-sequential analysis of groundwater monitoring wells in Galshin basin in Yesan-Gun, Chungcheongnam-Do. In addition, models to estimate groundwater temperature from air temperature were developed. In this research 101-day moving average method with measured air temperature is used to estimate groundwater temperature. To verify the developed model, estimated values of average groundwater temperature with 101 moving average are compared to the measured data from September 10 2007 to September 9 2008. And, Nash-Stucliff Efficiency and Coefficient of Determination were 0.970 and 0.976, therefore it was concluded that the model allowing groundwater temperature estimation from air temperature is with reasonable applicability.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1997

Status of photochemical air pollution in the Greater Seoul Area (GSA) between 1990 and 1995 was assessed in terms of frequency distributions, number of days exceeding standards, average concentration and meteorological effects. In Seoul compared with other areas in Korea, daily maximum concentration was higher but average concentration was not so high due to lower daily minimum from April to October. The top 5th percentile was high especially in summer season. Average number of days exceeding 100 ppb at monitoring stations in GSA was highest in 1994, the hottest year, but it was only 4 days a year. Mean meteorological pattern of high ozone days could be summarized as low wind speeds, high temperatures, strong solar radiation, and low precipitation. Westerlies were more frequent on high ozone days and at Pangi station located in the eastside of GSA, both number of high ozone days and average concentration were high. Effect of precursor transport on the rise of ozone concentration was, however, not consistently important on the whole in GSA.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2008

초지피복 조건에서 사면의 일사수광량 차이가 일 최고기온에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 2007년 하지부터 동지까지 밑면지름 570m, 높이 90m인 원추형 기생화산 "높은오름"의 측면 경사 8 지점에서 일 최고기온을 측정하였다. 8개 지점 평균값을 기준온도로하여 각 지점의 기온편차를 구해 비교한 결과 기온편차는 하지로부터 동지로 갈수록 커지는 경향이었고, 관측기간 평균은 남향사면에서 $1.0^{\circ}C$, 북향사면에서 $-0.8^{\circ}C$로서 그 차이가 평균 $1.8^{\circ}C$에 달했다. 기온편차의 월별 평균은 11월에 가장 크며 남향사면에서 $2.1^{\circ}C$, 북향사면에서 $-1.3^{\circ}C$였다. 일별 기온편차의 최대값은 남향사면에서 $3.8^{\circ}C$, 북향사면에서 $-2.7^{\circ}C$에 달했는데, 이러한 기온편차 변이는 일사수광량 편차에 근거한 지형특성지수와 높은 상관을 보여 복잡지형의 일 최고기온 추정모형 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권3D호
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• pp.433-439
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• 2011

도로의 동상방지층을 설치하기 위하여 동결심도(동결관입깊이)를 산정하는데, 동결지수는 $0^{\circ}C$ 이하의 기온과 영하온도의 지속시간을 곱한 값을 연간을 통하여 누계한 수치로 표시된다. 따라서, 일평균 대기 온도를 구하는 방법이 동결지수에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 기상청의 경우 1999년을 기점으로 이전에는 1일 4회 평균 대기온도 제공하였으며, 현재는 1일 8회 평균 대기온도를 제공하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 일평균 대기온도를 산정하는 방법이 동결지수의 산정결과에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 한반도 남부(동결지수 $350^{\circ}C{\cdot}$일 미만) 6개 지역을 현장조건(저성토부, 절성경계부 및 절토부)에 따라 구분하여 15개소에 대하여 현장계측시스템을 구축하였다. 그리고 현장계측시스템으로부터 얻어진 대기온도를 통하여 동결지수를 산정하고 상호 비교분석 하였다. 비교분석 결과 일반적으로 1일 4회 평균 대기온도를 사용한 경우가 1일 8회 평균 대기온도를 사용하는 경우보다 약 3% 전후 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 본 연구 지역에 대한 동결지수를 결정할 때 동결지수를 보정할 수 있는 보정식을 제안하였다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.252-261
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• 2018

이 연구는 월평균 기상자료를 이용하여 일 최고기온, 일 최저기온을 생성하는 방법을 개발하기 위하여 진행되었다. 전국 23개 기상관서의 과거 30년간의 일기상자료를 분석하여 일 최고기온 및 일 최저기온의 연간 변동 경향을 나타내는 모수(중심값($\hat{U}$), 진폭(C), 편이(T))와 일간 변동을 반영하는 모수(A, B)를 탐색하였다. 그 중 중심값은 지점간의 연 평균자료로부터 도출하였고, 중심값을 제외한 모수들은 전국 평균을 기상생성과정에 적용하였다. 먼저 강우발생 유무에 따라 일 기상자료를 생성한 후 월 자료를 이용하여 보정하고 마지막으로 일 최고기온 및 일 최저기온을 생성하였다. 이 방법으로 전체 23개 지역에 대하여 월별로 생성하였을 때 전체 월별 분포의 95% 이상 관측된 분포와 유사한 일 자료를 생성할 수 있었다. 또 이 방법에 의해 과거 자료와 유사한 생장도일(Growing Degree Day)를 생성할 수 있었고, 조사대상이 아닌 지역에도 충분히 적용할 수 있었다. 이 방법은 기후변화시나리오 등 월 자료가 확보되어 있는 경우에 일기상자료를 생성하는데 유용할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Background: Hibernating bats exhibit ubiquitous winter activity in temperate zones, but there is considerable between- and within-species variety in their intensity and purpose. Bats may fly during winter for sustenance or travel to other hibernacula. This study compared inter-regional variation in the winter activity of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). We predicted that weather and hibernacula-environmental conditions would influence winter activity patterns. Results: Winter activity patterns differed between regions. In the Anseong area, we confirmed movement inside the hibernaculum, but in Hampyeong, we observed movement both inside and between hibernacula. The two regions differ by $4^{\circ}C$ in average winter temperatures. Anseong experiences 22 days during which average daily temperatures exceeded $5^{\circ}C$, whereas Hampyeong experienced 50 such days. During the hibernating period, bat body weight decreased by approximately 17-20% in both regions. Conclusions: Ambient temperatures and winter-roost environments appear to be behind regional differences in hibernating bat activity. As winter temperatures in Korea do not favor insect activity, feeding probability is low for bats. However, bats may need to access water. At Anseong, underground water flows inside the hibernaculum when the reservoir outside is frozen. At Hampyeong, the hibernaculum does not contain a water source, but the reservoir outside does not freeze during winter. In conclusion, water-source location is the most likely explanation for regional variation in the winter activity of hibernating bats.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2015

The City of Boulder is located at an average elevation of 1,655 m (5,430 feet), the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. Its daily air temperature is much varying and snow is very frequent and heavy even in spring. This paper examines characteristics of shallow (surface and depth = 10 cm) soil temperatures measured from January to May 2015 in the high elevation city Boulder, Colorado. The surface soil temperature quickly responded to the air temperature with the strongest periodicity of 1 day while the subsurface soil temperatures showed a less correlation and delayed response with that. The short-time Fourier of the soil temperatures uncovered their very low frequencies characteristics in heavy snow days while it revealed high frequencies of their variations in warm spring season. The daily minimum air temperature exhibited high cross-correlations with the soil temperatures without lags unlike the maximum air temperature, which is derived from its higher and longer auto-correlation and stronger spectrums of low frequencies than the maximum air temperature. The snow depth showed an inverse relationship with the soil temperature variations due to snow's low thermal conductivity and high albedo. Multiple regression for the soil temperatures using the air temperature and snow depth presented its predicting possibility of them even though the multiple r² of the regression is not that much satisfactory (r² = 0.35-0.64).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.305-311
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• 1993

A total of thirty male Holstein calves were reared outdoors with simple housings or in warmed pens in three experiments conducted in three consecutive midwinters in Hokkaido. Average outdoor air temperatures during the experiments were between -5.3 and $-6.1^{\circ}C$, and average minimum air temperatures were between -9.7 and $-10.6^{\circ}C$. The age of calves at the start of the experiments were $16{\pm}6$ hours. There was no difference in the liquid feed intake, while the solid concentrate (artificial milk) intake by the calves in the simple housing systems (outdoors, calf hutch and open shed) tended to be higher than those in the warmed pen. No significant differences in the daily gain or the monthly development of wither height were observed among housing systems. There were no serious cases of diarrhea. However, coughing was observed in several of the calves reared in the poorly ventilated warmed pens.