The study aimed at investigating the living time as well as disability degree of the elderly based on daily living acting capability and living activity degree. The survey was conducted through the home-visit interview during half month at july, 1996 by the students of nursing department who were previously trained. The survey targeted the elderly aged 65 years or more living at home in rural area. The study tried to utilize Activity Inventory(AI) made for examing health and disease, disability degree, and living acting degree of the elderly. Among the AI's, there are Physical Activity of Daily Living(PADL), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living(IADL), maximum daily activity scope, and physical and mental activity level of the elderly. The daily living time is surveyed physiologic time(sleeping, eating and grooming), labor time(occupation, housekeeping and farming) and leisure time(reading, sport hobby-life). Results of the study show that social activity degree of the elderly is found to be lower than that PADL, LADL, and daily living scope. It seems that the elderly suffer from inability in daily life with lower social activity degree. But the labour time of the daily living time is the most amount time in the targeted 361 elderlys through random sampling. Therefore postponement of the disability of aging should be devised to encourage the labour activity of the elderly.
The purpose of this study was to assess the daily steps, physical activities and activity coefficient of the elementary school children in the rural area. Body weight, height and daily steps were measured and one-day activity diaries were collected by interviewing children. The average age of the subjects was $9.96{\pm}1.02$ years. Average height, weight, obesity index, body fat and muscle of subjects were $136.2{\pm}8.9cm,\;35.2{\pm}8.5kg,\;99.6{\pm}18.8%,\;22.9{\pm}8.5%\;and\;35.8{\pm}6.0%$, respectively. The average daily steps of the subjects was 17,584 and daily steps (19,314) of 3rd grade students was significantly higher than that (15,712) of 5th grade children. But there was no significant difference in daily steps and activity coefficients between boys and girls. Daily steps (23,347) of exercise group showed the significantly higher than that (16,144) of non-exercise group. Gender and grade of subjects did not have significant influence on activity coefficients, but there was a significant difference in activity coefficient on weekdays between the exercise group ($1.82{\pm}0.30$) and non-exercise group ($1.50{\pm}0.21$). Analysis of variance revealed stronger associations between daily steps and body fat (%) than between daily steps and BMI. Daily steps showed significant negative correlation with body fat (%) measured using two methods r=-0.321 and r=-0.365, respectively. Activity coefficient was significantly correlated (r=0.436) with daily steps, thus increasing daily steps cm prevent and treat childhood obesity by increasing the energy expenditure. The higher activity coefficients (weekday 1.56, weekend 1.53) of the subjects was caused by the fact that rural students spent more time outside and enjoyed stronger activities than urban students. The results of this study can be used to estimate energy requirements for Korean children based on exercise levels and living areas.
This study explores the types of daily routines in child care centers based on the time planned for indoor free choice activities, outdoor activities, group activities and nap/rest. The daily routine plans of 63 classes of 0 to 2-year-olds and 51 classes of 3 to 5-year-olds were cluster analyzed. Also, openness and closeness of child care programs as well as the most participated indoor/outdoor activities were examined using questionnaires developed for teachers. The results were as follows: First, teachers planned the most time for free play choice activity and comparatively less time for outdoor play during the day. Time for rest and naps were planned more for 0-2 year-olds whereas group activities were planned more for the 3-5 year-olds. Second, 3 daily routine types were found in the daily plans of child care centers, such as "Low-Activity Oriented," "Free Choice Activity Oriented" and "Group Activity Oriented" in 0 to 2-year-old classes and 3 to 5-year-old classes. Also, "Group Activity Oriented" type in 0 to 2-year-old classes showed more "closed" child care programs than the "Free Choice Activity Oriented" type. However, no difference was shown among the 3 types of daily routines in the openness and closeness of 3 to 5-year-old child care programs. Finally, all children, regardless of the types of daily routine, participated most in block activity and role play indoors and fixed-play equipment, sand play and free play outdoors.
Purpose : The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of instrumental-activity of daily living program on a patient with subacute stroke in the view of self-efficiency, motivation for rehabilitation, social support. Methods : Eight stroke patients who attended instrumental-activity of daily living program at P hospital in Busan Metropolitan City from march 2018 to January 2019 were recruited. Instrumental-activity of daily living program was offered to 8 stroke patients 1 session (at least 1 hours) a day, 5 times a week, for 4~5 weeks. The instrumental-activity of daily living program was based on occupational therapy practice framework (OTPF) and international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). We evaluated self-efficacy, rehabilitation motivation, social support before and after intervention. Self-efficacy was evaluated using the general self-efficacy scale. The collected data was processed using SPSS 20.0 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results : There were statistically significant differences in self-efficiency, rehabilitation motivation, social support between before and after instrumental-activity of daily living program (p<.05). Examining the correlation between the self-efficiency, rehabilitation motivation and social support of the stroke patient, there was a correlation between the self-efficiency and social support (p<.05). Conclusion : This study showed that the instrumental-activity of daily living program have positive effects on self-efficacy, rehabilitation motivation, social support. When considering the instrumental-activity of daily living program with improved self-efficacy, rehabilitation motivation, social support of the participants, we suggest that further studies will be needed to examine more extensive instrumental-activity of daily living and rehabilitation to the society with a larger sample size.
Purpose: This study was done to identify correlates and variables predicting daily activity among elders with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Methods: Seventy-six elders registered in the Department of Endocrine Medicine at C university hospital participated in data collection. Data on daily activity and biochemical variables were collected via actigraph accelerator (Actical) and blood tests between September 2009 and July 2010. Data analysis was done using SPSS WIN 15.0 program and included one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: This study showed a positive correlation between daily activity and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) and a negative correlation among Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). The variables predicting daily activity were frequency of exercise, HDL-C, and TC. These factors accounted for 40.0% of the variance of daily activity in elders with DM. Conclusion: The results indicate that it is necessary to improve daily activity to reduce Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), TC, and TG in elders with DM.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate depression and activity of daily living of patients with rheumatoid arthritis by their gender. Methods: The subjects for this study were 184 patients registered in S University Hospital. and the period of data collection was from May 1, 2012 to August 20, 2012. The data were analyzed with t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Pearson's correlation. Results: For depression, there were significant differences by marriage and religion in male patients and by education in female patients. For activity of daily living, there were significant differences by marriage, age and education in female patients. Depression was negatively correlated with activity of daily living in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion: Managing depression and activity of daily living were important for both male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. To promote the quality of life of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, nursing intervention strategies must be developed for decreasing depression or improving their activity of daily living.
Djungarian hamsters show distinct seasonal rhythms in several physiological parameters. One of them is daily torpor that occurs in winter with decreased body temperature (about 1O-20$^{\circ}$C) during daytime. Daily torpor is induced by short-day photoperiod, food restriction and castration. But the mechanism to induce daily torpor has not been clarified. In the present study, we tried to clarify the process of daily torpor induction in detail. Adult male hamsters were kept in long photoperiod and high temperature (LP-HT) before the experiment and, thereafter, the animals were transferred to short photoperiod and low temperature (SP-LT), and they were kept in this condition for about six months. The daily rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature were recorded every three-minutes by using the Minimitter telemetry system. Locomotor activity and body temperature showed very closely synchronized rhythms. All animals under LP-HT showed daily rhythms with higher locomotor activity and body temperature in nighttime than in daytime. Under SP-LT, there were two types of animals with and without showing daily torpor. Thus, they have individual differences in the response to SP -LT.
Objectives : The purposes of present study were to identify weight increment in female psychiatric patients during hospitalization and to evaluate the relationship between weight gain and daily calorie intake, daily activity and other variables of disease itself. Methods : 20 patients were studied. Body weight were measured once a week, and daily activity(total amounts of walking/day) and total amount of daily calorie intake were measured twice a week. We examined psychiatric and medical illness history, eating disorders' history and family history of eating disorders and obesity. Results: Mean body weight and Body Mass Index(BMI) at admission are 49.40kg and 19.59kg/$m^2$. Mean weight increment during hospital stays of mean 65 days is 4.90kg. Mean amounts of daily calorie intake and daily activity(daily walks) were increased during hospital stays, but not statistically significant. The degree of weight increment is higher in longer hospital stay group, but not statistically significant. Mean body weight at admission of mood disorder group is higher than that of schizophrenia group, but not statistically significant. Conclusion : This results suggested that weight increment in female psychiatric hospitalized patients is present. However, it is not resulted by amount of calorie intake and daily activity level.
Purpose: This study is to investigate the low back pain, social support, impediment in daily living activities and to identify factors affecting impediment in elderly farmer' daily living activities. Methods: The participants were 128 elderly farmers who had received nerve block. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from February to March, 2018. They were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear multiple regression. Results: The score of low back pain was $6.27{\pm}1.69$ (10 points), that of social support $2.92{\pm}0.76$ (1~5 points), and that of impediment in activity of daily living $2.01{\pm}0.82$ (0~5 points). Factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living were found to include age (p=.017), daily hours of farm work (p<.001), fear for the nerve block (p<.001), low back pain (p<.001), and social support (p<.001); the explanatory power of these variables was 58.8%. Conclusion: This study has found the controllable factors affecting impediment in activity of daily living among the rural elderly engaging in farm work include low back pain, social support, and daily farming hours. Therefore, to reduce impediment in activity of daily living among them, it is necessary to develop nursing interventions that can improve impediment in activity of daily living through reduction of daily farming hours using local resources. It is also desirable to improve their health status by reducing low back pain, and develop and apply social supports with health education programs that fit the local resources and the needs of the rural elderly.
This study investigated the differences in time use patterns and psychological states across daily activity contexts and interpersonal contexts, depending on the levels of school maladjustment among elementary school students. Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), 107 elementary school 6th grade students' daily time use patterns and psychological states across daily contexts were measured six times a day over a period of 4 days. Using the school maladjustment scale, an internal problem based school maladjusted group and an external problem based school maladjusted group were identified and selected. The daily time use patterns and psychological states of both school maladjusted groups were compared to those of the adjusted groups. The principle findings are as follows: first, the school maladjusted group students' daily time use patterns across daily activity contexts or interpersonal contexts did not differ from those of the students from the school adjusted group. Second, the school maladjusted group students experienced more negative emotions, lower concentration levels, and lower motivation levels across daily contexts than the school adjusted group students. These differences in motivation between the external problem school maladjusted group and adjusted group, however, were greater in the schoolwork context compared to the other daily activity contexts. The findings were discussed in the contexts of the daily experiences of child school maladjustment.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.