• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2004

A short peptide corresponding to the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-l Tat protein, Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-Arg, was employed to improve the efficiency of cellular uptake of nucleic acids. The peptide was first mixed with a reporter plasmid and then with cationic liposomes to form a tripartite complex of DNA/peptide/liposomes (DPL). Transfection efficiency of the DPL complex was compared with that of the conventional DNA/liposomes (DL) complex. When the DPL complex was formed with various cationic liposomes, DOTAP/DOPE (DP) liposome exhibited superior transfection efficiency to other liposomes tested in vitro. With the inclusion of the peptide, the DPL complex showed much enhanced transfection in various cancer cell lines. Particularly, transfection of the DPL complex in serum increased cellular uptake of a transgene up to 2 fold when compared with that in a serum free condition. Further, when the DPL complex was infused through the ureteric route of a rat, transfection efficiency was shown to be better in reporter gene expression than that obtained with the DL complex. This study shows that the DPL complex that is easy to formulate can be employed for much enhanced cellular uptake of a trans gene.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.824-831
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• 2014

In this study, structural variations and overlay errors caused by multiple patterning lithography techniques to print narrow parallel metal interconnects are investigated. Resistance and capacitance parasitic of the six lines of parallel interconnects printed by double patterning lithography (DPL) and triple patterning lithography (TPL) are extracted from a field solver. Wide parameter variations both in DPL and TPL processes are analyzed to determine the impact on signal propagation. Simulations of 10% parameter variations in metal lines show delay variations up to 20% and 30% in DPL and TPL, respectively. Monte Carlo statistical analysis shows that the TPL process results in 21% larger standard variation in delay than the DPL process. Crosstalk simulations are conducted to analyze the dependency on the conditions of the neighboring wires. As expected, opposite signal transitions in the neighboring wires significantly degrade the speed of signal propagation, and the impact becomes larger in the C-worst metals patterned by the TPL process compared to those patterned by the DPL process. As a result, both DPL and TPL result in large variations in parasitic and delay. Therefore, an accurate understanding of variations in the interconnect parameters by multiple patterning lithography and adding proper margins in the circuit designs is necessary.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2021

황칠나무 잎 추출물(DPL)은 염증, 당뇨병, 암 등 다양한 질병에 예로부터 약으로 사용되어 왔다. 특히 여러 종류의 암세포에 세포사멸 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌지만 유방암 세포 SK-BR-3에 대한 세포사멸 효과는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 in vitro 실험을 통해 DPL이 유방암 세포 SK-BR-3에서의 증식 억제와 apoptosis를 통한 세포사멸 효과를 확인하였다. DPL이 세포 생존율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 MTT 분석을 수행했고 세포 생존율이 농도의존적으로 감소하는 것을 확인했다. DAPI 염색은 DPL에 의해 발생한 세포 형태학적 변화와 apoptotic body의 증가에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 보완하기 위해 annexin V/PI 염색 후 유세포 분석을 통해 세포 apoptosis 비율의 증가를 확인했다. Apoptosis 관련 단백질들을 확인하기 위해 Western blot을 수행하였으며, cleaved-PARP과 pro-apoptosis 단백질인 Bax의 증가와 anti-apoptosis 단백질인 Bcl-2의 감소를 확인하였다. MAPK 경로 단백질 p-ERK1/2, p-JNK 및 p-p38의 발현 수준의 변화도 확인하였으며 p-p38의 유의미한 증가가 관찰되었다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 DPL은 유방암 세포 SK-BR-3에서 p-p38 MAPK 경로 조절을 통해 세포사멸 효과를 유도하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2007

Researchers have used a variety of methods to measure patterns of animal movement, including the use of spatial data (mapping the position of a moving animal at specified intervals) and direct estimation of travel path length by pacing under a moving animal or group. I collected movement data from five groups of siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) using two different methods concurrently to estimate the effects of the method of data collection on estimates of daily path length (DPL). Estimates of DPL produced from spatial data collected at 15-minute intervals were 12% lower than estimates of DPL produced by pacing under the traveling animal. The actual magnitude of the difference was correlated with the travel distance, but there was no correlation between the proportional difference and the travel distance. While the collection of spatial data is generally preferable, as spatial data permit additional analyses of patterns of movements in two or three dimensions, the relatively small difference between the DPL's produced using different methods suggests that pacing is an acceptable substitute where the collection of spatial data is impractical. I also subsampled the spatial data at increasing time intervals to assess the effect of sampling interval on the calculation of daily path lengths. Longer sampling intervals produced significantly shorter estimates of travel paths than shorter sampling intervals. These results suggest that spatial data should be collected at short time intervals wherever possible, and that sampling intervals should not exceed 30 minutes. Researchers should be cautious when comparing data generated using different methods.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.3563-3570
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• 2010

무선 센서 네트워크에서 에너지 소비를 줄이기 위한 MAC 프로토콜의 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 비동기 MAC Protocol에서 Preamble의 Overhearing과 Idle listening으로 인해 불필요한 에너지가 소모 된다. 본 논문에서는 Preamble 구조에서 목적지 주소와 Preamble의 종료 시간, 전송될 데이터 길이 정보를 포함하여 Preamble Overhearing과 Data Overhearing을 감소시키고 Data의 발생 유무에 따라 Dynamic 값을 변경하여 Check Interval의 길이를 조절하는 DPL(Dynamic Preamble Length)-MAC 프로토콜을 제안하였다. 그리고 기존의 비동기 방식의 무선 센서 네트워크 MAC 프로토콜들과 본 논문에서 제안한 DPL-MAC 프로토콜을 시뮬레이션 하여 에너지 소모를 비교 분석하였다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2004

다치 논리 패스 게이트는 다치 논리를 구성하기 위한 중요한 소자이다. 본 논문에서는, 뉴런 $MOS({\nu}MOS)$ 임계 게이트를 갖는 2중 패스-트랜지스터 논리를 이용하여 4치 MIN(QMIN)/negated MIN(QNMIN) 게이트 그리고 4치 MAX(QMAX)/negated MAX(QNMAX) 게이트를 설계하였다. DPL은 입력 캐패시턴스의 증가 없이 게이트 속도를 향상 시켰다. 또한 대칭 배열과 2중 전송 특성을 갖는다. 임계 게이트는 ${\nu}MOS$ 다운 리터럴 회로(DLC)로 구성 된다. 제안된 게이트는 다양한 다치 임계 전압을 실현할 수 있다. 본 논문에서, 회로는 3V의 전원 전압을 사용하였고 0.35um N-Well 2-poly 4-metal CMOS 공정의 파라메터를 사용하였으며 모든 모의 실험은 HSPICE를 이용하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2008

Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from wood-based panels that have been made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips, formaldehyde-based resins and so on. In this study, we examined formaldehyde and total VOCs (TVOC) emission behaviors for plywood overlaid with water-soluble phenolic resin impregnated linerboard (PL), and two kinds of surface materials (decorative veneer and pre-impregnated finishing foil) that were adhered onto the PL that named DPL and PPL. EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) was used to overlay the decorative veneer and pre-impregnated finishing foil on the plywood with water-soluble phenolic resin impregnated linerboard by a hot press instrument. The debonding test and accelerated aging test were conducted to assess their mechanical properties. Formaldehyde and TVOC emission concentrations were measured using the FLEC method and a VOC Analyzer, respectively. The debonding test results of PL, DPL and PPL were 1.2, 1.5, and $0.5N/mm^2$, respectively. The surface appearance of the samples were not changed after the accelerated aging test. The PL and DPL exhibited reduced formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels, respectively. In the case of PPL, the VOC value was relatively higher than those of PL and DPL.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2020

Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis (DPL) is a very rare benign disease, characterized by multiple solid subperitoneal or peritoneal smooth muscle nodules in abdominopelvic cavity and malignant transformation is extremely rare. Also, uterine smooth muscle tumors of unknown malignant potential (STUMP) is a rare tumor, which is regarded as subclassification in uterine smooth muscle tumors between benign and malignant criteria. Pathogenesis of DPL is uncertain, but increasing evidence of iatrogenic cause including laparoscopic myomectomy has been reported. We report a case of a 28-year-old female with previous history of laparoscopic myomectomy diagnosed with DPL with atypical feature and concurrent uterine STUMP using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as present a review of the literature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.769-775
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• 2008

This study was on the relative net income (RNI) for 18,286 Iranian Holstein cows from 799 herds, with first freshening between 1991 and 2000. Two kinds of production system, which differed mainly in milk pricing system and feed cost, were considered. Four different models adopted from the literature were examined to find the optimum model. They differed by the cost of rearing and growth after first calving and they needed different amounts of economic data at the farm level. Results showed that four measures of RNI were highly correlated (>0.96) and could be used equally to measure lifetime profitability of cows. Therefore, in herds without a regular system for recording economic and management data, use of the simplest model is recommended. Multiple regression analysis revealed that RNI was affected by age at first freshening, milk yield and days of productive life (DPL), regardless of production system, and a similar breeding goal could be defined for the two systems. Multiple regression analysis of RNI showed that in order to obtain an unbiased estimate of economic value for DPL, the per day milk yield, not total lifetime milk yield, should be included in the regression model along with DPL. Regression analysis suggested that it is possible to predict RNI using information on age at first freshening along with the length of first lactation and per day milk yield with a coefficient of determination ranging from 0.44 to 0.47.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2005

암모니아는 양식 생산성을 제한하는 주요 인자로서 암모니아 배설의 정량화는 양식시스템 내 수질 관리를 위해 중요하다. 어류의 암모니아 배설은 체중과 사료내 단백질 함량에 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 본 실험에서는 나일틸라피아의 암모니아 배설에 미치는 체중과 사료 내 단백질 함량에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 세가지 크기의 나일틸라피아, 초기 평균 무게가 4.8 g, 42.7 g, 그리고 176.8 g를 대상으로 두가지 단백질 함량(30.5%와 35.5%)의 사료를 각각 어체중의 6%, 3%,그리고 1.5%공급하였다. 각 실험어는 17.1 L수조에 3반복 수용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 사료 공급 후 최대 총암모니아성 질소(total ammonia nitrogen, TAN) 배설률은 $4{\sim}8$ 시간 사이에 나타났으며, 24시간 이내로 사료 공급 이전 농도로 회복되었다. TAN 배설률$(mg\;kg^{-1}\;h^{-1})$은 어류 무게가 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 사료 내 단백질 함량이 증가할수록 증가하였다(P<0.05). 단백질 함량이 다른 두 가지 사료를 공급했을 때 나일틸라피아의 어체중(X, 습중량)에 따른 일간 TAU 배설식$(Y\;mg\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})$은 다음과 같다. 저단백질(30.5%)실험구$(Y\;mg\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})=955.69-147.12\;lnX\;(r^2=0.95)$, 고단백질(35.5%) 실험구$(Y\;mg\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1})=1362.41-209.79\;lnX\;(r^2=0.99)$. 섭취된 질소에 대한 TAN 배설 비율은 저단백질(30.5%) 및 고단백질(35.5%)실험 구에서 각각 $28.5{\sim}37.1%$와 $37.4{\sim}38.5%$으로 나타났으며, 이에 따른 총 질소 손실은 각각 $0.22{\sim}0.68g\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$과 $0.26{\sim}0.91g\;kg^{-1}\;d^{-1}$으로 고단백질 실험구와 어체중이 감소할수록 높게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과들은 순환여과식 나일틸라피아 양식장 내 수질 및 사육관리를 위한 중요한 자료가 될 것이다.