• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.915-923
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• 2023

The purpose of the study is to explore strategies to revitalize the distribution of landscaping plants in Gangwon State (hereinafter referred to as Gangwon-do). To understand the current distribution status and perception of landscape materials in Gangwon-do, a survey was conducted on producers and consumers focusing on cultivation area and method, cultivated species and quantity, purchase species and quantity, and purchase area. Producers often cultivated open land, and in the case of trees and shrubs, most of them cultivated <5 species. On the other hand, consumers preferred field cultivation products when purchasing trees and shrubs. Approximately 6-10 species of trees and shrubs were preferred for a single purchase, confirming an imbalance in the supply and demand of landscaping plants. In addition, both producers and consumers had a positive perception of landscape plant transactions in Gangwon-do; however, the dissatisfaction factors for producers included a small consumer base and difficulties for them in securing standards and quantities. Based on these results, it is necessary to establish a platform that can interconnect producers' landscape plant cultivation information with consumers' requirements to rejuvenate the landscape plant distribution market and enhance competitiveness in Gangwon-do. In addition, this platform is expected to have a positive impact on improving the quality of landscaping plants, setting reasonable prices, and increasing domestic demand in Gangwon-do by providing opportunities for cultivation, promotion, and marketing education through producer support projects.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.38-44
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• 1974

The distribution of corticolous lichens had been investigated in the suburb of Seoul in which factories are located densely and Yeosu which located near sea and very few factories are seen in the neighbour. Ten cm point frame was located at random on the trunk of Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Carpinus Tschonoskii from bottom at 0.5m intervals to 8m height of each trees. The occurrence of each species was represented as a percentage of total quadrat frequency and of density. The density of the corticolous lichens was 2.8%, 6.9% and 7.6% at Dongkooneung, Kongneung and Kwangneung apart 15km, 25km and 32km from center of Seoul respectively. In Yeosu district, the occurrence is fairly different from that of Seoul: it is 34.8% and 34.9% at Odongdo and Hoamsan which located within 3km and 5km from the center of Yeosu. The greater frequency of the lichens on the trunk was found at 1~2m height of trees and they were found mostly on the trunk faced south. However, Pertusaria trochophora species occurred more often on the trunk faced east, Graphis scripta on east and north, Parmelia pertusa and Parmelia tinctorum on west side of trunk. Parmelia pertusa increased with increasing height of trees, but Calicium trabinellum and Anzia japonica decreased. Cetraria collata occurred mostly on the middle of above two species. SO2 concentration in the air of Seoul was high enough to eliminate the lichens except Pertusaria trochophora and Graphis scripta.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.207-218
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• 1998

A site survey in two apartment complexes and a nursery experiment were carried out in this study to provide basic data of the long-pending growth characteristics of major landscaping trees, such as Picea abies, Pinus parviflora, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Magnolia denudata, Acer buergerianum and Acer palmatum. According to the main results, the survival rates were very low, reflected by the average survival rate of the four species was 95% at the nursery site. And, it was presumed that the site conditions of two apartment complexes for tree growth were very inferior to those of the nursery site, taking into consideration that the increment percents of growth factors of the tree species at the nursery site were relatively higher than those of the apartment complexes. The distribution patterns of the current growth factors of trees showed a normal distribution. The regression equation of breast diameter on diameter at root collar showed especially high predictability. And, it was thought that the most critical limiting environmental factors on tree growth at the apartment complexes were found to be alkaline pH caused by excessive Ca, high percent base saturation, insufficiency of available moisture content, bad drainage due to inferior soil texture, high soil hardness, lack of organic matter and shortage of cation exchange capacity in soil.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2015

The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity of woody species at different altitudes (900 to 2600 m asl) in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas in Garhwal Himalaya, India. A total of 94 woody plant species (including 44 tree and 50 shrub species) belonging to 72 genera and 44 families were reported. Density varied from $235{\pm}9$ to $505{\pm}21trees\;ha^{-1}$ and $4,730{\pm}474$ to $9,530{\pm}700shrubs\;ha^{-1}$. Total basal cover varied from $10.49{\pm}0.66$ to $42.92{\pm}2.57m^2ha^{-1}$ (trees) and $0.36{\pm}0.024$ to $0.62{\pm}0.047m^2ha^{-1}$ (shrubs). Shannon-Wiener Index fluctuated between 2.30 to 3.53 (trees) and 2.74 to 3.78 (shrubs). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that altitude and aspect had significant effect on the distribution of woody species. Taxonomically, Rosaceae with 15 species emerged as the dominant family. Low value of maturity index and contiguous distribution of species denoted the early successional status of the studied forests. The conservation assessment based on altitudinal regimes and the information on species structure and function can provide baseline information for monitoring and sustaining the biodiversity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and their change of Pinus densiflora forests by climate change in Mt. Hallasan. The results showed that the areas of P. densiflora forests of Mt. Hallasan varied by region, with a total area of 1,324.3 ha, concentrated mostly in the region 1,000 m - 1,400 m above sea level. The temperate coniferous forest zone are distributed in the upper part of temperate forest zone composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Most of the P. densiflora forests in the lower parts were found not to be spreading because they are located close to the deciduous broad-leaved trees. However, the P. densiflora forests in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions composed of the grasslands and shrub forests were found to be spreading. In addition, the altitude of the P. densiflora forests distribution increased by about 50 m and 90 m in the Sajebi and Pyeonggwe regions, respectively. The spread rate is expected to become faster than in the past due to the rate of climate change. The structure of the vegetation in Mt. Hallasan and the changes in the vegetation due to various factors need to be investigated from a long-term point of view.

• 천문학회보
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.47.1-47.1
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• 2018

Solar cycles are inherent to the Sun, which experiences temporal changes in its magnetic activity via the surface distribution of the solar magnetic field. This raises a fundamental question of how to derive the distribution characteristics of a solar-surface magnetic field that are responsible for individual solar cycles. We present a new approach to deriving as long-term and large-scale distribution characteristics of this quantity as was ever obtained; that is, we conducted a population ecological analysis of Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) Synoptic Charts which provide a more than 40-year time series of latitude-longitude maps of solar-surface magnetic fields. In this approach, solar-surface magnetic fields are assumed as hypothetical trees with magnetic polarities (magnetic trees) distributed on the Sun. Accordingly, we identified a peculiarity of cycle 23 with a longer period than an average period of 11 years; specifically we found that the negative surface magnetic field had much more clumped distributions than the positive surface magnetic field during the first one-third of this cycle, while the latter was dominant over the former. The Sun eventually spent more than one-third of cycle 23 recovering from these imbalances.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.189-201
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• 1995

In order to clarify regeneration processes and mechanisms of the disturbed Pinus densiflora forest, responses of Pinus densiflora to gap formed by disturbance were analysed by growth of saplings and mature and growth equations were obtained from branch growth of mature trees and height growth of saplings, and age distribution of saplings and young trees recruited within gap was analysed in relation to gap age. Height growth of saplings within gaps was accelerated after gap formation. Such abrupt increases of growth of saplings after the gap formation might be resulted in the difference of growth of saplings between gap and non-gap areas. In fact, height and diameter of saplings in the central part of gap were larger than those of saplings in marginal parts of gap and non-gap area. However, density of saplings was not different in both parts. In addition, growth of annual rings of mature trees bordering on gap also increased after gap formation. Branch growth of mature trees bodering on gap was 6.3 - 6.5 cm /year and the mean radius of gaps created by death of only one canopy tree was about 3 m. Therefore, for those gaps to be closed by branch growth it will take 46 years. Growth of saplings within gap showed exponential equation. Fifty years will be required for the saplings to enter the forest canopy by the exponential growth equation. Therefore, gap created by only one tree might be closed by branch growth of surrounding canopy trees in advance of being done by height growth of saplings. But gaps created by death of trees more than 2 will be closed by the growth of saplings. Among the regenerating saplings and young trees within gaps, individuals established in advance of gap formation were more than those established after the gap formation. From these results, it was assumed that the disturbed Pinus densiflora forests in these sites were regenerated by height growth of saplings recruited in advance of gap formation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 1968

이 시험(試驗)은 리기다소나무의 재(材) 부분별(部分別) 함유(含有) 수분량(水分量)을 조사(調査)하기 위(爲)하여 실시(實施)된 시험(試驗)인데 조사(調査)된 재부분(材部分)은 간재(幹材)에서 심재(心材)와 변재(邊材) 그리고 기재(技材), 말목재(末木材), 근재등(根材等)이다. 이 시험(試驗)에서 사용(使用)한 시험목(試驗木)과 측정(測定)된 재부분별(材部分別) 평균함수율치(平均含水率値)는 table(l), (2)와 같고 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. (1) 리기다소나무 동계벌목재(冬季伐木材)의 각(各) 재부중(材部中)에서 함수율(含水率)이 가장 높은 부분(部分)은 말목재(末木材)이었고 가장 낮은 부분(部分)은 심재(心材)이었다. (2) 재부분별(材部分別) 함수율(含水率)을 비교(比較)하여 보면 근재(根材)와 기재간(技材間) 그리고 근재(根材)와 변재간(邊材間)에는 차이(差異)가 없었고 말목재(末木材)와 기타재부간(其他材部間) 그리고 심재(心材)와 기타재부간(其他材部間)에는 차이(差異)가 있었다. (3) 개체간(個體間)의 재부분별(材部分別) 연균(年均) 함수율간(含水率間)에는 일반적(一般的)으로 큰 변이(變異)가 없으나 기재(技材)에서는 매우 큰 변이(變異)를 나타낸다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.170-175
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• 2000

A pot-lysimeter experiment was conducted with 3-year-old 'Tsugaru' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees to examine the changes in oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) with lateral flow velocity of water through soil. The influence of lateral water flow velocity on water relations and elemental content in leaf, and sap temperature distribution patterns of the xylem of trees were also determined. Trees were grown under four soil water regimes: (1) fast laterally flowing (FWT, $2.50{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$), (2) slow laterally flowing (SWT, $0.25{\times}10^{-4}cm\;s^{-1}$), and (3) stagnant water table (WLT) at 60-cm, and (4) drip-irrigation at -40 kPa of soil matric potential as a control. The rate of $O_2$ diffusion converged near $2{\times}10^{-3}g\;m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$ for FWT and control soils, but decreased below $1{\times}10^{-3}g\;m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$ 40 days after treatment (DAT) for WLT soils. For SWT soils, however, the ODR at 15 cm below the soil surface was similar to that of control, but at 45 cm below the soil surface, ODR was similar to that of the WLT treatment. Leaf water potential of FWT and SWT plants was similar to that of control plants, but the values for SWT plants declined by 98 DAT. Leaf water potential of WLT plants decreased from -1.86 MPa (9 DAT) to -2.41 MPa (59 DAT) and finally down to -2.70 MPa. The sap temperature measured at 1100-hr was lowest at top and highest at bottom for FWT and control plants, but this pattern of SWT and WLT plants was disturbed from 29 DAT. However, for SWT plants, such thermal disturbance of sap temperature disappeared from 63 DAT.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제102권3호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2013

본 연구는 계방산 가문비나무 임분을 대상으로 2012년 3월부터 10월까지 36개의 영구조사구를 설치하여 개체군 구조와 동태를 분석하였다. 가문비나무의 흉고직경급별 개체 분포는 직경 10 cm 미만이 32본(50.0%), 직경 10 cm~30 cm 미만이 20본(31.2%), 직경 30 cm 이상이 11본(18.8%)으로 직경이 커질수록 개체수가 감소하는 역 J자형의 분포 유형을 나타내었다. 가문비나무 유묘 및 치수는 상층임관이 열려있거나 햇볕이 잘 들어오는 곳, 그루터기(stump)와 같이 유기물 및 수분경쟁이 유리한 장소를 선호하는 경향이었다. 연륜생장을 분석하여 가문비나무 임분 내 교란시점을 추정한 결과 1854년, 1915년, 1918년, 1993년, 2002년 전후로 하여 발생하였으며, 숲 틈 형성목(gap-maker)의 유형은 서서 죽는 경우(standing dead)가 23본(45.1%)으로 가장 많았다.