• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2017.05a
• /
• pp.523-526
• /
• 2017

In modern recently technology, 3D-Audio is used to enhance immersion in Virtual Reality. This includes interest of people about VR and AR, which related to the field of computer graphics. In fact, a lot of research has been carried out in recent years into a 3D sound field. However, the existing 3D generator device used for virtual reality does not contain Doppler effect occurred by the sound comes to or leave from a listener, while an angle from the listener and the altitude of the source sound are applied. Therefore, this paper present 3D real sound utilizing Doppler effect with spatial-rotation-speaker. We map the source sound in 3D-space into a real space where a user stays and present 3D real sound by manipulating with rotation angle, phase difference, sound output volume of the sound in 3D-space, according to the location of a virtual source sound. Utilizing both natural Doppler effect of rotating sound that is occurring by spatial-rotation-speaker and artificial Doppler effect generated by frequency-modulation of sound quality could improving the virtual reality for sound condition for perspective listening.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.90 no.3
• /
• pp.363-372
• /
• 2001

The objective of this study was to investigate the site and growth characteristics of dominating Cornus controversa in the hardwood stands at Mt. Gariwang and Mt. Joongwang area located in Pyungchang-gun, Kangwon-do. The C. controversa was mainly distributed at the rather steep slope and aspect facing from northeast to northwest, and altitudes ranging from 800 to 1,100m. The C. controversa grew at relatively deep A soil layer with high moisture and nutrients. Major competing species in upper stories were Quercus mongolica, Acer mandshuricum, Salix hulteni, Acer pictum, and herb plants such as Polystichum tripteron, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Meehania urticifolia, Pseudostellaria pahbiniana, Ligularia fischeri, Impatiens noli-tangere, Corydalis speciosa in the floor. The average annual diameter growth of C. controversa according to the altitude was $4.06({\pm}0.90)mm$ below 900m, $2.51({\pm}0.65)mm$ from 900 to 1,000m, $3.28({\pm}0.12)mm$ from 1,000m to 1,100m and $2.81({\pm}0.35)mm$ above 1,100m. Good annual growth was shown at northwest site, but no difference due to micro-topography.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.25-43
• /
• 1992

A survey of Orimok, Yongsil and Donnaeko area forest in Mt. Halla. was conducted using 71 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. In the analysis of -actual vegetation, Carpinus tschonoskii and C. laxiflora community covered 53.7%, Quercus grosseserrata - Q. serrata community 25.8%, Pinus densiflora community 8.3%, Abies koreana community 4.5% and these communities covered 92.2% of Mt. Halla forest. The degree of 8, 9 and 10 in human disturbance of vegetation covered 64.5, 28.6 and 6.9% respectively. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By two techniques, the plant community were divided into several groups by the aspect and altitude. The dividing groups are C. tschonoskii community, C. tschonoskii - Q. serrata community, P. densiflora - C. tschonoskii community, P. densiflora - C. laxiflora community, C. laxiflora community, C. laxifrora - Daphniphyllum macropodum - Eurya japonica community, P. densiflora community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from P. densiflora. Sorbus alnifolia through Q. serrata. Maackia faurier to C. tsihonoskii in Orimok and Yongsil area and from P. densifiora to C. laxiflora in Donnaeko area. There was no difference between the stand scores of. DCA and environmental variables.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.108 no.3
• /
• pp.364-371
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to provide the basic information for a reasonable forest management plan and sustainable forest management by developing a dominant tree height growth model using diameter at breast height (DBH) and site index curves for Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa growing in Jeolla-do. The altitude, slope, orientation, soil type, height and DBH of a dominant tree, and the ages of trees were measured for 3055 Pinus densiflora trees (611 plots) and 3345 Chamaecyparis obtusa trees (699 plots), and these data were used to develop a customized afforestation map. In the dominant tree height growth model, the relationship to DBH was used in the Petterson, Michailow, and log equations. Also, a dominant tree height growth model in relationship to age used the Chapman-Richards, Schumacher, and Gompertz equations. The Petterson equation, which has a lower mean square error, was used to model dominant tree height growth in relationship to DBH. In the model of dominant tree height growth in relationship to age, three kinds of equations were considered to have little statistical difference. Therefore, the Chapman-Richards equation was chosen for modeling on the national level. Thirtyyears was used as the base age, which is an important factor for estimating the site index curves. In the results, a more varied range of site index family curves with 6-18 was developed for Pinus densiflora, and with 6-22 for Chamaecyparis obtusa. As the new site index curves indicated influences on growth of Pinus densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa, a reasonable forest management plan will be possible in the future for Jeolla-do.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.748-754
• /
• 2010

The contents of soil organic matter (SOM) and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ in soils are important criteria for the classification of new Andisols in Soil Taxonomy system. There are many soil types in Jeju Island with various soil forming environments. This paper was conducted to estimate the contents of soil organic matter and the content of ammonium oxalate extracted Al and Fe ($Al_o+1/2Fe_o$) using various environmental variables and to make soil property maps using a statistical analyses. The soil samples were collected from 321 locations and analyzed to measure the contents of SOM and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$. It was analyzed the relationships among them and various environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, net primary product, radiation, evapotranspiration, altitude, soil forming energy, topographic wetness index, elevation, difference surrounded area, and distances from the shore and the peak. We can exclude multi-collinearity among environmental variables with principal component analysis and reduce all the variables to 3 principal components. The contents of SOM and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ were estimated by multiple regression models and maps of them were made using the models.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.73-90
• /
• 2014

The Officially Announced Land Price System has a limit, that is required to be able to reflect changes in land constantly every year, to implement Land Characteristic Survey for calculating land price during a specific period and human resources with limited. The purpose of this study is to apply the 'National Territory Space Usage status Survey' method to survey part of the territorial feature status information inside of selected the target sites, considering the core survey items (land category, the state of land use, altitude difference, standard site inclusion, etc) in the areas surrounding Yeonshinnae Station in which three dongs (Galhyeon-dong, Daejo-dong, Bulgwang-dong) of Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul share borders with. Based on the given budget, the manpower and period was taken into consideration to sort a total of 2,041 lots and conduct surveys on all sites. This study will be able to diagnose the efficient idle human resource utilization and work process construction plan through pilot projects specialized for providing real estate information services in preparation for cases in which national territory information survey projects that provide various business model, as well as major future core projects of the corporation will be carried out.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.189-213
• /
• 1980

1. Aiming at supply of basic informations on tree species siting and forest fertilization by understanding of soil properties that are demanded by each tree species through studies of forest soil's morphological, physical and chemical properties in relation to tree growth in our country, the necessary data have been collected in the last 10 years, are quantified according to quantification theory and are analyzed in accordance with multi-variate analysis. 2. Test species, larch and the Korean white pine, are plantable in extensive areas from mid to north in the temperate zone and are the two most recommended reforestation tree species in Korea. However, their respective site demands are not known and they have been in confusion or considered demanding the same site during reforestation. When the Korean white pine is planted in larch sites, it has shown relatively good growth. But, when larch is planted in the Korean white pine site it can be hardly said that the larch growth is good. To understand on such a difference soil factors have been studied so as to see how the soil's morphological, physical and chemical factors affect tree growth helped with the electronic computer. 3. All the stands examined are man-made mature forests. From 294 larch plots and 259 white pine plots dominant trees are cut as samples and through stem analysis site index is determined. For each site index soil profiles are made in the related forest-land for analysis. Soil samples are taken from each profile horizon and forest-land productivity classification tables are worked out through physical and chemical analysis of the soil samples for each tree species for the study of relationships between physical, chemical and the combined physical/chemical properties of soil and tree growth. 4. In the study of relationships between physical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of deposit form, soil depth, soil moisture, altitude, relief, soil type, depth of A-horizon, soil consistency content of organic matter soil texture bed rock gravel content aspect and slope. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is soil type, soil consistency bed rock aspect depth of A-horizon soil moisture altitude relief deposit form soil depth soil texture gravel content and slope. 5. In the study of relationships between chemical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of base saturation organic matter CaO C/N ratio, effective $P_2O_5$ PH.exchangeable $K_2O$ T-N MgO C E C Total Base and Na. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is effective $P_2O_5$ Total Base T-N Na C/N ratio PH CaO base saturation organic matter exchangeable $K_2O$ C E C and MgO. 6. In the study of relationships between the combined physical and chemical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of soil depth deposit form soil moisture PH relief soil type altitude T-N soil consistency effective $P_2O_5$ soil texture depth of A-horizon Total Base exchangeable $K_2O$ and base saturation. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is soil type soil consistency aspect effective $P_2O_5$ depth of A-horizon exchangeable $K_2O$ soil moisture Total Base altitude soil depth base saturation relief T-N C/N ratio and deposit from. 7. In the multiple regression of forest soil's physical properties larch's correlation coefficient is 0.9272 and for the Korean white pine it is 0.8996. With chemical properties larch has 0.7474 and the Korean white pine has 0.7365. So, the soil's physical properties are found out more closely related with tree growth than chemical properties. However, this seems due to inadequate expression of soil's chemical factors and it is proved that the chemical properties are not less important than the physical properties. In the multiple regression of the combined physical and chemical properties consisting of important morphological and physical factors as well as chemical factors of forest soils larch's multiple correlation coefficient is found out to be 0.9434 and for the Korean white pine it is 0.9103 leading to the highest correlation. 8. As shown in the partial correlation coefficients larch needs deeper soil depth than the Korean white pine and in the deposit form colluvial and creeping soils are demanded by the larch. Adequately moist to too moist should be soil moisture and PH should be from 5.5 to 6.1 for the larch. Demands of T-N soil texture and soil nutrients are higher for the larch than the Korean white pine. Thus, soil depth, deposit form, relief soil moisture PH N altitude and soil texture are good indicators for species sitings with larch and the Korean white pine while soil type and soil consistency are indicative only limitedly of species sitings due to their wide variation as plantation environments. For larch siting soil depth deposit form relief soil moisture PH soil type N and soil texture are indicators of good growth and for Korean white pine they are soil type soil consistency effective $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable $K_2O$, which is demanded more by the Korean white pine than larch generally. 9. Physical properties of soil has been known as affecting tree growth to greatest extent so far. However, as a result of this study it is proved through computer analysis that chemical properties of soil are not less important factors for tree growth than chemical properties and site demands for larch and the Korean white pine that have been uncertain So far could be clarified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.1-26
• /
• 1981

1. Aiming at supply of basic informations on tree species siting and forest fertilization by understanding of soil properties that are demanded by each tree species through studies of forest soil's morphological, physical and chemical properties in relation to tree growth in our country, the necessary data have been collected in the last 10 years, are quantified according to quantification theory and are analyzed in sccordance with multi-variate analysis. 2. Test species, japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gord) and the Korean white pine, (pinus koraiensis S et Z.) are plantable in extensive areas from mid to north in the temperate forest zone and are the two most recommended reforestation tree species in Korea. However, their respective site demands are little known and they have been in confusion or considered demanding the same site during reforestation. When the Korean white pine is planted in larch sites, it has shown relatively good growth, but, when Japanese larch is planted in Korean white pine site it can be hardly said that the Japanese Larch growth is good. To understand on such a difference soil factors have been studied so as to see how th soil's morphological, physical and chemical factors affect tree growth helped with the electronic computer. 3. All the stands examined are man-made mature forests. From 294 Japanese larch plots and 259 Korean white pine plots dominant trees are cut as samples and through stem analysis site index is determined. For each site index soil profiles are made in the related forest-land for analysis. Soil samples are taken from each profile horizon and forest-land productivity classification tables are worked out through physical and chemical analyses of the soil samples for each tree species for the study of relationships between physical, chemical and the combined physical/properties of soil and tree growth. 4. In the study of relationships between physical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that Japanese larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the decreasing order of weight deposit form, soil depth, soil moisture, altitude, relief, soil type, depth a A-horizon, soil consistency, content of organic matter, soil texture, bed rock, gravel content, aspect and slope. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is soil type, soil consistency, bed rock, aspect, depth of A-horizon, soil moisture, altitude, relief, deposit form, soil depth, soil texture, gravel content and slope. 5. In the study of relationships between chemical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that Japanese larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of base saturation, organic matter, CaO, C/N ratio, effective $P_2O_5$, PH, exchangeable, $K_2O$, T-N, MgO, CEC, Total Base and Na. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is effective $P_2O_5$, Total Base, T-N, Na, C/N ratio, PH, CaO, base saturation, organic matter, exchangeable $K_2O$, CEC and MgO. 6. In the study of relationships between the combined physical and chemical properties of soil and tree growth it is found out that Japanese larch growth is influenced by the following factors in the order of soil depth, deposit form, soil moisture, PH, relief, soil type altitude, T-N, soil consistency, effective $P_2O_5$, soil texture, depth of A-horizon, Total Base, exchangeable $K_2O$ and base saturation. For the Korean white pine the influencing factors' order is soil type, soil consistency, aspect, effective $P_2O_5$, depth of A-horizon, exchangeable $K_2O$, soil moisture, Total Base, altitude, soil depth, base saturation, relief, T-N, C/N ratio and deposit form. 7. In the multiple correlation of forest soil's physical properties larch's correlation coefficient for Japanese Larch is 0.9272 and for Korean white pine, 0.8996. With chemical properties larch has 0.7474 and Korean white pine has 0.7365. So, the soil's physical properties are found out more closely related with tree growth than chemical properties. However, this seems due to inadequate expression of soil's chemical factors and it is proved that the chemical properities are not less important than the physical properties. In the multiple correlation of the combined physical and chemical properties consisting of important morphological and physical factors as well as chemical factors of forest soils larch's multiple correlation coefficient is found out to be 0.9434 and for Korean white pine it is 0.9103 leading to the highest correlation. 8. As shown in the partial correlation coefficients Japanese larch needs deeper soil depth than Korean white pine and in the deposit form of colluvial and creeping soils are demanded by the larch. Moderately moist to not moist should be soil moisture and PH should be from 5.5 to 6.1 for the larch. Demands of T-N, soil texture and soil nutrients are higher for the larch than the Korean white pine. Thus, soil depth, deposit form, relief, soil moisture, PH, N, altitude and soil texture are good indicators for species sitings with larch and the Korean white pine while soil type and soil consistency are indicative only limitedly of species sitings due to their wide variations as plantation environments. For the larch siting soil depth, deposit form, relief, soil moisture, pH, soil type, N and soil texture are indicators of good growth and for the Korean white pine they are soil type, soil consistency, effective $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable $K_2O$. In soil nutrients larch has been found out demanding more than the Korean white pine except $K_2O$, which is demanded more by the Korean white pine than Japanese larch generally. 9. Physical properties of soil has been known as affecting tree growth to the greatest extent so far. However, as a result of this study it is proved through computer analysis that chemical properties of soil are not less important factors for tree growth than chemical properties and site demands for the Japanese larch and the Korean white pine that have been uncertain so far could be clarified.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.379-386
• /
• 1990

Varietal difference of protein content in forty eight Korean recommended rice cultivars and environmental Variation in protein content of milled rice harvested at six sites of the middle and/or southern plain and four locations of mid-mountainous and/or alpine area in 1989 were investigated. Also, the composition of amino acid in milled rice was compared among three rice varieties: a high-protein japonica rice, Nongbaek, a high-protein Tongil-type rice, Yongjubyeo, and a low-protein japonica rice, Hwaseongbyeo. Korean recommended rice varieties showed 7.93% of average protein content with varietal variation from 5.5% to 10.2% for milled rice harvested in 1988, and 9.17% of mean protein content with the variation from 6.3% to 12.0% for milled rice harvested in 1989. Tongil-type rice was about 1% higher in protein content of milled rice than japonica. The low-protein japonica rice, Hwaseongbyeo exhibited lower content of essential amino acids per g of rice flour sample than the high-protein japoinica, Nongbaek and/or Tongil-type rice, Yongjubyeo, but the relative content of essential amino acids per 16.8g of nitrogen in milled rice of the former was not so different with those of the latters. Among amino acids the content of glutamic acid was highest and among essential amino acids the content of leucine was highest while methionine was lowest. The protein content of milled rice was negatively correlated with days from seeding to heading, K/Mg ratio, alkali digestion value(l-7) and amylose content, but it was positively correlated with translucency and magnesium content of milled rice. The protein content of milled rice harvested in the southern plain paddy field was about 1% higher compared with those harvested in the Middle plain. Also, the protein content of milled rice harvested in the southern mid-mountainous and alpine area was about 0.8% higher compared with those harvested in the resemble altitude area of the middle-northern part of Korea. The contribution of environmental variation to total in plain area was about 28.1% while that in mid-mountainous and alpine area was about 56.4%.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2017

This study was executed to know the effect of the habitat size on huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis) larvae's growth. We've conducted the study on Mt. Surak in Sanggye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul. Our study site was discriminated the huanren brown frog larvae's habitat into the three different areas, such as small area (S1, $3.91m^2$), middle area (S2, $4.42m^2$), and large area (S3, $38.37m^2$) in the same water channel. We measured two times per a week the 15 huanren brown frog larvae's body length, and developmental stages (foreleg, hind leg, tail length) including the environmental factors (humidity, air temperature and water temperature) of the study site from March 30 to June 28 in 2016. The only hatching rate was measured for the three egg sacs at the S2 study site. We found that the average hatching rate was $76.84{\pm}18.23(%)$ at S2. Generally, because of less precipitation during our study periods, all habitat areas for our study site were gradually decreased. The middle area, S2, was not reduced, the small area, S1, was reduced more than a fourth, and the largest area, S3, was drastically reduced more than half from initial area. There was no statistically difference among the three study sites for the three environmental factors (average humidity, average air temperature, and average water temperature) by F-test, but there were significant difference among the three site for the larvae's body length (F-test p< 0.05). Therefore, the larger of habitat areas, the larger of the larvae length as well as the faster of the larvae's developmental stages. When we measured the body lengths of immature huanren brown frogs, the immature frog of S1 was smallest, the immature frog of S3 was middle lenght, and the immature frog of S2 was largest. There were statistically different among the three study sites for the immature huanren brown frogs (F-test, p< 0.05). Because the S2 study site was relatively stable without rarely changing the study area, it meant that huanren brown frog was sensitive to habitat areas. Based on the results of this study, if we study on the effect of the altitude on the growth rate of huanren brown frog, it must be helpful in understanding the habitat environment of the population of huanren brown frog.