• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.473-481
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• 2004

Objective : In this study old BCAO rats were observed for effects of 'Dea-Hwang' on brain ischema injury, because risk of stroke increases with age. Method : The brain ischema injury was induced by temporarily closing carotids on both sides in a low blood pressuer state and Dea-Hwang was administered orally to 18 month-old BCAO rats. Results and Conclusions : The ischemically damaged Hippocampus and c-fos and c-jun expression were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and results are summarized as follows: 1. The c-fos expression after inducing a brain ischema injury in the hippocampus was more inhibited in the dosed group than in the control group. 2. The normalized optical density of c-fos expression was more reduced in the CA1, CA2, and DG areas of the dosed group than in those of the control group. 3. The c-jun expression after inducing brain ischema injury in the hippocampus was more inhibited in the dosed group than in the control group. 4. The normalized optical density of c-jun expression was more reduced in the CAI area of the dosed group than in that of the control group.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.791-797
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• 2003

This study investigated the effect of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang on cerebral ischemia of the rats. Considering age-related impact on cerebral ischemia, aged rats (18 months old) were used for this study. Ischemic damage was induced by the transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (BCAO) under the hypotension. Yanggyuksanhwa-tang was administered twice orally. Then changes of pyramidal neurons and heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) expressions in ischemic damaged hippocampus were of observed. The BCAO in aged rats led significant decrease of pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampus. While the treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the reduction of pyramidal neurons in CA1 hippocampus following BCAO ischemia. The BCAO in aged rats led significant increase of HSP72 expression in CA1 and mild in CA3 hippocampus. While the treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the increase of HSP72 expression in CA1 hippocampus following BCAO ischemia. The extent of HSP72 expression in CA2 and DG of hippocampus was not different between the sham operated group, the BCAO ischemia control group, and the group of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang administration after BCAO ischemia. The treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the increase of normalized optical density depending on HSP72 expression in CA1 hippocampus following BCAO ischemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.1065-1070
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• 2016

This study assessed the antioxidant activity and residue level of phenolic antioxidants in autoxidation of linoleic acid. The antioxidant activity of phenolic antioxidants was measured based on peroxide value of linoleic acid at $50^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. We further evaluated the residue level of phenolic antioxidants in the autoxidation period by HPLC-UV. The residue level of antioxidants changed with time starting on day 0 (100%) and was determined by 100-remaining of antioxidants (%). Our results showed that peroxide values ranged from 0.33 to 10.18 meq/kg in propyl gallate, from 0.67 to 11.01 meq/kg in dodecyl gallate, from 0.01 to 10.34 meq/kg in octyl gallate, from 0.01 to 4.17 meq/kg in butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), from 1.00 to 5.85 meq/kg in butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), from 0.33 to 4.18 meq/kg in 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone, and from 1.00 to 11.01 meq/kg in tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Among the residue levels of antioxidants, on day 8, BHT showed the highest level while TBHQ showed the lowest. BHT showed the highest correlation coefficient, whereas BHA showed the lowest. This study proves that the residual level of phenolic antioxidants has a good correlation with the degree of autoxidation in linoleic acid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1985

Distribution of lipid components in the tissue of meat, skin and viscera from carp(Cyprynus carpio) was analyzed using the techniques of column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography according to the previous report(Choi, et al., 1984). Lipid content was varied by the portion such as $3.88\%$ in meat (free lipid, $2.47\%$ ; bound lipid, $1.41\%$), $8.02\%$ in skin(free lipid, $5.65\%$ ; bound lipid, $2.37\%$) and $6.18\%$ in viscera (free lipid, $3.54\%$ ; bound lipid, $2.64\%$). In the all portions of the body, free lipid was composed of $68\%\;to\;92\%$ in neutral lipid, $3\%\;to\;6\%$ in glycolipid and $4\%\;to\;18\%$ in phospholipid whereas bound lipid was composed of $8\%\;to\;20\%$ in neutral lipid, $2\%\;to\;7\%$ in glycolipid and $47\%\;to\;62\%$ in phospholipid. The free lipids of the tissues on the each portion were mostly represented by triglycerides and some diglycerides, but free lipids in viscera contained considerable amounts of free fatty acids. The bound lipids, on the other hand, commonly comprised appreciable amounts of esterified sterol and hydrocarbon, and triglycerides. The phospholipid was mainly consisted of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine in the both free and bound lipids, and much more phosphatidyl choline in the bound lipid. The predominant fatty acids of free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{22:6}\;and\;C_{18:2}$ acids in polar lipids, and $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{18:2}$ acids in non-polar lipids, whereas those of neutral lipids were $C_{14:0}(2.54{\sim}6.98\%),\;C_{16:0}(11.20{\sim}21.13\%)$ and $C_{18:0}(1.58{\sim}12.76\%)$ of saturated acids, $C_{16:1}(7.06{\sim}20.70\%),\;C_{18:1}(21.68{\sim}30.50\%)$ and $C_{20:1}(1.76{\sim}6.27\%)$ of monoenoic acids, and $C_{18:2}(4.50{\sim}6.89\%),\;C_{20:4}(1.52{\sim}4.29\%)$ and $C_{22:6}(0.73{\sim}6.62\%)$, respectively. In conclusion, the fatty acid compositions revealed apparent differences between the free lipid and bound lipids in the tissues of body.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2005

Response surface methodology(RSM) was applied to monitor the elimination rate of heavy metals(Pb, Cd) and soluble solids depending on the steaming and roasting conditions of Polygonatum odoratum roots. Experiments of 16 different steaming and roasting conditions based on a central composite design for steaming time($60{\sim}180$ min), roasting temperature($110{\sim}150^{\circ}C$), and roasting time($10{\sim}50$ min) were conducted, thereby predicting the steaming and roasting conditions for the maximal responses; soluble solids($71.47\%$) at 65.24 min, $126.93^{\circ}C$ and 37.58 min; Pb removal rate($18.87\%$) at 71.23 min, $119.81^{\circ}C$ and 24.35 min; Cd removal rate($50,85\%$) at 160.89 min, $126.43^{\circ}C$ and 15.81 min, respectively. The optimum conditions estimated by RSM for the maximized values of soluble solids and heavy metal elimination rates were $165{\sim}180$ min of steaming time, $120{\sim}135^{\circ}C$ of roasting temperature, and $30{\sim}45$ min of roasting time, respectively. These estimated values were in agreement with those measured by real experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1358-1364
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• 2007

Response surface methodology was employed to investigate the change of flavonoids components of citrus peel hydrolysate using Viscozyme L as the enzyme. As citrus peels were hydrolyzed by the enzyme, hesperetin and naringenin contents of flavonoids aglycone form increased. The optimal enzyme treatment conditions which were superimposed of the maximized levels for soluble solid, hesperetin, and naringenin contents were enzyme concentration of 1.5% and reaction time of 18 hr. In enzyme-untreated citrus peels (CC), soluble solid content was 48.49% and the content of hesperidin only detected flavonoids was 58.85 mg/g. In the case of optimal enzyme-treated citrus peels (CE), soluble solid content was 72.97% and the contents of naringin, hesperidin, naringenin and hesperetin were 1.56 mg/g, 31.31 mg/g, 2.58 mg/g and 3.90 mg/g, respectively. In the results of electron donating ability and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity, the activity of CE was higher than that of CC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1572-1578
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• 2005

Response surface methodology was used for monitoring changes in physicochemical properties with heating condition of ginseng which was sliced and freeze-dried. As heating temperature and time increased, soluble solid content decreased and browning color increased. Also, acidic polysaccharide and total phenolics increased with the increase in heating temperature and time. Heating condition for maximum soluble solid content was 146.05$^{\circ}C$ in heating temperature and 18.16 min in heating time. Maximum value of crude saponin content was 64.40 mg/g in 160.00$^{\circ}C$ and 20.00 min. Crude saponin content was influenced by heating time but the other properties were influenced by heating temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.217-224
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• 1988

Changes in lipid components of Gul-bi, salted-dried yellow corvenia, during processing and storage were studied. Raw fishes contained $6.7\%$ total lipid (TL) which consisted of $83.3\%$ neutral lipid (NL), $6.5\%$ glycolipid (GL) and $10.2\%$ phospholipid (PL), and salted-dried sample at 30 days storage contained $11.1\%$ TL which consisted of $86.1\% NL, $7.1\%$ GL and $6.8\%$ PL. The NL was mainly consisted of trigly ceride (TG), free sterol (FS), free fatty acid (FFA), and the main lipids in PL were phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidly ethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SPM). The contents of TG, PC, PE decreased, while that of FFA, SPM increased during processing and storage. Total fatty acid contents of raw fish, salted sample, salted-dried sample (product) and product at 30/days of storage were 847.9, 764.0, 633.5 and 588.mg/g-lipid, respectively, taking $C_{23:0}$ as the internal standard material. Most fatty acid con tents of TL revealed a tendency to decrease during processing and storage, highly unsaturated fatty acid such as $C_{22:6},\;C_{20:5}$, decreased largely. The major fatty acids in TL, NL, GL and PL were generally $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:6}. Percentage of $C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1}$ in NL and GL and GL are higher than those in PL, while $C_{22:6},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{20:4}$. Peroxide value in salted-dried sample is 121.6 meq/kg and decreased rapidly with storage period, carbonyl value and brown pigment formation showed tendency of increase during processing and storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.166-176
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• 2020

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of L-arginine (L-Arg) and N-carbamoylglutamic acid (NCG) on the growth, metabolism, immunity and community of cecal bacterial flora of weanling and young rabbits. Methods: Eighteen normal-grade male weanling Japanese White rabbits (JWR) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups with or without L-Arg and NCG supplementation. The whole feeding process was divided into weanling stage (day 37 to 65) and young stage (day 66 to 85). The effects of L-Arg and NCG on the growth, metabolism, immunity and development of the ileum and jejunum were compared via nutrient metabolism experiments and histological assessment. The different communities of cecal bacterial flora affected by L-Arg and NCG were assessed using high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. Results: The addition of L-Arg and NCG enhanced the growth of weanling and young rabbit by increasing the nitrogen metabolism, protein efficiency ratio, and biological value, as well as feed intake and daily weight gain. Both L-Arg and NCG increased the concentration of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG. NCG was superior to L-Arg in promoting intestinal villus development by increasing villus height, villus height/crypt depth index, and reducing the crypt depth. The effects of L-Arg and NCG on the cecal bacterial flora were mainly concentrated in different genera, including Parabacteroides, Roseburia, dgA-11_gut_group, Alistipes, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005. These bacteria function mainly in amino acid transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion, lipid transport and metabolism, recombination and repair, cell cycle control, cell division, and cell motility. Conclusion: L-Arg and NCG can promote the growth and immunity of weanling and young JWR, as well as effecting the jejunum and ileum villi. L-Arg and NCG have different effects in the promotion of nutrient utilization, relieving inflammation and enhancing adaptability through regulating microbial community.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1654-1663
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• 2013

Rice straw is closely associated with meju fermentation and it is generally known that the rice straw provides meju with many kinds of microorganisms. In order to elucidate the origin of meju fungi, the fungal diversity of rice straw was examined. Rice straw was collected from 12 Jang factories where meju are produced, and were incubated under nine different conditions by altering the media (MEA, DRBC, and DG18), and temperature ($15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$). In total, 937 strains were isolated and identified as belonging to 39 genera and 103 species. Among these, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Eurotium, Fusarium, and Penicillium were the dominant genera. Fusarium asiaticum (56.3%), Cladosporium cladosporioides (48.6%), Aspergillus tubingensis (37.5%), A. oryzae (31.9%), Eurotium repens (27.1%), and E. chevalieri (25.0%) were frequently isolated from the rice straw obtained from many factories. Twelve genera and 40 species of fungi that were isolated in the rice straw in this study were also isolated from meju. Specifically, A. oryzae, C. cladosporioides, E. chevalieri, E. repens, F. asiaticum, and Penicillium polonicum (11.8%), which are abundant species in meju, were also isolated frequently from rice straw. C. cladosporioides, F. asiaticum, and P. polonicum, which are abundant in the low temperature fermentation process of meju fermentation, were frequently isolated from rice straw incubated at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, whereas A. oryzae, E. repens, and E. chevalieri, which are abundant in the high temperature fermentation process of meju fermentation, were frequently isolated from rice straw incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. This suggests that the mycobiota of rice straw has a large influence in the mycobiota of meju. The influence of fungi on the rice straw as feed and silage for livestock, and as plant pathogens for rice, are discussed as well.