• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.111-115
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• 2001

Vegetational changes along elevational and topographical gradients were studied in Mt. Jumbong which is located at the core area of the Mt. Sorak Biosphere Reserve in Kangwon-do Province in central Korea. Two 500 m north-south transects crossing two valleys and a small ridge were laid out, and fifty-one 10 m$\times$10 m permanent quadrats were systematically set up. All trees bigger than 2.5 cm DBH were marked with numbered aluminum tags, and their DBH measured and the species identified. Coverage of plant species in the herb layer were determined in two 2 m $\times$ 2 m subquadrats in each of the permanent quadrats. Thirty-two species of woody plants occurred in the tree layer in the permanent quadrats studied. Quercus mongolica was the dominant species across the study site, and Acer pseudosieboldianum and Carpinus cordata were also important. Quercus mongolica occurred on the ridges and south-facing slopes, and Acer pseudosieboldianum occurred extensively except for valleys. In contrast, Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, Acer triflorum, and Ulmus laciniata were common in valleys. At the herbaceous layer, 112 species were identified. Dominant species were Ainsliaea acerifolia and Sasa borealis on the ridges, Meehania urticifolia on north-facing slopes, and Deutzia glabrata on valleys. Soil environmental factors were compared among the quadrats. pH was lower in the quadrats located on ridges and south-facing slopes, and organic matter was lowest on south-facing slopes. Quadrats located on valleys were generally higher in pH, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca and Mg. DCA ordinations for tree layer and herb layer were carried out in order to identify the dominant environmental factors affecting the distribution of plant species along the environmental gradients. Correlation analysis between ordination axis scores and environmental factors showed that axis one was negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with soil organic matter, pH, Ca, Mg, and P, but that axis two was positively correlated with elevation. These results indicate that vegetation responds very sensitively to elevational and topographical gradients although the study area is relatively small with about 100 m in elevational variation.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.46-56
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• 2000

경주 황성공원의 식생구조를 파악하여 생태적 가치를 알아보고, 바람직한 관리방안을 제시하기 위하여 공원 내에 $10m{\times}10m$의 조사구 20개를 설치하고, 군집구조조사를 실시하였다. 군집을 분리하기 위하여 TWINSPAN과 DCA를 이용하였으며, DCA분석결과 소나무군집(A), 소나무군집(B), 참나무류-소나무군집, 아까시나무군집, 그리고 신갈나무군집의 5개로 분리되었다. 종다양도 분석에서 20개 조사구에 걸쳐 목본수종이 총29종 출현하였으나 종조성은 단순하게 나타났다. 각 조사구당 평균출현종수는 $5.32{\pm}2.9$종이었고, 흉고직 경급별 분석에서 소나무는 주로 DBH 27~47cm계급에 분포하였다. 연륜 및 생장분석결과 역사적, 생태적으로 가치가 있는 소나무림이 최근 들어 생장이 둔화되고 있었다. 이상의 조사결과를 바탕으로 관리제언이 제시되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.519-529
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to provide basic health care data for the climate aspects of park re-cultivation by evaluating air ions according to the type of vegetation in the valley and upper slopes of the mountain park. Simple negative or positive air ions were expected to show the same tendencies, so they were analyzed in terms of correcting the air ion index. By analyzing the air ions according to the topography, it was found that valley > slope in terms of the air ion index. When analyzing air ions according to tree species, we found that evergreen conifers in the valley > the deciduous broad-leaved trees in the valley > the evergreen conifers in the slope = the deciduous broad-leaved trees in the slope. For DBH(Diameter at breast height), the valley large pole > slope large pole > slope medium hard wood, while crown density was analyzed as valley dense > slope dense> valley proper > slope proper. Layered structure analysis showed that the multi-layer structure of the valley > multi-layer structure of the slope = the single-layer structure of the valley > the single-layer structure of the slope. The correlation coefficient was determined according to vegetation type and air ion index in the order of DBH > crown density > layer structure > geomorphic structure. In this study, limits exist except for ridge line, valley, and slopes in urban mountain parks. Therefore, analysis should be made considering both topographical structure and various vegetation types in future studies of air ions.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2004

This study has been carried out to classify forest vegetation in south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley for supplying basic data for conservation and restoration of the valley. With the phytosociological method, the forest of the south and north slopes of Donghaksa valley was classified as four groups; Quercus variabilis community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community and Carpinus laxiflora community. The dominant species were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, and Quercus mongolica. Comparing the north and south slopes, Quercus variabilis were the highest dominant species in the south and Carpinus laxiflora in the north. Pinus densiflora were the next dominant species in both south and north slopes. According to the DBH analysis result, Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis had density of normal distribution style among the entire community. Therefore, their dominance are expected to continue for now. But, Quercus mongolica and Carpinus laxiflora are expected to extend their influence in the future in terms of competition with Pinus densiflora. The correlation between each community and the environment according to DCCA ordination was examined in this study. The result told us that Quercus variabilis is distributed mainly on the south slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area. Quercus mongolica community appeared on the north slope in the steep high-altitude area that has high percentage in total nitrogen and CEC. Pinus densiflora community is distributed on both south and north slopes in a gentle slope and low-altitude area. Carpinus laxiflora is distributed on the north slope in a mid-steep and mid-altitude area.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.345-352
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• 1998

A Korean endemic and evergreen small tree ' Dendropanax morbifera $L_{EV}$.(Araliaceae)' is a component of evergreen forest and mainly idstributein sourthern region and islands in Korea. A local population of D. morbifera which is located between evergreen and deciduous forest within 50m x 50m quadrate was investigated to ascertain the change of population structure, emergence and growth dynamics of seedlings and saplings, and pattern of spatial distribution by the temproal and spatial expansion of population . The result of analysis of population structure by Importnace Value(IV), evergreen forest showed a high species diversity of evergreen tree species such as Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus japonica, Neolitsea serica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Ligustrum japonicum, and etc, in middle and under story than in upper story where Camelia japonica and Quercus acuta were dominant. And in conterminous deciduous fores, the major component of evergreen forest in this region, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, evergreen tree of Lauraceae and etc. were abundant in only under story. IV of D. morbifera differed from among three story. In comparative analysis of emergence and growth dynamics of D. morbifera seedlings and saplings between evergreen and deciduous forest, emergece and density of seedlings were significantly greater in evergreen than in deciduous forest, and growth of height and basal diameter of seedlings and saplings were slightly larger in evergreen than in deciduous forest. The spatial distribution patterns by Moristia's index mapping of indivuduals using a lattice method of XY axis within this population showed that seedlings(age up to 2 years) and saplings (age>2 years and height<1m) both evergreen and deciduous forest were more or less aggregated apart from mature trees, and thougth intermediate trees(height>1m and dbh<10cm) had a aggregated distribution pattern, mature trees(dbh>10cm were uniform. In conclusion , the expansion of D. morbfera population from evergreen to deciduous forest accompanied with a mumber of evergreen woody species, and also, emergence and recruitment, and growth of seedlings were greatly influenced moisture and canopy by around community structure.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2021

Background: Understanding the habitat characteristics of the endangered Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans is the first step in conserving and managing the forests it requires for nesting, gliding, and feeding. Therefore, in the present study, we characterized the habitats of P. volans using GIS analysis of 411 forest sites in South Korea where fecal droppings were found. Results: Fecal signs of P. volans were found in various regions in South Korea, including the Baekdudaegan Mountains. GIS analysis with six environmental layers (vegetation type, wood-age class, diameter at breast height [DBH], crown density, elevation, and distance from stream) revealed that fecal signs of P. volans were more frequently found in broad-leaved deciduous forests (42%) located 200-399 m above sea level (43.1%) and 0-199 m from the nearest stream (53%), with 5th class wood-age (35.3%), middle size class DBH (51.1%), and high crown density (71%). Conclusions: The present study provides information on the biotic and abiotic characteristics of P. volans habitats. In South Korea, the fecal droppings of P. volans were found predominantly old deciduous broadleaf forests. Further studies are needed to reveal whether the more frequent occurrence of P. volans dropping in broadleaf forests may be due to a particular preference of this species for the forests or to a simple reflection of the area of the broadleaf forests occupying a much larger area than other forest types in Korea.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.259-270
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• 1998

본 연구는 산지의 수자원보전량 평가용 수문유출모형의 개발을 위한 중요한 기초연구로서 우리나라 주요 수종인 소나무와 상수리나무에 대한 수간류 및 수관통과우의 물수지식과 수문학적 특성을 밝히고자 수행하였다. 영남대학교 자연자원대학 부속 용성연습림과 영남대학교 교내 야산에 각각 수관통과우 및 수간류 관측용 야외 실험지를 설치하고, 1995년 9월에서 1998년 6월까지 약 2년 10개월 사이에 이 지역에 내린 다수의 단위강우에 대한 두 수종의 임내우 수량배분을 조사하였다. 그 결과 임외의 단위강우에 응답하는 두 수종의 수문학적 특성과 임내우 물수지식을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 소나무에 있어서 수관통과우와 수간류의 총량은 각각 임외우의 73.8%와 0.8%이였으며 상수리나무는 각각 임외우의 76.9%와 3.8%로 관측되었다. 2. 소나무에 있어서 임외우(Gp)에 대한 수간류(S$_{f}$)와 수관통과우(T$_{f}$)의 회귀식은 각각 S$_{f}$ = 0.01GP -2.05 ($r^2$=0.54) T$_{f}$ = 0.79Gp - 26.04 ($r^2$=0.92)로, 임내우(N$_{r}$)와는 N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp - 28.09 (r2=0.92)로 추정하였다. 이와 같이 소나무에 있어서 수간류와 수관통과우는 임외우의 양에 정비례하여 증가하였다. 3. 상수리나무에 있어서 임외우(Gp)에 대한 수간류(S$_{f}$)와 수관통과우(T$_{f}$)의 회귀식은 각각 S$_{f}$ = 0.03Gp + 12.25 ($r^2$=0.74) T$_{f}$ = 0.78Gp + 19.75 ($r^2$=0.96)로, 임내우(N$_{r}$)와는 N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp + 31.99 ($r^2$=0.96)로 구해졌는데 소나무보다 상수리나무에 있어서 수간류와 수관통과우의 증가폭이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 4. 수간류 및 수관통과우와 그 영향인자로 평가된 수관투영면적(CA). 흉고직경(DBH), 임외우량(Gp)과의 내부상관분석을 한 결과, 소나무 수간류에는 임외우＞수관투영면적＞흉고직경의 순으로, 상수리나무 수간류에는 임외우＞흉고직경＞수관투영면적의 순으로 상관계수 값이 높았다. 그리고 소나무와 상수리나무의 수관통과우는 임외우＞수관투영면적＞흉고직경의 순으로 상관계수 값이 높았다.상관계수 값이 높았다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.378-388
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 강원도 인제지역의 가래나무의 수액 출수와 영향인자들을 분석하여 고로쇠나무 수액의 대체자원으로서 최적의 수액 출수 조건을 얻고자 출수량, 흉고직경, 시험지의 기온과 상대습도를 2008년 2월 1일~3월 31일의 기간에 측정하여 출수량과 다른 측정값들과의 상관성 분석을 수행하였고 고로쇠나무의 경우와 비교 분석하였다. 가래나무 수액의 출수는 고로쇠나무 경우와 유사한 출수 시기와 출수 기간을 가지고 있었으나 가래나무 수액 출수는 출수 기간의 초기에 집중되었다. 동일 지역의 고로쇠나무 수액의 출수량은 나무의 흉고직경이 증가할수록 증가한 것과 달리 가래나무 수액의 출수량은 흉고직경 증가에 따른 뚜렷한 증감을 관찰할 수 없었다. 수액 출수량이 높은 개체의 경우 고로쇠나무와 가래나무 모두 단위 흉고직경 당 출수량은 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 고로쇠나무의 흉고직경 당 출수량은 전체 평균 $0.9{\pm}0.1{\ell}/cm$으로 가래나무의 평균 $0.3{\pm}0.1{\ell}/cm$에 대비하여 3배에 달하였다. 수액이 많이 출수되는 날의 기온와 상대습도는 고로쇠나무와 가래나무 경우 모두 서로 유사하게 나타나 가래나무 수액 출수는 고로쇠나무의 경우와 같이 외부 기후 조건에 많이 영향받는 것으로 판단되었다. 수액출수량과 기온 및 대기 습도와의 상관 분석에서 가래나무의 경우 일중 최저 기온(P < 0.05)이, 고로쇠나무의 경우 기온차(P < 0.01)가 수액 출수량에 가장 유의적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때 가래나무의 수액 출수는 고로쇠나무와 유사한 기후 조건에서 발생하나 그 수액 출수량은 고로쇠나무보다 적고 이에 영향하는 주요 인자 또한 다른 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.36-49
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• 2019

본 연구는 강원대학교 학술림을 대상으로 현장조사 기반(Field Survey Based)에 의한 감염목(FSB_감염목)과 객체분류기반(Object Classification Based)에 의한 감염목(OCB_감염목)을 추출하고 감염목에 대한 공간적 분포특성 및 발생강도 평가를 목적으로 하였다. OCB 최적 가중치는 Scale 11, Shape 0.1, Color 0.9, Compactness 0.9, Smoothness 0.1로 선정되었으며, 전체 분류정확도는 약 94%, Kappa 계수는 0.88로 매우 높았다. OCB_감염목 지역은 약 2.4ha로 전체 면적의 약 0.05% 발생하였다. OCB_감염목와 FSB_감염목의 임분구조 분포특성 및 지형 지리적 요인을 비교 하면, OCB_감염목 영급은 IV영급의 분포비율이 약 44%로 가장 높았으며, FSB_감염목의 영급도 IV영급의 분포비율이 약 55%로 가장 높았다. OCB_감염목의 IV영급 비율은 FSB_감염목보다 약 11% 낮았다. OCB_감염목 경급은 소경목과 중경목이 약 93%로 대부분을 차지한 반면, FSB_감염목 경급은 중경목과 대경목이 약 87%로 전체 대상지의 경급 분포와 상이하였다. 한편, OCB_감염목 표고 분포비율은 401-500m에서 약 30%로 가장 높은 반면, FSB_감염목은 301-400m에서 약 45%로 상이하였으며, 임도로부터 접근성 분포 비율은 OCB_감염목과 FSB_감염목 모두 100m이하에서 각각 약 24%와 31%로 가장 높아 임도로부터 접근성이 높을수록 감염목이 높았다. OCB_감염목 핫스팟은 31임반과 32임반으로 영급과 경급이 높은 지역에서 높게 분포하였다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to understand the geographical and environmental distribution of wild animals in Baekdudaegan region using field survey and GIS data. Crucial factors were selected and analyzed to understand the distributional characteristics of wild animals (7 species in 6 families) and rare endemic plants (14 species in 11 families). These crucial factors include stand factors (forest type, DBH class, and crown density), soil factors (bed rock, soil texture, and organic matter), geographical factors (elevation, slope, aspect) and climatic factors (temperature, rain fall, humidity). Finally, 10 factors were selected by statistical analysis and categorized for analyzing geographical and environmental features. Four families such as Muridae, Sciuridae, Suidae and Talpidea in wild animal showed the similar habitat characteristics with the 10 factors.