• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.3046-3070
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• 2017

Nowadays, the utilization of multiprocessor environments has been increased due to the increase in time complexity of application programs and decrease in hardware costs. In such architectures during the compilation step, each program is decomposed into the smaller and maybe dependent segments so-called tasks. Precedence constraints, required execution times of the tasks, and communication costs among them are modeled using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) named task-graph. All the tasks in the task-graph must be assigned to a predefined number of processors in such a way that the precedence constraints are preserved, and the program's completion time is minimized, and this is an NP-hard problem from the time-complexity point of view. The results obtained by different approaches are dominated by two major factors; first, which order of tasks should be selected (sequence subproblem), and second, how the selected sequence should be assigned to the processors (assigning subproblem). In this paper, a hybrid proposed approach has been presented, in which two different artificial ant colonies cooperate to solve the multiprocessor task-scheduling problem; one colony to tackle the sequence subproblem, and another to cope with assigning subproblem. The utilization of background knowledge about the problem (different priority measurements of the tasks) has made the proposed approach very robust and efficient. 125 different task-graphs with various shape parameters such as size, communication-to-computation ratio and parallelism have been utilized for a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed approach, and the results show its superiority versus the other conventional methods from the performance point of view.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.251-260
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• 1998

Cromakalim (BRL 34915), known as an airway smooth muscle relaxant, inhibited the releases of mediators in the antigen-induced mast cell activation. It has been suggested that cromakalim, in part, inhibited mediator releases by inhibiting the initial increase of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) produced by the activation of the other phospholipase system which is different from phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase D pathway. The aim of this study is to further examine the inhibitory mechanism of cromakalim on the mediator release in the mast cell activation. Guinea pig lung mast cells were purified by using enzyme digestion and percoll density gradient. In purified mast cells prelabeled with $[^3H]PIP_2$, phospholipase C (PLC) activity was assessed by the production of $[^3H]$insitol phosphates. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was assessed by measuring the protein phosphorylated from mast cells prelabeled with $[{\gamma}-32P]ATP$, and Phospholipase $A_2\;(PLA_2)$ activity by measuring the lyso-phosphatidylcholine produced from mast cell prelabeled with 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl $phosphatidyl-[^{14}C]choline$. Histamine was assayed by fluorometric analyzer, and leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. The PLC activity was increased by activation of the passively sensitized mast cells. This increased PLC activity was decreased by cromakalim pretreatment. The PKC activity increased by the activation of the passively sensitized mast cells was decreased by calphostin C, staurosporine and cromakalim, respectively. The $PLA_2$ activity was increased in the activated mast cells. The pretreatment of cromakalim did not significantly decrease $PLA_2$ activity. These data show that cromakalim inhibits histamine release by continuously inhibiting signal transduction processes which is mediated via PLC pathway during mast cell activation, but that cromakalim does not affect $PLA_2$ activity related to leukotriene release.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.487-492
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• 1994

The study was conducted to investigate the phenotypes of blood proteins, hemoglobin and albumin, of 104 German shepherds in Dag-gu, Yae-chum Kim-hae and Kwang-ju area by the starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The hemoglobin phenotypes were observed three(HbBB, HbBb and Hbbb). Fast migrating bands were same and slow migrating bands were divided by heavy(HbBB), light(HbBb) and non-stained(Hbbb). The frequencies of appearance in HbBB, HbBb and Hbbb were 17.31%, 51.92% and 30.77%, respectively. 2. The hemoglobin phenotypes were controlled by two allelic genes, $Hb^b$ and $Hb^B$. The gene frequencies were calculated at 0.567 in $Hb^B$ and 0.433 in $Hb^A$. 3. The albumin phenotypes were observed three(AlbFF, AlbSS and and AlbFS), which were divided by fast migrating band(AlbFF), slow migrating band(AlbSS) and mixed migrating band(AlbFS). The frequencies of appearance in AlbFF, AlbFS and AlbSS were 5.77%, 28.85% and 65.38%, respectively. 4. The albumin phenotypes were controlled by two alleic genes, $Alb^F$ and $Alb^S$. The gene frequencies were calculated at 0.202 in $Alb^F$ and 0.798 in $Alb^S$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its actions are mediated by subtypes of GABA receptors named as $GABA_A$, $GABA_B,\;and\;GABA_C,\;GABA_A$, receptor consisting of ${\alpha},\;{\beta},\;{\gamma}\;and\;{\delta}$ subunits is a heterooligomeric ligand-gated chloride channel. This study was performed to investigate regulation of $GABA_A$ receptor by protein kinase C(PKC). Ion currents were recorded using gramicidine-perforated patch and whole cell patch clamp. mRNA encoding the subunits of PKC expressed in major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons was detected by using RT-PCR. The GABA-induced inward current was increased by PKC activators and decreased by PKC inhibitors, respectively. These effects were not associated with intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and GAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol), a membrane permeable diacylglycerol (DAG) analogue. These results mean that the subfamily of PKC participating in activation of $GABA_A$ receptor would be an atypical PKC (aPKC). Among theses, ${\xi}$ isoform of aPKC was detected by RT-PCR. Taking together, we suggest that excitable $GABA_A$ receptor in sympathetic MPG neuron seemed to be regulated by aPKC, particular in ${\xi}$ isoform. The regulatory roles of PKC on excitatory $GABA_A$ receptors in sympathetic neurons of MPG may be an important factor to control the functional activity of various pelvic organs such as bowel movement, micturition and erection.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.2002-2019
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• 2017

RPL routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommended IPv6 based protocol for routing over Low power Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is proposed for networks with characteristics like small packet size, low bandwidth, low data rate, lossy wireless links and low power. RPL is a proactive routing protocol that creates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of the network topology. RPL is increasingly used for Internet of Things (IoT) which comprises of heterogeneous networks and applications. RPL proposes a single path routing strategy. The forwarding technique of RPL does not support multiple paths between source and destination. Multipath routing is an important strategy used in both sensor and ad-hoc network for performance enhancement. Multipath routing is also used to achieve multi-fold objectives including higher reliability, increase in throughput, fault tolerance, congestion mitigation and hole avoidance. In this paper, M-RPL (Multi-path extension of RPL) is proposed, which aims to provide temporary multiple paths during congestion over a single routing path. Congestion is primarily detected using buffer size and packet delivery ratio at forwarding nodes. Congestion is mitigated by creating partially disjoint multiple paths and by avoiding forwarding of packets through the congested node. Detailed simulation analysis of M-RPL against RPL in both grid and random topologies shows that M-RPL successfully mitigates congestion and it enhances overall network throughput.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.52-60
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• 2007

Plant can detoxify the effect of the volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as formaldehyde and toluene, however, mechanisms of VOC detoxification are largely unknown in plant system. This study was performed to investigate phenotypic changes of Arabidopsis seedlings upon treatment of either formalin or toluene. Formalin treatment up to twenty four hours didn't cause any significant phenotypic damages on the leaf surface of 27 DAG Arabidopsis seedlings. However, the protein profile of formalin-treated seedlings was significantly different from that of mock control. Using automated electrophoresis system, the molecular weight of each formaldehyde-responsive protein (FRP) was predicted and its formaldehyde-dependent expression was confirmed at transcription level by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Four FRPs isolated in this study are the novel proteins with unknown functions but highly homologous to the stress-related proteins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.505-511
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• 2002

The study was designed to compare the anti-carcinogenic effect of different level of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats by determining biomarkers (apoptosis, cell proliferation, eicosanoids, 1,2-diacylglycerol) and phospholipid fatty acid profile in colonic mucosa. Eighty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 180-220g were randomly divided into 4 groups depending on the content of CLA, i.e. 0.0% CLA, 0.5% CLA, 1.0% CLA, 1.5% CLA. The experimental diet contained protein 21.6%, carbohydrate 54.6%, and fat 14.5% including CLA mixture at different level by weight. The experimental diet was fed for 14 weeks with the initiation of intramuscular injection of DMH, which was injected twice a week for 6 weeks to give total amount of 180 mg/kg body weight. Regardless of the amount of CLA supplemented to diet, CLA significantly increased the apoptotic index but did not have significant effect on cell proliferation in colonic mucosa. CLA was undetected in colonic mucosal phospholipid of rats fed the 0% CLA diet and increased to 5.9mg/g phospholipid in rats fed the 0.5% diet. The apoptotic index was increased by 251% and the 1,2-DAG content was decreased by 57% in rats fed 0.5% CLA. No further changes in these variables were observed when CLA in the diet was raised to 1.0% or 1.5%. However, dietary CLA decreased mucosal levels of prostaglandin (PG)E$_2$, thromboxane (TX)B$_2$, and arachidonic acid in dose-dependent manner. The present data indicate that dietary CLA can inhibit DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis by mechanism probably involving increased apoptosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.559-567
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• 2015

Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed's milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the ${\alpha}_s$-caseins were digested completely while ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from ${\beta}$-casein and almost all the peptides from ${\kappa}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (${\geq}C17:0$) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids $C18:1{\sum}others$ showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of $C18:2{\sum}all$ and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.407-436
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• 2013

I examine the notion of truth in the intuitionistic type theory and provide a better explanation of the objective intuitionistic conception of mathematical truth than that of Dag Prawitz. After a brief explanation of the distinction among proposition, type and judgement in comparison with Frege's theory of judgement, I examine the judgements of the form 'A true' in the intuitionistic type theory and explain how the determinacy of the existence of proofs can be understood intuitionistically. I also examine how the existential judgements of the form 'Pf(A) exists' should be understood. In particular, I diagnose the reason why such existential judgements do not have propositional contents. I criticize an understanding of the existential judgements as elliptical judgements. I argue that, at least in two respects, the notion of truth explained in this paper is a more advanced version of the objective intuitionistic conception of mathematical truth than that provided by Prawitz. I briefly consider a subjectivist's objection to the conception of truth explained in this paper and provide an answer to it.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1993

A bacterial strain KY-l isolated from sewage was able to produce an extracellular agarase(agarose 4-glycanohydrolase. EC 3.2.1.81). The strain KY-1 was identified as Cytophaga fermentans subsp. agarovorans based on its morphological and physiological characteristics. The agarase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Bio-Gel P-100. and CM-Cellulose column chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 24 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme activity were 30^{circ}C and 7.5, respectively. The enzyme activity was significantly inhibited in the presence of 0.1 mM $HgCl_2$. whereas it was elevated 3 times by $MnSO_4$ at 1 mM concentration. The Km value and Vmax were 16.67 mg/ml and 3.77 unit/ml.min. The agarase gene was cloned into Escherichia coli MC1061 using the plasmid vector pBR322. A 1.4 Kb DNA fragment of PstI-digested chromosomal DNA of C. fermentans KY-l was inserted into the PstI site of pBR322. expressed in the E. coli. and up to 60% of the total enzyme was extracellularly secreted. Enzymatic properties of the extracellular agarases produced by both the transformant and the donor were very similar in terms of optimal pH and temperature.