• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2012

In this study, we mainly focus on the study of densification of gas-atomized Cu-50 wt.%In-13 wt.%Ga alloy powder without occurrence of crack during the forming process. Cu-50 wt.%In-13 wt.%Ga alloy powder was consolidated by sintering and rolling processes in order to obtain high density. The phase and microstructure of formed materials were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM), respectively. Warm rolling using copper can result in the improvement of density. The specimen obtained with 80% of rolling reduction ratio at $140^{\circ}C$ using cooper can have the highest density of $8.039g/cm^3$.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2011

In analysis of DNA viruses from the contaminated shellfish using PCR, preparation method of template DNA is an important factor to get enough copy number of viruses. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of PCR template of Megalocytivirus (sT50mg-D) DNA obtained from 50 mg digestive gland homogenate of oyster using commercial method, and compared with that obtained from 5 g of the same tissues (T5g-D) after PEG precipitation procedures of virus. Both templates DNA suspended in the same volume of distilled water showed positive results by primary PCR with 35 cycles, and the presence of Megalocytivirus was confirmed in oysters collected from cultured farms in Korea. Moreover, PCR with sT50mg-D allowed us to discriminate the contaminated oyster individually, that can not be done in PCR with T5g-D prepared from the mixture of three different individual oyster to get 5 g digestive gland homogenate. In quantitative analysis with real time PCR, Megalocytivirus concentrations in 50 ${\mu}l$ templates prepared using 0.5~50 mg of one positive sample were appeared in the range 6.14E+00~1.2E+02/${\mu}l$. We were not able to get positive result using template DNA contained less than 6.14E+00 copies. Consequently, 2-step PCR performed with DNA extracts from oyster homogenate of small amount (sT50mg-D) i) was enough to detect the contaminated Megalocytivirus in shellfish, ii) allowed us to do the analysis for individual shellfish rather than mixture of several shellfish and iii) showed the presence of Megalocytivirus in oyster from Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1599-1608
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• 2008

This study aimed to assess the health status based on the anthropometric and biochemical measurements of middle-aged and elderly people living in Andong area. The subjects were 1,384 people (532 males, 852 females) aged 50 years and over (average 62.7 years). The mean anthropometric values for males and females were heights of 163.7 and 151.5 cm; weights 63.6 and 57.3 kg; body mass index (BMI) 23.6 and $24.9kg/m^2$; body fat 21.8 and 31.8%, respectively. Height and weight were lower, however, waist circumference (in female) and BMI were higher than those of the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS). Obesity incidences of male and female subjects were 28.7% and 47.3% by BMI; 25.8% and 50.8% by % body fat; and 15.6% and 80.9% by waist circumference, respectively. Also, abdominal adiposity was very severe in female subjects of 50s. The mean biochemical measurements of male and female were as follows: systolic and diastolic blood pressure 136.9, 83.8 mmHg and 133.6, 82.5 mmHg; hemoglobin (Hb) 14.3 and 13.0 g/dL; hematocrit (Ht) 44.7 and 39.8%; blood albumin 4.15 and 4.04 g/dL; total-cholesterol 170.0 and 183.1 mg/dL; HDL-cholesterol 43.6 and 42.7 mg/dL; fasting blood glucose 96.7 and 93.0 mg/dL, respectively. Also, the prevalence of biochemically abnormal subjects according to each cut-off point of biochemical measurements were analyzed. The results for male and female were; hypertension 58.0% and 47.2%; iron deficient anemia 19.3% and 20.6% by Hb, 7.2% and 11.9% by Ht; hypoalbuminemia 9.8% and 11.7%; diabetes 12.0% and 10.2%; hypercholesterolemia 19.5% and 30.5%, respectively. From those results we found that hypoalbuminemia, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were prevalent, and obesity in females of 50s, iron-deficient anemia and diabetes in males of 70 years and over were significant health problems in this area. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to examine their health status periodically and provide the appropriate health and nutrition education program, which includes low sodium intake, balanced diet, exercise and weight control, to prevent the occurrence of chronic diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.221-225
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• 2006

Phytochemical examination of the fruits of Actinidia arguta has led to the isolation three organic acids, one coumarin, and three flavonoids. Structures of these compounds were elucidated as protocatechuic acid (1), caffeic acid (2), $caffeoyl-\beta-D-glucopyranoside$ (3), esculetin (4), quercetin (5), quercetin $3-O-\beta-D-galactopyranoside$ (6), and quercetin $3-O-\alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl$ $(1\rightarrow6)-O-\beta-D-glucopyranoside$ (7) by comparisons with previously reported spectral data. To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of these compounds, nitric oxide production inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and DPPH radical scavenging activities were examined. Nitric oxide productions were reduced significantly by the addition of compounds $[1(IC_{50}=59.27{\mu}g/ml),\;2(IC_{50}=27.95{\mu}g/ml),\;3(IC_{50}=73.09{\mu}g/ml),\;4(IC_{50}=67.44{\mu}g/ml),\;5(IC_{50}=17.40{\mu}g/ml),\;6(IC_{50}=41.99{\mu}g/ml),\;7(IC_{50}=54.46{\mu}g/ml)]$, and extracts $(IC_{50}=56.21{\mu}g/ml)$ compared with positive control, L-NMMA $(IC_{50}=14.48{\mu}g/ml)$. The phenolic compounds also showed anti-oxidative activities. Especially, Compounds $1(IC_{50}=8.87{\mu}g/ml),\;4(IC_{50}=3.41{\mu}g/ml),\;and\;5(IC_{50}=6.06{\mu}g/ml),\;$, showed potent anti-oxidative activities similar to L-ascorbic acid $(IC_{50}=5.89{\mu}g/ml)$.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.627-640
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• 1998

[$TGF-{\beta}$] is a polypeptide with multiple physiological functions in regulation of cell-to-cell interaction and in growth and development. The active form of vitmain $D_3$, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol $[1,25-(OH)_2D_3]$, is one of the most potent stimulators of osteoclastic acitivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Vitamin $D_3$ and/or $TGF-{\beta}$ on the periodontal ligament(PDL) cells. Human PDL cells were prepared from the first premolars extracted for the orthodontic treatment and were incubated in the environment of , $37^{\circ},\;5\%\;CO_2\;and\;95\%$ humidity. 10, 50 or 100ng/m1 of $1,25-(OH)_2D_3$ and 0.1, 1, 5 or 10ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ were administered to the culture wells, separately or in combination. And the viability of PDL cells was evaluated by MTT assay The obtained results were as follows. 1. The viability of PDL cells in 10ng/ml of vitamin $D_3$ was not significantly differenent from that of the control group at 1, 2 and 3-day of cultivation, but it was significantly increased in 50ng/ml of Vitamin $D_3$ at 3-day and in 100ng/m1 of Vitamin $D_3$ at 2 and 3-day. 2. The viability of PDL cells in 0.1ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ was not significantly differenent from that of the control group at 1, 2 and 3-day of cultivation, but it was significantly increased in 1 and 5ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ at 3-day of cultivation, and in 10ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ at 2 and 3-day of cultivation. 3. In case of admixture of 1ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ and the various concentrations of vitamin $D_3$, the viability of PDL cells was significantly increased in the admixture of 100ng/ml of vitamin $D_3$ at 3-day of cultivation 4. In case of admixture of 5ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ and the various concentrations of vitamin $D_3$, the viability of PDL cells began to be increased from 2-day of cultivation in the admixture of 10 50 and 100ng/ml of vitamin $D_3$, but it was not maintained at 3-day in the admixture of 10ng/m of vitamin $D_3$. 5. In case of admixture of 10ng/ml of $TGF-{\beta}$ and the various concentrations of vitamin $D_3$ the viability of PDL cells was significantly increased in the admixture of 50ng/ml of vitamin $D_3$ at 2 and 3-day of cultivation, and in the admixture of 100ng/ml at 1, 2 and 3-day.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of continuing work on VDT(video display terminal), therefore this study examined visual fatigue, unaided visual acuity, refractive error, accommodation and horizontal phoria of 152 subjects who did two hour long VDT work. For the ocular symptoms, the greatest number was tired eyes accounting for 45.71%. In the visual symptoms, blurred vision was the hightest rate of 80.39% and in case of systemic symptoms shoulder pain was 33.33% marked top ranking. The average of near visual acuity decresed almost 10% from 0.47 to 0.42, but refractive error increased about 0.10D to the direction of myopic shift. The amplitude of accommodation decreased approximately 0.72D from 7.46D to 6.74D. Accommodation facility was delayed from 2.27 second to 2.50 second, the amplitude of positive relative accommodation was decreased from 4.76D to 4.16D and the amplitude of negative relative accommodation was decreased from 2.46D to 2.33D. The horizontal phoria shifted to the direction of esophoria from $1.82{\Delta}$ to $3.24{\Delta}$.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2003

A tear lens formed by between back surface of spherical rigid gas permeable(RGP) contact lens and front surface of cornea shows an excellent correction effect of astigmatism. To study an effects of tear lens power using spherical RGP lens and therefore to utilize them in clinical procedures, we analyze a change of the total astigmatism, the cornea astigmatism, and the residual astigmatism, we derive the following conclusion. 1. Almost all refractive astigmatism below than 2.00D present fully corrected. Thereby resulting good visual acuity. Refractive astigmatism higher than 2.50D show under-corrected and apparent decrease of visual acuity if it is higher than 3.00D. 2. Amount of corneal astigmatism below than 2.50D show acceptable under-corrected while higher than 3.000 present unacceptable visual acuity. 3. An estimated residual astigmatism is not revealed as it is : but it is reduced when it incorporate to refractive astigmatism.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 2013

This study aimed to improve the reproductive efficiency of dairy herds by comparison and analyzing estrous appearance rate, conception and non-conception rate according to the stage of lactation using the lactation and reproductive records of average (less than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) and high yielding (more than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) Holstein cows (n=102). Milk production and reproduction data were collected between January 2010 and December 2012 from Holstein cows kept in the commercial dairy farms. Average (n=32) and high yielding (n=24) Holstein cows used to analyze the relationship between milk yield and reproductive performance. Our results showed that estrous appearance rate according to the stage of lactation was 25.0% (30~59d), 40.6% (60~89d), 25% (90~110d) and 9.4% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 16.7% (30~59d), 20.8% (60~89d), 12.5% (90~110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate according to the stage of lactation was 87.5% (30~59d), 61.5% (60~89d), 75.0% (90~110d) and 66.7% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 25.0% (30~59d), 0% (60~89d), 33.3% (90~110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Days between parturition and conception was 23.7% (<149d), 0% (150~209d) and 0% (>210 d) in average yielding cows and 69.0% (<149 d), 77.8% (150~209d) and 38.9% (>210d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate from 110 days postpartum in high yielding cows was 41.7% (110~150d), 50.0% (151~180d) and 50.0% (>181d). Body condition score (BCS) in 120 days postpartum was $2.64{\pm}0.1$ in average yielding cows and $2.28{\pm}0.1$ in high yielding cows, respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate resumption of ovarian cyclicity and effect of BCS on estrous response by treatment of $PGF_2a+PGF_2a+CIDR$ program on day 40 postpartum in lactating dairy cow. First $PGF_2a$ was given on day 40 postpartum, second $PGF_2a$ was given 14 days apart to cows not-responded to 1st $PGF_2a$ and then CIDR was inserted for 7 days after 5 days in cows not-responded to 2nd $PGF_2a$. The $42.9\%$ of the cows showed more than 1 ng/mL milk progesterone concentration within 10 to 30 days postpartum. About $19\%$ of the cows exhibited more than 1 ng/mL milk pro-gesterone concentration between 31 to 50 days postpartum. However $38.1\%$ of the cows have not shown more than 1 ng/mL milk progesterone up to 50 days postpartum. Estrous response to the treatment of 1 st $PGF_2a$ and 2nd $PGF_2a$ was $47.5\%$ and $52.4\%$, respectively. Combination of 1 st $PGF_2a$ and 2nd $PGF_2a$ was $75\%$ and combination of 1st $PGF_2a$+2nd $PGF_2a$+CIDR was $87.5\%$. Estrous response to the treatment of $PGF_2a+PGF_2a$ program was $61.5\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $81.5\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS. Estrous response to the treatment of CIDR was $40\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $80\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS. Estrous response to the treatment of PPC on day 40 postpartum was $76.9\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $96.3\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2013

Purpose: This study are to analyze and to compare between pupillary size, reaction time, refractive error, corrected vision, dominant eye, static visual angle (SVA) and kinetic visual acuity (KVA) of male and female college students, to measure KVA of them in full correction and to identify changes of KVA by +0.50 D and -0.50 D spherical power addition respectively in full correction condition. Methods: KVA, SVA, pupillary size, reaction time, refractive error, corrected vision and dominant eye of 40 male and 40 female optical science students were measured by utilizing KOWA AS-4A, reaction time measurement program, subjective refractometer, and objective refractometer, and KVAs were measured when +0.50 D/-0.50 D were added in both eyes respectively. Results: Binocular KVA of whole subjects was $0.45{\pm}0.22$, and in monocular KVAs were $0.36{\pm}0.19$ for right eye and $0.34{\pm}0.19$ for left eye, and binocular KVA was significantly higher than monocular KVA. It appeared that the better SVA was, the better KVA was in significant way, and in terms of refractive error the less myopia amount was, the better KVA was, but it was not significant statistically. The lower astigmatism was, the slightly and significantly higher KVA was when dividing between equal or less than -1.00 D astigmatism group and over -1.00 D astigmatism group. In resulting from correction condition of refractive error KVAs were $0.45{\pm}0.22$ for full correction, $0.26{\pm}0.15$ for +0.50 D addition, $0.48{\pm}0.22$ for -0.50 D addition which indicates that KVA in over myopia correction was significantly the highest and followed by full correction and under correction. Similar findings were revealed in both male and female, and KVA of male was better than female in comparing between male and female. There was no significantly different KVA between dominant eye and non-dominant eye. Conclusions: Accordingly, it is concluded that KVA is related with far distance SVA, astigmatism amount, and refractive error amount except a dominant eye. Through this research, it was found that prescription for enhancing KVA is to make full correction or to overcorrect slightly myopia.