• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.360-368
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a lipase-based enzyme preparation would increase the AME content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB) by increasing fat digestibility when fed to broiler chickens. Experiment 1 used FFRB from Australia and lasted for 35 days, while Experiment 2 used FFRB from Thailand and lasted for 14 days. Rice bran was substituted in a maize-soybean diet at levels of 90 g/kg (Experiment 1) and at 90 and 180 g/kg in Experiment 2. Total collections of excreta were used for determination of AME content and fat digestibility. In Experiment 1, the enzyme increased the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7, 18-21 and 32-35 by 6.1-16.1% (p>0.05), however this was not associated with improved fat digestibility. In Experiment 2, the enzyme enhanced the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7 (10.42 vs. 9.06, p=0.107) and 11-14 (11.94 vs. 9.93, p=0.041), but again, this was not caused by increased fat digestibility. Inclusion of 180 g/kg depressed the AME content of FFRB by 7.4-11.5% (p>0.10) in conjunction with decreased (p<0.05) fat digestibility between 0-14 days of age. Improvements in bird growth with the enzyme were seen in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Increases in AME content of FFRB per se were not caused by enhanced fat digestibility, suggesting that the side activities associated with the preparation must have acted singularly or in combination to improve AME content and bird performance. These data show that the response of FFRB to the lipase-based enzyme preparation was dependent upon the geographical origin of the rice bran and the level of FFRB substituted in the basal diet.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1293-1297
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• 2016

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a serious problem in Thailand, particularly in the northeastern and northern regions. Database of population at risk are need required for monitoring, surveillance, home health care, and home visit. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a geographic information system (GIS) database and Google map of the population at risk of CCA in Mueang Yang district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, northeastern Thailand during June to October 2015. Populations at risk were screened using the Korat CCA verbal screening test (KCVST). Software included Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS, and Google Maps. The secondary data included the point of villages, sub-district boundaries, district boundaries, point of hospital in Mueang Yang district, used for created the spatial databese. The populations at risk for CCA and opisthorchiasis were used to create an arttribute database. Data were tranfered to WGS84 UTM ZONE 48. After the conversion, all of the data were imported into Google Earth using online web pages www.earthpoint.us. Some 222 from a 4,800 population at risk for CCA constituted a high risk group. Geo-visual display available at following www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=zPxtcHv_iDLo.kvPpxl5mAs90&hl=th. Geo-visual display 5 layers including: layer 1, village location and number of the population at risk for CCA; layer 2, sub-district health promotion hospital in Mueang Yang district and number of opisthorchiasis; layer 3, sub-district district and the number of population at risk for CCA; layer 4, district hospital and the number of population at risk for CCA and number of opisthorchiasis; and layer 5, district and the number of population at risk for CCA and number of opisthorchiasis. This GIS database and Google map production process is suitable for further monitoring, surveillance, and home health care for CCA sufferers.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.415-423
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• 2015

The DO-178C guide, which is referenced as the software development guide when a certification of the airworthiness in the commercial airplane is acquired by FAA in US, is recently referenced for the local military aircraft airworthiness. This indicates that when the auditor of the military aircraft airworthiness looks over the software development documents, the auditor reviews if all of the documents are verified in accordance with the DO-178C guide. However, when we developed the military aircraft intercom, We developed its control software in accordance with the CMMI level 3, since there were no requirements for the compliance of the DO-178C guide. Therefore, When we consider the airworthiness of this intercomm system, The analysis for how much the software development based on the CMMI level 3 is different from the DO-178C guide is needed to prepare the essential software documents additionally. Thus, This study analyzes the differences between CMMI level 3 and DO-178C guide and provides that which data on the CMMI level 3 is necessary for the compliance of the aircraft airworthiness comparing with the DO-178C. The analyzed result can be applied at the software development of the other military aircraft avionics equipment based on the CMMI model environment considering the compliance of the military aircraft airworthiness.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2342-2348
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• 2014

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were grafted to both ends of Pluronic$^{(R)}$ F68 ($(EO)_{75}(PO)_{30}(EO)_{75}$) triblock copolymer to produce poly{(lactic acid)$_m$-co-(glycolic acid)$_n$}-b-poly(ethylene oxide)$_{75}$-b-poly(propylene oxide)$_{30}$-b-poly(ethylene oxide)$_{75}$-b-poly{(lactic acid)$_m$-co-(glycolic acid)$_n$} (PLGA-F68-PLGA) pentablock copolymers. Molecular weights of PLGA blocks were controlled and five kinds of pentablock copolymers with different PLGA block lengths were synthesized using in-situ ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide and glycolide with tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate ($Sn(Oct)_2$) catalyst. PLGA-F68-PLGA pentablock copolymers were characterized by $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR, GPC, and TGA. The numbers (2m, 2n) of repeating units for lactic acid and glycolic acid inside PLGA segments were obtained as (48, 17), (90, 23), (125, 40), (180, 59), and (246, 64), with $^1H$-NMR measurement. From NMR data, the resultant molecular weights were determined in the range of 12,700-29,700, which were similar to those obtained from GPC. Polydispersity index was increased in the range of 1.32-1.91 as the content of PLGA blocks increased. TG and DTG thermograms showed discrete degradation traces for PLGA and F68 blocks, which indicate the weight fractions of PLGA blocks in pentablock copolymers can be calculated by TG profile and it is possible to remove PLGA block selectively. Hydrodynamic radius and radius of gyration of pentablock copolymer micelle were obtained in the range of 46-68 nm and 31-49 nm, respectively, in very dilute (i.e. 0.005 wt %) aqueous solution of THF:$H_2O$ = 10:90 by volume at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Clean Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2005

N-vinyl caprolactam (NVCL), a kind of N-vinyl amide monomer, must be dissolved in continuous phase ($scCO_2$) for dispersion polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide. Phase behavior of $CO_2$+NVCL is very important and necessary for determining initial polymerization condition and for monomer extraction from final polymer. There is the limitation of experimental method for obtaining pure properties of the monomer because of the possibility of polymerization. And N-methyl caprolactam (NMCL) is the useful solvent for the gas treating process. In the viewpoint of molecular thermodynamics, NVCL and NMCL have same functional group i.e. ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactam. In the case of NVCL, hydrogen of amide group is substituted with vinyl group and for NMCL, hydrogen of amide group is substituted with methyl group. We suggested modified group contribution method for this ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactam derivatives. This new group contribution parameter was applied to correlate $CO_2$ + N-vinyl caprolactam or N-methyl caprolactam system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.79-79
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• 2010

Semimetallic bismuth (Bi) has been extensively investigated over the last decade since it exhibits very intriguing transport properties due to their highly anisotropic Fermi surface, low carrier concentration, long carrier mean free path l, and small effective carrier mass $m^*$. In particular, the great interest in Bi nanowires lies in the development of nanowire fabrication methods and the opportunity for exploring novel low-dimensional phenomena as well as practical application such as thermoelectricity[1]. In this work, we introduce a self-assembled interconnection of nanostructures produced by an on-film formation of nanowires (OFF-ON) method in order to form a highly ohmic Bi nanobridge. A Bi thin film was first deposited on a thermally oxidized Si (100) substrate at a rate of $40\;{\AA}/s$ by radio frequency (RF) sputtering at 300 K. The sputter system was kept in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) of $10^{-6}$ Torr before deposition, and sputtering was performed under an Ar gas pressure of 2m Torr for 180s. For the lateral growth of Bi nanowires, we sputtered a thin Cr (or $SiO_2$) layer on top of the Bi film. The Bi thin films were subsequently put into a custom-made vacuum furnace for thermal annealing to grow Bi nanowires by the OFF-ON method. After thermal annealing, the Bi nanowires cannot be pushed out from the topside of the Bi films due to the Cr (or $SiO_2$) layer. Instead, Bi nanowires grow laterally as a mean s of releasing the compressive stress. We fabricated a self-assembled Bi nanobridge (d=192 nm) device in-situ using OFF-ON through annealing at $250^{\circ}C$ for 10hours. From I-V measurements taken on the Bi nanobridge device, contacts to the nanobridge were found highly ohmic. The quality of the Bi nanobridge was also proved by the high MR of 123% obtained from transverse MR measurements. These results manifest the possibility of self-assembled nanowire interconnection between various nanostructures for a variety of applications and provide a simple device fabrication method to investigate transport properties on nanowires without complex patterning and etching processes.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2016

Thirty-seven species of insect pests were surveyed on different area blueberry farms in Jeonbuk province during 2013~2014. Six principal insect pests were found, including Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson, Aphis gossypii Glover, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Ricania sp., Hyphantria cunea Drury, and Latoia consocia Walker. A. gossypii infestation was severe at Iksan and Jinan in middle May. S. dorsalis infestation was severe at all surveyed area in early June, which is the flowering season, and the degree of damage caused was higher in young plants. Ricania sp. was abundant in Jinan and Sunchang, and then appeared to spread across all areas in Jeonbuk. H. cunea had a tendency to concentrate in Iksan during June. Five species of Limacodidae was found, including L. consocia, which was dominant in all areas surveyed, with densities higher then those of the others four species. The degree of damage due to D. oxycoccana was higher in the plain areas (Iksan) than in the middle-mountain areas (Jinan, Sunchang). The rate of damage was 60~78% higher in young plant stages (i.e., those under 3 years of tree age) than in those over 5 years old (30~50%). Moreover, the rate of damage observed in greenhouses was 50~80% higher than that observed in the field (30~40%).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2001

Endothelin-1 (ET-1 ), a novel and potent vasoconstrictor in blood vessel, is known to have some functions in the rat central nervous system (CNS), In order to investigate the central functions of ET-1 , ET-1 was administered to the periaqueductal gray area (PAC) of anesthetized rats to induce barrel rolling and increase the arterial blood pressure (ABP). ET-1 had a modulatory effect on central cardiovascular and behavioral control. The selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (3${u}m/ol/kg$, i.p.) blocked the ET-1 induced responses, and both the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine mIThyl-ester 1 nmol/rat) and the nitric oxide (NO) scavenger hemoglobin (15 nmol/rat) had similar effects in redtAcing the IT-1 (10 pmol/rat)-induced behavioral changes and ABP elevation. However, NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP 10${u}g$, 1${u}g/rat$) decreased the ET-1 induced ABP elevation, and recovered the ET-1 -induced barrel rolling effect that was reduced by MK-801. These results suggest that ET-1 might have neuromodulatory functions such as ABP elevation and barrel rolling induction in the PAG of the rats via the NMDA receptor and NO.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2010

In the process of the probabilistic-based design on the coastal structures, the probability density function (pdf) of tidal elevation data is assumed as the normal distribution function. The pdf shape of tidal elevation data, however, is better-fitted to the double-peak normal distribution function and the equivalent mean and standard deviation (SD) estimation process based on the equivalent normal distribution is required. The equivalent mean and SD (equivalent parameters) are different with the mean and SD (normal parameters) estimated in the condition that the pdf of tidal elevation is normal distribution. In this study, the difference, i.e., estimation error, between equivalent parameters and normal parameters is compared and analysed. The difference is increased as the tidal elevation and its range are increased. The mean and SD differences in the condition of the tidal elevation is ${\pm}400cm$ are above 100 cm and about 80~100 cm, respectively, in Incheon station. Whereas, the mean and SD differences in the condition of the tidal elevation is ${\pm}60cm$ are very small values in the range of 2~4 cm, in Pohang station.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.181-186
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to know the appropriate methods for extraction and determination of rutin contained buckwheat plants. The efficient HPLC analytical condition of rutin contained buckwheat plants was developed. The gradient elution employed a $250mm\times4.6mm$ i.d. Tosoh ODS 120T column. The gradient system was used two mobile phases. A gradient elution was performed with mobile phase A, consisting of $2\%$ Acetic $acid-45\%$ Acetonitrile, and mobile phase B, comprising $2\%$ aqueous acetic acid, and delivered at a flow rate of 1mL/min as follows: 0-18 min, $50-100\%$ A; 18-20 min, $100-50\%$ A; 20-22 min, $50\%$ A. The UV detection wavelength was set at 355 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) for rutin standard compound was 20 ng/mL. And, the higher content of rutin in the extracts was obtained by $80^{\circ}C$ reflex extraction for 120 min. from plants of buckwheat using ethanol.