• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.136-143
• /
• 2013

The collared scops owl that occurs in Korea is a protected species but its exact specific status has been questioned. To resolve the species status, a molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted using two fragments of mitochondrial DNA, cytochrome b (cyt b, 891 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2, 627 bp) genes. Phylogenetic trees of cyt b revealed that all Korean specimens formed a monophyletic group with Japanese scops owl Otus semitorques with very low sequence divergence (d=0.008). We obtained a similar ND2 tree as well (d=0.003); however, the genetic distance between Korean individuals and O. lempiji from GenBank (AJ004026-7, EU348987, and EU601036) was very high and sufficient enough to separate them as species (cyt b, d=0.118; ND2, d=0.113). We also found that Korean species showed high differentiation from O. bakkamoena (AJ004018-20 and EU601034; cyt b, d=0.106; ND2, d=0.113) and O. lettia (EU601109 and EU601033, cyt b, d=0.110; ND2, d=0.117) as well. Therefore, we suggest that the Korean collared scops owl should be designated as Otus semitorques.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.99-110
• /
• 1999

Effects of Chiyangtang(CYT) on H. pylori-induced increase of interleukin 8 and interleukin 1 gene expression was studied in Kato Ⅲ cell line, a human stomach epithelial cell line. Treatment of H. pylori to the cell culture signifant!y increased IL-8 and IL-1 mRNA synthesis. When CYT was added along with H. pylori, the increase of IL-8 and IL-1 mRNA synthesis was blocked. Activation of transcription factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-1 which were known to important in IL-8 and IL-1 gene expression was also studied using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(CAT) assay. Treatment of H. pylori increased activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-l and CYT effectively protected the activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that CYT effectively inhibited DNA binding of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-l to their cognate site. These results suggested that CYT could prevent stomach diseases through the down regulation of IL -8 and IL-l gene expression which might be mediated by the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and AP-1 activities and their binding to DNA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.6 no.5
• /
• pp.326-330
• /
• 1996

To illustrate whether a hemolysin in $\delta$-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis strain 73E10-2 and subsp. israelensis had immunological identity, a cyt gene of the strain 73E10-2 which encodes a hemolysin was cloned to B. subtilis (transformant 2753). The transformant 2753 containing cyt gene produced the hemolysin which lysed sheep erythrocytes after treatment of proteinase K. The hemolysin was proved also to be toxic against mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti). The molecular weight of the hemolysin produced from the transformant 2753 was determined to be about 25 kDa by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. The hemolysin in $\delta$-endotoxin of subsp. israelensis and subsp. kyushensis did not react on immunoblot using polyclonal anti-$\delta$-endotoxin of the strain 73E10-2, but 70-140 kDa mosquitocidal toxins in $\delta$-endotoxin of subsp. kyushuensis reacted.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify genetic polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (mtDNA cyt b) gene in Korean black (KB) cattle breed and to analyze the genetic relationship between the KB and other breeds. We determined the complete sequence of the mtDNA cyt b gene in 38 KB cattle. We also analyzed their genetic diversity, and phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparison with Korean cattle (KC, called Hanwoo) and breeds from China and Japan. A nucleotide substitution was detected in the KB cattle, and two haplotypes were defined. In the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, the haplotypes of KB were located in Bos taurus lineage with those of KC, Japanese black (JB), Yanbian and Zaosheng breeds. However, the haplotypes of Chinese breeds, excluding Yanbian and Zaosheng, were separated into B. taurus and B. indicus lineages. In the NJ tree of breeds based on Dxy genetic distances, Chinese breeds mixed with B. taurus and B. indicus lineages were located between B. indicus and B. taurus lineages. KB was contained within B. taurus lineage and was determined to be genetically more closely related to two Chinese (Yanbian and Zaosheng) breeds than to KC and JB. The haplotype distribution and the results of the phylogenetic analysis suggest that KB and KC have genetic differences in their mtDNA cyt b gene sequences.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.163-170
• /
• 2013

In order to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the Korean Chikso breed, we determined sequences of mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and performed phylogenetic analysis using 239 individuals from 5 Chikso populations. Five non-synonymous mutations of a total of 15 polymorphic sites were identified among 239 cyt b coding sequences. Thirteen haplotypes were defined, and haplotype diversity was 0.4709 ranging from 0.2577 to 0.6114. Thirty-five haplotypes (C1-C35) were classified among 9 Asia and 3 European breeds. C2 was a major haplotype that contained 206 sequences (64.6%) from all breeds used. C3-C13 haplotypes were Chikso-specific haplotypes. C1 and C2 haplotypes contained 80.5% of cyt b sequences of Hanwoo, Yanbian, Zaosheng and JB breeds. In phylogenetic analyses, the Chikso breed was contained into B. taurus lineage and was genetically more closely related to two Chinese breeds than to Korean brown cattle, Hanwoo. These results suggest that Chikso and Hanwoo have a genetic difference based on the mtDNA cyt b gene as well as their coat color, sufficient for classification as a separate breed.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.97-110
• /
• 1987

The effects of 5 novel hepatotrophic agents, dithiol malonate derivatives (DMDs; DMD1-DMD5), on the liver microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$ and the correlations with the changes of microsomal electron transport system were investigated. All DMDs were found to inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced by $CCl_4$ in mice and rats as well in vitro liver microsomal system. Therefore, each DMD seemed to have direct mode of action on liver microsomes to inhibit the lipid peroxidation. As an ex vivo study, the induced lipid peroxidation by $CCl_4$ and the changes in electron transport system were determined with liver microsomes obtained from rats chronically treated with DMDs for 7 days. The induced lipid peroxide contents in liver microsomal system were lower in DMD1, DMD2 and DMD3 treated group, but higher in DMD4 and DMD5 group when compared to the control group. Cyt. p.450 contents in the microsomes were decreased by the treatment with DMD1, DMD2 and DMD3, but increased significantly by DMD4 with great extent and by DMD5 with less extent. The cyt. p-450 isozymes induced by treatment of DMD4 and DMD5 were identified as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) type. The NADPH cyt. -C reductase activities of the microsomes treated with DMD1, DMD2, DMD4 and DMD5 were increased in the range of around 20% to 50%, but decreased with DMD3, All DMDs increased dyt. $-b_5$ content and did not alter NAdH-cyt, $-b_5$ reductase activities in the microsomes. In summary, the 5 novel hepatotrophic agents (DMDs) markedly protected against lipid peroxidation induced by $CCl_4$ in vivo and in vitro possibly through the mechanism of direct action on the liver microsomes. The degree of inhibition produced by DMDs on lipid peroxidation induced by $CCl_4$ seemed to coincide rather with cyt. p-450 contents than with other components of liver microsomal electron transport system including NADPH-cyt, -C reductase.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.375-379
• /
• 2006

Food labeling regulations require that the meat species in various meat products are accurately declared to the consumer. Substitution or adulteration of costly meat with a cheaper one is one of the most common problems in the meat industry. In this study, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) method of the mitochondrial cytochrome b(mt cyt b) gene has been applied for identification of the origin of six mammalian meat species(beef, port horse, goat, mutton and deer) and three poultry meat species(chicken, turkey and duck) as raw materials for meat products. PCR was used to amplify a variable region of mt cyt b gene. Meat species differentiation was determined by digestion of the amplified products with a 359 bp fragment using HaeIII and HinfI restriction enzymes, which generated species-specific RFLP patterns. This PCR-RFLP DNA marker of mt cyt b gene could be very useful for the accurate and reliable identification and discrimination of animal meat species in routine analysis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 1998

The cryIB, truncated cryIB$[cryIB({\alpha})]$, cryIA(b), and cytA genes, encoding 135-, 89-, 131-, and 27-kDa proteins, respectively, from Bacillus thuringiensis were cloned into a shuttle vector pBES and expressed in E. coli and Bacillus species. The morphology and solubility in alkaline buffer of the insecticidal crystal proteins were investigated. Transformation of intact cells of E. coli and Bacillus species was achieved by electroporation. High field strength of 11.0 kV/cm and resistance of 129 ohms were required for efficient transformation of E. coli strains and 4.5 kV/cm and 48 ohms for Bacillus species. Strains of recombinant E. coli and Bacillus species produced the insecticidal crystal proteins and accumulated as the same bipyramidal and irregular structures as those of CryIB and IA(b) and CytA of B. thuringiensls, respectively. The insecticidal crystal proteins accumulated in recombinant E. coli wire smaller in size than those in recombinant Bacillus species. The solubility in alkaline buffer of the insecticidal crystal proteins of recombinant E. coli increased gradually as the pH increased, whereas in the case of Bacillus species the solubility increased gradually as the pH increased up to 9 and then the solubility increased greatly up to two times higher than that of E. coli proteins.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 2015

A natural hybrid between Acheilognathus signifer and A. lanceolatus was collected in their sympatric area, the Gimhwanamdaecheon of Hangang (River), Korea. Morphological characters, mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b), and recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG-1) were investigated to confirm the natural hybrid origin. As a result of morphological characters, the natural hybrid was appeared to have intermediate characters between two parental species in three characters; the band of dorsal fin, the color patterns of anal fin membrane, and the body color. In analysis of cyt b, it was revealed that the maternal species of the natural hybrid was appeared to be A. signifer due to their 99.9% sequence identity. Also, in analysis of RAG-1, an electropherogram of the hybrid individual displayed double peaks, strongly indicating its hybrid state.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.263-268
• /
• 2008

Seventy-one Bacillus cereus strains (12 references and 59 food isolates) were analyzed for the occurrence of five different enterotoxin genes (nheABC, hblCDA, entFM, cytK, and bceT) and one emetic toxin cereulide synthetase gene (ces) by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). PCR analysis revealed eight toxigenic patterns in all B. cereus strains tested; they all carried both entFM and nheABC. The presence of hblCDA, cytK, and bceT varied according to the enterotoxin-producing strains, among which hblCDA was the least frequently detected in the food-isolated strains. Only five B. cereus strains harbored ces, associated with the emetic type of food poisoning; however, these strains were devoid of hblCDA, cytK, and bceT.