• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.123-145
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• 2008

Recently, as the information communication technology develops, the discussion regarding the ubiquitous environment is occurring in diverse perspectives. Ubiquitous environment is an environment that could transfer data through networks regardless of the physical space, virtual space, time or location. In order to realize the ubiquitous environment, the Pervasive Sensing technology that enables the recognition of users' data without the border between physical and virtual space is required. In addition, the latest and diversified technologies such as Context-Awareness technology are necessary to construct the context around the user by sharing the data accessed through the Pervasive Sensing technology and linkage technology that is to prevent information loss through the wired, wireless networking and database. Especially, Pervasive Sensing technology is taken as an essential technology that enables user oriented services by recognizing the needs of the users even before the users inquire. There are lots of characteristics of ubiquitous environment through the technologies mentioned above such as ubiquity, abundance of data, mutuality, high information density, individualization and customization. Among them, information density directs the accessible amount and quality of the information and it is stored in bulk with ensured quality through Pervasive Sensing technology. Using this, in the companies, the personalized contents(or information) providing became possible for a target customer. Most of all, there are an increasing number of researches with respect to recommender systems that provide what customers need even when the customers do not explicitly ask something for their needs. Recommender systems are well renowned for its affirmative effect that enlarges the selling opportunities and reduces the searching cost of customers since it finds and provides information according to the customers' traits and preference in advance, in a commerce environment. Recommender systems have proved its usability through several methodologies and experiments conducted upon many different fields from the mid-1990s. Most of the researches related with the recommender systems until now take the products or information of internet or mobile context as its object, but there is not enough research concerned with recommending adequate store to customers in a ubiquitous environment. It is possible to track customers' behaviors in a ubiquitous environment, the same way it is implemented in an online market space even when customers are purchasing in an offline marketplace. Unlike existing internet space, in ubiquitous environment, the interest toward the stores is increasing that provides information according to the traffic line of the customers. In other words, the same product can be purchased in several different stores and the preferred store can be different from the customers by personal preference such as traffic line between stores, location, atmosphere, quality, and price. Krulwich(1997) has developed Lifestyle Finder which recommends a product and a store by using the demographical information and purchasing information generated in the internet commerce. Also, Fano(1998) has created a Shopper's Eye which is an information proving system. The information regarding the closest store from the customers' present location is shown when the customer has sent a to-buy list, Sadeh(2003) developed MyCampus that recommends appropriate information and a store in accordance with the schedule saved in a customers' mobile. Moreover, Keegan and O'Hare(2004) came up with EasiShop that provides the suitable tore information including price, after service, and accessibility after analyzing the to-buy list and the current location of customers. However, Krulwich(1997) does not indicate the characteristics of physical space based on the online commerce context and Keegan and O'Hare(2004) only provides information about store related to a product, while Fano(1998) does not fully consider the relationship between the preference toward the stores and the store itself. The most recent research by Sedah(2003), experimented on campus by suggesting recommender systems that reflect situation and preference information besides the characteristics of the physical space. Yet, there is a potential problem since the researches are based on location and preference information of customers which is connected to the invasion of privacy. The primary beginning point of controversy is an invasion of privacy and individual information in a ubiquitous environment according to researches conducted by Al-Muhtadi(2002), Beresford and Stajano(2003), and Ren(2006). Additionally, individuals want to be left anonymous to protect their own personal information, mentioned in Srivastava(2000). Therefore, in this paper, we suggest a methodology to recommend stores in U-market on the basis of ubiquitous environment not using personal information in order to protect individual information and privacy. The main idea behind our suggested methodology is based on Feature Matrices model (FM model, Shahabi and Banaei-Kashani, 2003) that uses clusters of customers' similar transaction data, which is similar to the Collaborative Filtering. However unlike Collaborative Filtering, this methodology overcomes the problems of personal information and privacy since it is not aware of the customer, exactly who they are, The methodology is compared with single trait model(vector model) such as visitor logs, while looking at the actual improvements of the recommendation when the context information is used. It is not easy to find real U-market data, so we experimented with factual data from a real department store with context information. The recommendation procedure of U-market proposed in this paper is divided into four major phases. First phase is collecting and preprocessing data for analysis of shopping patterns of customers. The traits of shopping patterns are expressed as feature matrices of N dimension. On second phase, the similar shopping patterns are grouped into clusters and the representative pattern of each cluster is derived. The distance between shopping patterns is calculated by Projected Pure Euclidean Distance (Shahabi and Banaei-Kashani, 2003). Third phase finds a representative pattern that is similar to a target customer, and at the same time, the shopping information of the customer is traced and saved dynamically. Fourth, the next store is recommended based on the physical distance between stores of representative patterns and the present location of target customer. In this research, we have evaluated the accuracy of recommendation method based on a factual data derived from a department store. There are technological difficulties of tracking on a real-time basis so we extracted purchasing related information and we added on context information on each transaction. As a result, recommendation based on FM model that applies purchasing and context information is more stable and accurate compared to that of vector model. Additionally, we could find more precise recommendation result as more shopping information is accumulated. Realistically, because of the limitation of ubiquitous environment realization, we were not able to reflect on all different kinds of context but more explicit analysis is expected to be attainable in the future after practical system is embodied.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.131-181
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• 1983

After the investigation on, and the analysis of, the educational system for medical technicians and the present educational situation for medical technologies in this country, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. As of March 1983 the current academic system for education in medical technologies included the regular 4-year college courses and those of the 2-year professional junior college courses. But except in the cases on clinical pathology and physical therapy, there were no college-level departments. Particularly, no educational institutions, at whatever level, had a department for working therapies. 2. The total number of credits needed for graduation from a department of medical technologies was 150 points at a regular 4-year college and 85 to 96 points at a 2-year professional college. The obligatory minimum number of credits for a student at a professional college was set at 80 points and above. 3. As for the number of the educational institutions for medical technologies in this country, there were one regular college and 14 professional colleges, a total of 15 institutions. As many as 14 colleges had departments of clinical pathology, 12 had departments of Radiotechnology, 11 had departments of physical therapy, 12 had departments of dental technology, and eight had departments of dental hygiene. 4. The total capacity of the professional colleges in admitting new enrollment each year were 1,920 for clinical pathology, 1,552 for radiology, 1,012 for physical therapy, 1,334 for dental technologies, 828 for dental hygiene, an aggregate of 6,646 for all of the professional college departments. 5. The total number of graduates from the 12 professional colleges by department during the period of 1965-83 were 7,595 for clindical pathology, 4,768 for radiology, 2,821 for physical therapy, 3,000 for dental technologies, and 1,787 for dental hygiene, totalling 19,971 for all departments in the professional colleges. 6. In the state examination for licensed medical technicians, 12,446 have passed from among the total of 26,609 participants, representing a 45% passing ratio. By departments the ratios showed 44% for clinical pathology, 39.7% for radiology, 51.2% for physical therapy, 42.5% for dental technology, 72.5% for dental hygiene and 73.1% for working therapy. 7. As for the degree of satisfaction shown by the people in this field, 52.2 percent of the teaching staffs who responed to the questionaires said they were satisfied with their present profession, while the great majority of medical technicians(66%) replied that they were indifferent to the problem. 8. The degree of satisfaction shown by the students on their enrollment in this particular academic field was generally in the framework of indifference(43.7%), but mere students(36.5%) were satisfied with their choice than those were not satisfied(14.4%) 9. As for the student's opinions on the lectures and practicing hours, a good many students replied that, among such courses as general science and humanities courses the basic medical course, the major course and practicing hours, the hours provided for the general courses(47.1%) and practicing(47.6%) were insufficient. 10. When asked about the contents of their major courses, comparatively few students (23.6%) replied that the courses were too difficult, while a convincing majority(58.5%) said they were neither difficult nor easy. As for the appropriateness of the number of the present teaching staffs, a great majority(71.0%) of the students replied that the level of the teaching personnel in each particular field was insufficient. 11. Among the students who responded to the poll, good part of them(49.5%) wanted mandatory clinical practicing hours, and the the majority of them(64.6%) held the view that the experimental and practicing facilities of their schools were insufficient. 12. On the necessity of the attached hospitals, 71.1% of the teaching staffs and 58.0% of the medical technicians had the opinion that this kind of facility was indispensable. 13. As for the qualifications for applicants to the state examination in the licensing system for medical technicians, 52.2% of the teacher's and 36% of the medical technicians replied that the present system granting the qualifications according to the apprenticeship period should be abolished. 14. On the necessity of improving the present system for education in medical technologies, an overwhelming majority(94.4% of the :caching staffs, 92.0% of the medical technicians and 91.9% of students) of these polled replied that the present system should be changed for the better. 15. On the method of changes for the present educational system, a great majority(89.4% of the teaching staffs, 80.4% of the medical technicians and 90.1% of the students) said that the system must be changed so that it fits into the reality of the present day. 16. As for the present 2-year program for the professional colleges, 61.6% of the teachers, 72.0% of the medical technicians and 38.8% of the students expressed the hope that the academic period would be extended to four regular years, hemming a full-fledged collegelevels program. 17. On the life-long eductional system for medical technicians, there was a considerable number of people who expressed the hope that an open university system(38.9% of the teaching staffs, 36.0% of the medical technicians) and a graduate school system would be set up. 18. As for the future prospects for medical technicians as professionals, the optimists ana pessimists were almost equally divided, and 41.1% of the teaching staffs 36.0% of. the technicians and 50.5% of the students expressed an intermediate position on this issue.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.57-95
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• 1972

This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of service by maternity aids concerning maternal and child health in improving simultaneously infant mortality, contraception and vital registration among expectant mothers in rural Korea, where there is less apportunity for maternal and child health care. It is unrealistic to expect to solve this problem in rural Korea through professional persons considering the situation of medical facilities and the socioeconomic condition of residents. So, we intended to adopt a system of services by maternity aids who were educated formally among indigenous women. After the women were trained in maternal and child health, contraception, and registration for a short period, they were assigned as a maternity aids to each village to help with various activities concerning maternal and child health, for example, registration of pregnant women, home visiting to check for complications, supplying of delivery kits, attendance at delivery, persuasion of contraception, and invitation for registration and so on. Mean-while, four researchers called on the maternity aids to collect materials concerning vital events, maternal child health, contraception and registration, and to give further instruction and supervision as the program proceeded. A. Changes of women's attitude by services of maternity aid. Now, we examined to what extent' such a service system to expectant mothers affected a change in attitude of women residing in the study area as compared to women of the control area. 1) In the birth and death places, there were no changes between last and present infants, in study or control area. 2) In regard to attendants at delivery, there were no changes except for a small percentage of attendance (8%) by maternity aid in study area. But, I expect that more maternity sids could be used as attendants at delivery if they would be trained further and if there was more explanation to the residents about such a service. 3) Considering the rate of utilization of sterilized delivery kit, I am sure that more than 90 percent would be used if the delivery kit were supplied in the proper time. There were significant differences in rates between the study and the control areas. 4) Taking into consideration the utilization rate of the clinic for prenatal care and well baby care, if suck facilities were installed, it would probably be well utilized. 5) In the contraception, the rate of approval was as high as 89 percent in study area as compared to 82 percent in the control area. 6) Considering the rate of pre-and post-partum acceptance on contraception were as much as 70 percent or more, if motivation to use contraception was given to them adequately, the government could reach the goals for family planning as planned. 7) In the vital registration, the rate of birth registration in the study area was some what improved compared to that of the control area, while the rate of death registration was not changed at all. Taking into account the fact that the rate of confirmation of vital events by maternity aids was remarkably high, if the registration system changed to a 'notification' system instead of formal registration ststem, it would be improved significantly compared to present system. B. Effect of the project Thus, with changes in the residents' attitude, was there a reduction in the infant death rate? 1) It is very difficult problem to compare the mortality of infants between last and present infants, because many women don't want to answer accurately about their dead children especially the infants that died within a few days after birth. In this study the data of present death comes from the maternity aides who followed up every pregnancy they had recorded to see what had happened. They seem to have very reliable information on what happened in first few weeks with follow up visitits to check out later changes. From these calculaton, when we compared the rate of infant death between last and present infant, there was remarkable reduction of death rate for present infant compare to that of last children, namely, the former was 30, while the latter 42. The figure is the lowest rate that I have ever heard. As the quality of data we could assess by comparing the causes of death. In the current death rate by communicable disease was much lower compare to the last child especially, tetanus cases and pneumonia. 2) Next, how many respondents used contraception after birth because of frequent contact with the maternity aid. In the registered cases, the respondents showed a tendency to practice contraception at an earlier age and with a small number of children. In a comparison of the rate of contraception between the study and the control area, the rate in the former was significantly higher than that of the latter. What is more, the proportion favoring smaller numbers of children and younger women rose in the study area as compared to the control area. 3) Regarding vital registration, though the rate of registration was gradually improved by efforts of maternity aid, it would be better to change the registration system. 4) In the crude birth rate, the rate in the study area was 22.2 while in the control area was 26.5. Natural increase rate showed 15.4 in the study area, while control area was 19.1. 5) In assessment of the efficiency of the maternity aids judging by the cost-effect viewpoint, the workers in the Medium area seemed to be more efficiency than those of other areas.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2018

E-commerce 환경의 발전으로 소비자들은 다양한 상품들을 한 자리에서 폭 넓게 비교할 수 있게 되었다. 하지만 온라인 쇼핑몰에 올라와있는 상당량의 주요 상품 정보들이 이미지 형태이기 때문에 컴퓨터가 인지할 수 있는 텍스트 기반 검색 시스템에 반영될 수 없다는 한계가 존재한다. 이러한 한계점은 일반적으로 기존 기계학습 기술 및 OCR(Optical Character Recognition) 기술을 활용해, 이미지 형태로 된 키워드를 인식함으로써 개선할 수 있다. 그러나 기존 OCR 기술은 이미지 안에 글자가 아닌 그림이 많고 글자 크기가 작으면 낮은 인식률을 보인다는 문제가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 기술들의 한계점을 해결하기 위하여, 딥러닝 기반 사물인식 모형 중 하나인 SSD(Single Shot MultiBox Detector)를 개조하여 이미지 형태의 상품 카탈로그 내의 텍스트 인식모형을 설계하였다. 하지만 이를 학습시키기 위한 데이터를 구축하는 데 상당한 시간과 비용이 필요했는데, 이는 지도학습의 방법론을 따르는 SSD 모형은 훈련 데이터마다 직접 정답 라벨링을 해줘야 하기 때문이다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 '훈련 데이터 자동 생성 프로그램'을 함께 개발하였다. 훈련 데이터 자동 생성 프로그램을 통해 수작업으로 데이터를 만드는 것에 비하여 시간과 비용을 대폭 절감할 수 있었으며, 생성된 훈련용 데이터를 통해 모형의 인식 성능을 높일 수 있었다. 더 나아가 실험연구를 통해 자동으로 생성된 훈련 데이터의 특징별로 인식기 모형의 성능에 얼마나 큰 영향을 끼치는지 알아보고, 성능 향상에 효과적인 데이터의 특징을 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 개발된 상품 카탈로그 내 텍스트 인식모형과 훈련 데이터 자동 생성 프로그램은 온라인 쇼핑몰 판매자들의 상품 정보 등록 수고를 줄여줄 수 있으며, 구매자들의 상품 검색 시 결과의 정확성을 향상시키는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.124-136
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• 2002

As an official journal of the Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (AAAP), the Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) was born in February 1987 and the first issue (Volume 1, Number 1) was published in March 1988 under the Editorship of Professor In K. Han (Korea). By the end of 2001, a total of 84 issues in 14 volumes and 1,761 papers in 11,462 pages had been published. In addition to these 14 volumes, a special issue entitled "Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition" (April, 2000) and 3 supplements entitled "Proceedings of the 9th AAAP Animal Science Congress" (July, 2000) were also published. Publication frequency has steadily increased from 4 issues in 1988, to 6 issues in 1997 and to 12 issues in 2000. The total number of pages per volume and the number of original or review papers published also increased. Some significant milestones in the history of the AJAS include that (1) it became a Science Citation Index (SCI) journal in 1997, (2) the impact factor of the journal improved from 0.257 in 1999 to 0.446 in 2000, (3) it became a monthly journal (12 issues per volume) in 2000, (4) it adopted an English editing system in 1999, and (5) it has been covered in "Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Science since 2000. The AJAS is subscribed by 842 individuals or institutions. Annual subscription fees of US$ 50 (Category B) or US$ 70 (Category A) for individuals and US$ 70 (Category B) or US$ 120 (Category A) for institutions are much less than the actual production costs of US$ 130. A list of the 1,761 papers published in AJAS, listed according to subject area, may be found in the AJAS homepage (http://www.ajas.snu.ac.kr) and a very well prepared "Editorial Policy with Guide for Authors" is available in the Appendix of this paper. With regard to the submission status of manuscripts from AAAP member countries, India (235), Korea (235) and Japan (198) have submitted the most manuscripts. On the other hand, Mongolia, Nepal, and Papua New Guinea have never submitted any articles. The average time required from submission of a manuscript to printing in the AJAS has been reduced from 11 months in 1997-2000 to 7.8 months in 2001. The average rejection rate of manuscripts was 35.3%, a percentage slightly higher than most leading animal science journals. The total number of scientific papers published in the AJAS by AAAP member countries during a 14-year period (1988-2001) was 1,333 papers (75.7%) and that by non- AAAP member countries was 428 papers (24.3%). Japanese animal scientists have published the largest number of papers (397), followed by Korea (275), India (160), Bangladesh (111), Pakistan (85), Australia (71), Malaysia (59), China (53), Thailand (53), and Indonesia (34). It is regrettable that the Philippines (15), Vietnam (10), New Zealand (8), Nepal (2), Mongolia (0) and Papua New Guinea (0) have not actively participated in publishing papers in the AJAS. It is also interesting to note that the top 5 countries (Bangladesh, India, Japan, Korea and Pakistan) have published 1,028 papers in total indicating 77% of the total papers being published by AAAP animal scientists from Vol. 1 to 14 of the AJAS. The largest number of papers were published in the ruminant nutrition section (591 papers-44.3%), followed by the non-ruminant nutrition section (251 papers-18.8%), the animal reproduction section (153 papers-11.5%) and the animal breeding section (115 papers-8.6%). The largest portion of AJAS manuscripts was reviewed by Korean editors (44.3%), followed by Japanese editors (18.1%), Australian editors (6.0%) and Chinese editors (5.6%). Editors from the rest of the AAAP member countries have reviewed slightly less than 5% of the total AJAS manuscripts. It was regrettably noticed that editorial members representing Nepal (66.7%), Mongolia (50.0%), India (35.7%), Pakistan (25.0%), Papua New Guinea (25.0%), Malaysia (22.8%) and New Zealand (21.5%) have failed to return many of the manuscripts requested to be reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief. Financial records show that Korea has contributed the largest portion of production costs (68.5%), followed by Japan (17.3%), China (8.3%), and Australia (3.5%). It was found that 6 AAAP member countries have contributed less than 1% of the total production costs (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Thailand), and another 6 AAAP member countries (Mongolia, Nepal and Pakistan, Philippine and Vietnam) have never provided any financial contribution in the form of subscriptions, page charges or reprints. It should be pointed out that most AAAP member countries have published more papers than their financial input with the exception of Korea and China. For example, Japan has published 29.8% of the total papers published in AJAS by AAAP member countries. However, Japan has contributed only 17.3% of total income. Similar trends could also be found in the case of Australia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. A total of 12 Asian young animal scientists (under 40 years of age) have been awarded the AJAS-Purina Outstanding Research Award which was initiated in 1990 with a donation of US$ 2,000-3,000 by Mr. K. Y. Kim, President of Agribrands Purina Korea Inc. In order to improve the impact factor (citation frequency) and the financial structure of the AJAS, (1) submission of more manuscripts of good quality should be encouraged, (2) subscription rate of all AAAP member countries, especially Category B member countries should be dramatically increased, (3) a page charge policy and reprint ordering system should be applied to all AAAP member countries, and (4) all AAAP countries, especially Category A member countries should share more of the financial burden (advertisement revenue or support from public or private sector).

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.103-122
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• 2011

Recently, numerous documents have been made available electronically. Internet search engines and digital libraries commonly return query results containing hundreds or even thousands of documents. In this situation, it is virtually impossible for users to examine complete documents to determine whether they might be useful for them. For this reason, some on-line documents are accompanied by a list of keywords specified by the authors in an effort to guide the users by facilitating the filtering process. In this way, a set of keywords is often considered a condensed version of the whole document and therefore plays an important role for document retrieval, Web page retrieval, document clustering, summarization, text mining, and so on. Since many academic journals ask the authors to provide a list of five or six keywords on the first page of an article, keywords are most familiar in the context of journal articles. However, many other types of documents could not benefit from the use of keywords, including Web pages, email messages, news reports, magazine articles, and business papers. Although the potential benefit is large, the implementation itself is the obstacle; manually assigning keywords to all documents is a daunting task, or even impractical in that it is extremely tedious and time-consuming requiring a certain level of domain knowledge. Therefore, it is highly desirable to automate the keyword generation process. There are mainly two approaches to achieving this aim: keyword assignment approach and keyword extraction approach. Both approaches use machine learning methods and require, for training purposes, a set of documents with keywords already attached. In the former approach, there is a given set of vocabulary, and the aim is to match them to the texts. In other words, the keywords assignment approach seeks to select the words from a controlled vocabulary that best describes a document. Although this approach is domain dependent and is not easy to transfer and expand, it can generate implicit keywords that do not appear in a document. On the other hand, in the latter approach, the aim is to extract keywords with respect to their relevance in the text without prior vocabulary. In this approach, automatic keyword generation is treated as a classification task, and keywords are commonly extracted based on supervised learning techniques. Thus, keyword extraction algorithms classify candidate keywords in a document into positive or negative examples. Several systems such as Extractor and Kea were developed using keyword extraction approach. Most indicative words in a document are selected as keywords for that document and as a result, keywords extraction is limited to terms that appear in the document. Therefore, keywords extraction cannot generate implicit keywords that are not included in a document. According to the experiment results of Turney, about 64% to 90% of keywords assigned by the authors can be found in the full text of an article. Inversely, it also means that 10% to 36% of the keywords assigned by the authors do not appear in the article, which cannot be generated through keyword extraction algorithms. Our preliminary experiment result also shows that 37% of keywords assigned by the authors are not included in the full text. This is the reason why we have decided to adopt the keyword assignment approach. In this paper, we propose a new approach for automatic keyword assignment namely IVSM(Inverse Vector Space Model). The model is based on a vector space model. which is a conventional information retrieval model that represents documents and queries by vectors in a multidimensional space. IVSM generates an appropriate keyword set for a specific document by measuring the distance between the document and the keyword sets. The keyword assignment process of IVSM is as follows: (1) calculating the vector length of each keyword set based on each keyword weight; (2) preprocessing and parsing a target document that does not have keywords; (3) calculating the vector length of the target document based on the term frequency; (4) measuring the cosine similarity between each keyword set and the target document; and (5) generating keywords that have high similarity scores. Two keyword generation systems were implemented applying IVSM: IVSM system for Web-based community service and stand-alone IVSM system. Firstly, the IVSM system is implemented in a community service for sharing knowledge and opinions on current trends such as fashion, movies, social problems, and health information. The stand-alone IVSM system is dedicated to generating keywords for academic papers, and, indeed, it has been tested through a number of academic papers including those published by the Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, the Korea Research Academy of Distribution Information, the Korea Logistics Society, the Korea Logistics Research Association, and the Korea Port Economic Association. We measured the performance of IVSM by the number of matches between the IVSM-generated keywords and the author-assigned keywords. According to our experiment, the precisions of IVSM applied to Web-based community service and academic journals were 0.75 and 0.71, respectively. The performance of both systems is much better than that of baseline systems that generate keywords based on simple probability. Also, IVSM shows comparable performance to Extractor that is a representative system of keyword extraction approach developed by Turney. As electronic documents increase, we expect that IVSM proposed in this paper can be applied to many electronic documents in Web-based community and digital library.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.89-116
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• 2011

In collaborative tagging systems such as Delicious.com and Flickr.com, users assign keywords or tags to their uploaded resources, such as bookmarks and pictures, for their future use or sharing purposes. The collection of resources and tags generated by a user is called a personomy, and the collection of all personomies constitutes the folksonomy. The most significant need of the folksonomy users Is to efficiently find useful resources or experts on specific topics. An excellent ranking algorithm would assign higher ranking to more useful resources or experts. What resources are considered useful In a folksonomic system? Does a standard superior to frequency or freshness exist? The resource recommended by more users with mere expertise should be worthy of attention. This ranking paradigm can be implemented through a graph-based ranking algorithm. Two well-known representatives of such a paradigm are Page Rank by Google and HITS(Hypertext Induced Topic Selection) by Kleinberg. Both Page Rank and HITS assign a higher evaluation score to pages linked to more higher-scored pages. HITS differs from PageRank in that it utilizes two kinds of scores: authority and hub scores. The ranking objects of these pages are limited to Web pages, whereas the ranking objects of a folksonomic system are somewhat heterogeneous(i.e., users, resources, and tags). Therefore, uniform application of the voting notion of PageRank and HITS based on the links to a folksonomy would be unreasonable, In a folksonomic system, each link corresponding to a property can have an opposite direction, depending on whether the property is an active or a passive voice. The current research stems from the Idea that a graph-based ranking algorithm could be applied to the folksonomic system using the concept of mutual Interactions between entitles, rather than the voting notion of PageRank or HITS. The concept of mutual interactions, proposed for ranking the Semantic Web resources, enables the calculation of importance scores of various resources unaffected by link directions. The weights of a property representing the mutual interaction between classes are assigned depending on the relative significance of the property to the resource importance of each class. This class-oriented approach is based on the fact that, in the Semantic Web, there are many heterogeneous classes; thus, applying a different appraisal standard for each class is more reasonable. This is similar to the evaluation method of humans, where different items are assigned specific weights, which are then summed up to determine the weighted average. We can check for missing properties more easily with this approach than with other predicate-oriented approaches. A user of a tagging system usually assigns more than one tags to the same resource, and there can be more than one tags with the same subjectivity and objectivity. In the case that many users assign similar tags to the same resource, grading the users differently depending on the assignment order becomes necessary. This idea comes from the studies in psychology wherein expertise involves the ability to select the most relevant information for achieving a goal. An expert should be someone who not only has a large collection of documents annotated with a particular tag, but also tends to add documents of high quality to his/her collections. Such documents are identified by the number, as well as the expertise, of users who have the same documents in their collections. In other words, there is a relationship of mutual reinforcement between the expertise of a user and the quality of a document. In addition, there is a need to rank entities related more closely to a certain entity. Considering the property of social media that ensures the popularity of a topic is temporary, recent data should have more weight than old data. We propose a comprehensive folksonomy ranking framework in which all these considerations are dealt with and that can be easily customized to each folksonomy site for ranking purposes. To examine the validity of our ranking algorithm and show the mechanism of adjusting property, time, and expertise weights, we first use a dataset designed for analyzing the effect of each ranking factor independently. We then show the ranking results of a real folksonomy site, with the ranking factors combined. Because the ground truth of a given dataset is not known when it comes to ranking, we inject simulated data whose ranking results can be predicted into the real dataset and compare the ranking results of our algorithm with that of a previous HITS-based algorithm. Our semantic ranking algorithm based on the concept of mutual interaction seems to be preferable to the HITS-based algorithm as a flexible folksonomy ranking framework. Some concrete points of difference are as follows. First, with the time concept applied to the property weights, our algorithm shows superior performance in lowering the scores of older data and raising the scores of newer data. Second, applying the time concept to the expertise weights, as well as to the property weights, our algorithm controls the conflicting influence of expertise weights and enhances overall consistency of time-valued ranking. The expertise weights of the previous study can act as an obstacle to the time-valued ranking because the number of followers increases as time goes on. Third, many new properties and classes can be included in our framework. The previous HITS-based algorithm, based on the voting notion, loses ground in the situation where the domain consists of more than two classes, or where other important properties, such as "sent through twitter" or "registered as a friend," are added to the domain. Forth, there is a big difference in the calculation time and memory use between the two kinds of algorithms. While the matrix multiplication of two matrices, has to be executed twice for the previous HITS-based algorithm, this is unnecessary with our algorithm. In our ranking framework, various folksonomy ranking policies can be expressed with the ranking factors combined and our approach can work, even if the folksonomy site is not implemented with Semantic Web languages. Above all, the time weight proposed in this paper will be applicable to various domains, including social media, where time value is considered important.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2008

인터넷의 급속한 발달과 온라인 사용이 급증함에 따라 e-스포츠와 같은 온라인 게임은 거대한 시장으로 성장하고 있다. 그렇지만, 많은 e-스포츠를 후원하는 기업의 효과를 검증하는 마케팅적 연구는 미진한 상태이다. 있다해도 단순히 온라인 게임과 관련한 연구가 대다수이다. 이에 본 연구는 e-스포츠 스폰서십을 통해 기업의 마케팅 커뮤니케이션 전략 수립을 위한 토대를 마련코자 하였으며 시작단계에 있는 e-스포츠의 향후 연구에 기여하고자 하였다. 중요 변수들은 첫째, e-스포츠의 주요한 게임속성으로 상호작용성, 익명성, 내용확장성을 들고 온라인 상황에서 주요한 매개의 역할로 다루어지는 유동(flow)과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 둘째, e-스포츠의 주요한 게이머속성(스포츠 경기에서의 팀과 플레이어의 속성에서 수정)인 매력성, 유사성, 경기결과가 유동(flow)과 게이머동일시(온라인 게임상황에 맞게 기존 팀동일시를 게이머동일시로 차용)에 미치는 영향관계를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 유동(flow)과 게이머동일시와의 관계 그리고 게이머동일시와 기업동일시와의 관계를 최종적으로 점검하였다. 연구의 결과, 온라인의 기초적인 특성인 상호작용성은 유동(flow)에 유의한 영향이 있었고 게이머속성에서의 유사성과 경기결과도 유동(flow)에 유의한 영향이 있었다. 그리고 유사성은 게이머동일시에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 유동(flow)은 게이머동일시에 그리고 게이머동일시는 기업동일시에 정의 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 e-스포츠를 후원하는 기업의 경우 일반 유저들과 유사한 특성인 가진 실력있는 게이머를 후원한다면 마케팅 효과를 극대화할 수 있다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.35-58
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• 2009

항공기 운항 중 제3자에 대한 피해를 배상하는 국제 조약은 1933년 로마협약에서 처음 규정하였지만 호응을 얻지 못한 채 1952년 로마 협약으로 개정되면서 배상 금액이 상향 조정되는 등 일부 내용이 개선되었다. 이에 불구하고 2009년 현재 협약 당사국이 49개국에 불과하여 보편적인 국제 조약으로 기능하지 못하고 있는데 동 협약을 개선한 1978년 몬트리올 의정서는 배상 상한을 다시 인상하였음에도 불구하고 미국, 일본, 영국, 독일 등 주요 항공 대국이 참여치 않은 가운데 의정서 당사국이 12개국에 그치면서 명목을 유지하는 형편이다. 이에 따라 제3자에 대한 항공기 피해에 대한 배상은 사고 발생지 국내법에 의해 해결하는 추세이다. 2001년 발생한 9.11 테러 공격은 세계 최대 강국인 미국이라도 대규모 제3자 피해를 혼자 감당하기 어려운 것을 인식하게 된 가운데 국제민간항공기구(ICAO) 주도하에 국제사회 공동으로 향후 재발에 대비한 배상 체제를구축코자 ICAO 법률위원회의 수년간 작업 끝에 제3자 피해 배상에 관한 현대판 조약을 캐나다 몬트리올 외교회의에서 채택케 된 것이다. 과거 지상 제3자 피해 배상에 관한 협약과는 달리 공중 충돌로 제3자가 피해를 볼 경우도 포함시켜 '지상'이라는 표현이 협약 제목에서 삭제된 한편, 과거 협약이 항공기를 테러로 이용하여 제3자 피해가 발생할 것을 예상하지 못하였지만 금번 채택 협약은 9.11 사태와 같이 항공기를 이용한 테러공격으로 제3자 피해가 발생할 경우의 배상에 주안을 두었다. 그런 가운데 조약 제정 편의상 테러 공격에 의한 제3자 피해에 대한 배상을 위한 "불법방해배상협약"과 그렇지 않은 일반 위험 (general risks)으로 인한 제3자 피해 배상에 관한 "일반위험협약"으로 분리하여 2개의 조약을 외교회의의 컨센서스로 채택하였다. 상기 2개의 조약은 대규모 제3자 피해 발생을 염두에 두고 배상 상한을 대폭 인상하여 피해 배상을 현실화함과 동시에 신체적 피해로 인한 정신적 피해도 배상 대상에 포함시키면서 오늘날 항공운송 사고 시 승객에게 적용되는 조건을 제3자 피해자에게도 적용하는 등 조약의 내용을 현대화 시켰다. 그러나 "불법방해배상협약"은 대규모 피해에 대비한 배상금 충당을 위하여 "국제민간항공배상기금"을 창설하면서 어느 한 나라가 협약 당사국이 되느냐 마느냐에 따라서 협약이 운명이 좌우되게끔 하는 유별난 조항을 포함시켰다. 이는 미국을 염두에 둔 내용으로서 협약의 보편성을 해치는 한편, 일반적으로 국가가 배상책임을 지는 사안인 테러에 의한 피해 배상을 항공 산업에 있어서만 항공운송업자와 승객이 책임을 부담도록 하는 등의 독특한 내용들을 담고 있는 특징과 함께 협약의 장래 전망이 우려된다. 이는 국제 정치 현실상 몇 나라가 부담하는 테러 위험을 아무런 보상도 없이 여러 나라에 분산시키는 결과를 가져오는 내용이기 때문에 더욱 그러하다.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제20호
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• pp.5-30
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• 2010

허규는 80~90년대 창극 연출을 담당하며 왕성한 활동을 전개한 바 있다. 그는 전승 5가 뿐만 아니라 실전 판소리를 창극화 하였으며, 창작 창극 작품도 다수 무대에 선보였다. 특히 '완판 창극'이라는 이름으로 1982년 <흥보전>을 무대에 올린 후 1985년 <적벽가>를 공연함으로써 전승 5가의 창극화 작업을 완결지은 것은 그가 남긴 큰 업적 가운데 하나이다. 허규는 주체적 민족문화의 정립과 한국 전통연희의 창조적 계승 문제에 많은 관심을 기울였던 실천적인 연극인이다. 그는 창극을 한국의 대표적인 공연예술로 정립하고자 노력했다. 창극 작품은 그 연원에 따라, (1)전승 5가의 창극화 (2)실전 7가의 창극화 (3)창작 창극으로 세분해 볼 수 있다. 허규가 연출한 작품에는 이 3가지 유형이 모두 포함되어 있다. 그 가운데 전승 5가를 창극화한 작품이 가장 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 허규가 시도한 '완판창극'은 한국의 전통유산 가운데 빼어난 예술적 성과를 거둔 요소들을 집대성하여 무대에 올림으로써, 창극을 한국의 대표적인 공연예술로 정립해 보고자한 것이다. '완판창극'에 나타난 특징은 다음 네 가지로 정리할 수 있다. (1) 전통을 중시하는 연출 태도, (2) 전통연희 요소의 적극적 수용, (3) 격조와 윤리의식의 중시, (4) 해학의 강조와 보조인물의 적극적 활용이 그것이다. 허규가 시도한 '완판창극'은 창극이 성취할 수 있는 예술적 수준의 한 정점을 보여주는 것이다. 판소리 유산을 망라하고 나아가 전통연희를 적극적으로 수용하여, 창극을 한국의 대표적인 공연예술로 정립해 보고자 했던 것이다. 허규는 '완판창극'에서 판소리의 진정성을 그대로 살리려고 노력했으며, 처음부터 끝까지 한 대목도 빠뜨리지 않고 장면화 하려고 했다. '완판창극'의 공연 시간이 4~5시간이나 소요되었다는 것이 그 점을 잘 보여준다. 허규가 완판창극에서 거둔 성과는 이후 창극에 상당한 영향을 끼친 것으로 보인다. 1990년대에 시도된 '완판장막창극'도 그 모태는 허규의 '완판창극'에 두고 있다. 창본을 종합해 내고 판소리의 좋은 점을 모두 보여주고자 하는 의도가 일치한다는 점에서 특히 그러하다. 그렇지만 90년대 '완판장막창극'은 대형 무대화를 지향했으며 화려한 무대장치와 의상 그리고 버라이어티한 요소를 부각시켰다는 점에서 '완판창극'과 대비된다. 허규의 완판창극이 끼친 중요한 영향 가운데 하나는 판소리의 '열린 형식'을 창극의 공연 문법으로 적극 활용했다는 점이다. 허규는 극의 전개 과정에서 필요하다고 판단되면 전통연희의 요소를 적극적으로 수용하여, 극적 표현 영역을 확장하고 작품의 완성도를 높이고자 했다. 이러한 그의 시도는 창극 극작술의 한 방식으로 인식되어, 이후 창극연출에도 지속적으로 영향을 미치고 있다. 요즘 창극은 어떻게 하면 청중들의 호응을 얻을 수 있을까에 관심을 집중하기 때문에, '감동받는 창극' 보다는 '재미있는 창극'을 만드는 일이 중요하다고 생각하는 듯하다. 공연 시간도 최대 2시간을 넘지 않으려고 하며, 관현악 반주를 중시하는 경향을 보여준다. 이런 관점에서는 허규가 '완판창극'을 통해 구현하고자 했던 창극의 지향점은 극복의 대상으로 인식되고 있는 것으로 보인다.