• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 1977

The nitrogen sparing effect of intravenous 3% amino acid solution was compared with 5% dextrose solution in 30 patients who were undergoing surgical operations or radiation therapy. Infusion of 3% amino acid solution or 5% dextrose solution was given before and immediately after operations or irradiation and continued for 6 days. Infusion of solutions through peripheral vein was well tolerated and not experienced any specific hematologic or blood chemistry change in all patients subjected throughout the experiment. The patients received 3% amino acid solution showed low blood glucose and insulin level, but significantly high blood urea nitrogen and ketone body. In patients receiving amino acids, as compared with those receiving dextrose, mean cumulative six day nitrogen losses were significantly lower($63.95{\pm}2.12$ Gm and $79.12{\pm}2.43Gm$ respectively). The nitrogen sparing effect of amino acids is probably due to decreased glucose and insulin levels allowing greater endogenous fat mobilization.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.323-332
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze specific foods influencing absolute nutrient intake and between-person variations of nutrient intake among Korean preschoolers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 2,766 participants aged 1-5 years in the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a 24-h dietary recall method. Major food sources of absolute nutrient intake were evaluated based on percent contribution of each food. To assess the contribution of specific foods to between-person variations in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regressions were performed and cumulative $R^2$ was used. RESULTS: White rice and milk were main food sources of energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. The percentage of fat contributed by milk was 21.3% which was the highest, followed by pork, soybean oil, and egg. White rice accounted for 25% and 40% of total variability in total energy and carbohydrate intakes, respectively. About 39% of variation in calcium intake was explained by milk while 40% of variation in phosphorous intake was explained by cheese. The top 10 foods contributing to between-person variations in nutrient intakes were similar with food items that mainly contributed to absolute nutrient intakes. The number of foods explaining 90% of absolute amounts of nutrient intakes varied from 28 for vitamin A to 80 for iron. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified specific foods that contributed to absolute nutrient intakes and between-person variations in nutrient intakes among Korean preschoolers. Our findings can be used to develop dietary assessment tools and establish food-based dietary guidelines for young children.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.88 no.2
• /
• pp.117-128
• /
• 2023

On February 6, 2023, Türkiye woke up with a strong ground motion felt in a wide geography. As a result of the Kahramanmaraş, Pazarcık and Elbistan earthquakes, which took place 9 hours apart, there was great destruction and loss of life. The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes occurred on active faults known to pose a high seismic hazard, but their effects were devastating. Seismic code spectra were investigated in Hatay, Adıyaman and Kahramanmaraş where destruction is high. The study mainly focuses on the investigation of ground motion parameters of 6 February Kahramanmaraş earthquakes and the correlation between ground motion parameters. In addition, earthquakes greater than Mw 5.0 that occurred in Türkiye were compared with certain seismic parameters. As in the strong ground motion studies, seismic energy parameters such as Arias intensity, characteristic intensity, cumulative absolute velocity and specific energy density were determined, especially considering the duration content of the earthquake. Based on the study, it was concluded that the structures were overloaded far beyond their normal design levels. This, coupled with significant vertical seismic components, is a contributing factor to the collapse of many buildings in the area. In the evaluation made on Arias intensity, much more energy (approximately ten times) emerged in Kahramanmaraş earthquakes compared to other Türkiye earthquakes. No good correlation was found between moment magnitude and peak ground accelerations, peak ground velocities, Arias intensities and ground motion durations in Türkiye earthquakes. Both high seismic components and long ground motion durations caused intense energy to be transferred to the structures. No strong correlation was found between ground motion durations and other seismic parameters. There is a strong positive correlation between PGA and seismic energy parameter AI. Kahramanmaraş earthquakes revealed that changes should be made in the Turkish seismic code to predict higher spectral acceleration values, especially in earthquake-prone regions in Türkiye.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.29 no.9 s.240
• /
• pp.1235-1242
• /
• 2005

A district heating(DH) system supplies environmentally-friend heat and is appropriate for reduction of energy consumption and/or air pollutions. The DH transmission pipe, composed of supply and return pipes, has been used to transmit the heat and prevent heat loss during transportation. The two types of pipes are operated at a temperature of $75\~115^{\circ}C\;and\;40\~65^{\circ}C$, respectively, with an operating pressure of less than 1.568MPa. The objectives of this paper are to systematize data processing of transition temperature and investigate its effects on fatigue life of DH pipes. For the sake of this, about 5 millions temperature data were measured during one year at ten locations, and then available fatigue lift estimation schemes were examined and applied to quantify the specific thermal fatigue life of each pipe. As a result, a relational database management system as well as reliable fatigue lift evaluation procedures is established for Korean DH pipes. Also, since the prototypal evaluation results satisfied both cycle-based and stress-based fatigue criteria, those can be used as useful information in the future fer optimal design, operation and energy saving via setting of efficient condition and stabilization of water temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.20 no.8
• /
• pp.147-158
• /
• 2004

Laboratory dynamic tests are carried out to assess the liquefaction potential of saturated sands in most countries. However, simple results such as the maximum cyclic shear stress and the number of cycles at initial liquefaction are used in the experimental assessment of liquefaction potential, even though various results can be obtained from the dynamic test. In addition, it seemed to be inefficient because more than three dynamic tests with different stress ratio have to be carried out to draw a liquefaction resistance experimental curve. To improve the present assessment method fur liquefaction potential, a new critical resistible characteristic far soil liquefaction is proposed and verified through conventional cyclic triaxial tests with Jumunjin sand. In the proposed method, various experimental data such as effective stress path, stress-strain relationship, and the change of excess pore water pressure can be used in the determination of cumulative plastic shear strains at every 1/4 cycle. Especially, the critical cumulative plastic shear strain to initiate liquefaction can be defined in a specific point called a phase change point in the effective stress path and it can be calculated from a hysteric curve of stress-strain relationship up to this point. Through this research, it is found that the proposed cumulative plastic shear strain can express the dissipated energy to resist dynamic loads and consider the realistic soil dynamic behavior of saturated sands reasonably. It is also found that the critical plastic shear strain can be used as a registible index of soils to represent the critical soil dynamic state, because it seems to include no effect of large deformation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.296-302
• /
• 1983

The estimation of the nutritional requirements at the national or population level has a great difficulty in calculating the cumulative effects of the several variables, i. e. age, sex, weight activity, etc., in order to adapt nutrient requirements to the condition of a country or to a population group. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Group on nutrient requirements had proposed a simpler model, an average daily per capita nutritional requirements that will enable the different parameters to incorporated in a single calculation table. The average daily per caita nutritional requirements for Korean-1982 calculated by this proposed method are as follows : energy, 2,200 kcal ; protein, 70g : calcium, 0.72g ; iron, 14mg; vitamin A, 1,900 IU ; ascorbic acid, 50mg ; thiamin, 0.9mg ; riboflavin, 1.2mg ; niacin equivalent, 15mg. The average daily per capita nutritional requirements would be used to assess the adequacy of the national dietary intakes and provide basic information for the establishment of national food production and consumption policies and the planning of programmes aiming at an adequate and equitable distribution of food supplies. On a different levels, they would be used widely in the planning of diets for a specific population group, and also provide important reference information for the epidemiology study of nutritional deficiencies.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.166-171
• /
• 2013

While high-dose ionizing radiation results in long term cellular cytotoxicity, chronic low-dose (<0.2 Gy) of X- or ${\gamma}$-ray irradiation can be beneficial to living organisms by inducing radiation hormesis, stimulating immune function, and adaptive responses. During chronic low-dose-rate radiation (LDR) exposure, whole body of mice is exposed to radiation, however, it remains unclear if LDR causes changes in gene expression of the whole brain. Therefore, we aim to investigate expressed genes (EGs) and signaling pathways specifically regulated by LDR-irradiation ($^{137}Cs$, a cumulative dose of 1.7 Gy for total 100 days) in the whole brain. Using microarray analysis of whole brain RNA extracts harvested from ICR and AKR/J mice after LDR-irradiation, we discovered that two mice strains displayed distinct gene regulation patterns upon LDR-irradiation. In ICR mice, genes involved in ion transport, transition metal ion transport, and developmental cell growth were turned on while, in AKR/J mice, genes involved in sensory perception, cognition, olfactory transduction, G-protein coupled receptor pathways, inflammatory response, proteolysis, and base excision repair were found to be affected by LDR. We validated LDR-sensitive EGs by qPCR and confirmed specific upregulation of S100a7a, Olfr624, and Gm4868 genes in AKR/J mice whole brain. Therefore, our data provide the first report of genetic changes regulated by LDR in the mouse whole brain, which may affect several aspects of brain function.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.412-423
• /
• 2000

By using the relation between stress intensity factor and AE parameter, new approach method for assessing the crack length and detectability of crack was proposed. Laboratory experiment was carried out to identify AE characteristics of fatigue cracks for compact tension specimen. The relationship between a stress intensity factor and AE signals activity as well as conventional AE parameter analysis was discussed. As a result, the features of specific parameter such as the length of crack growth the AE energy, the AE peak amplitude, and the cumulative AE hits, showed the almost same trend in their increase as the number of fatigue cycle increased. From the comparisons of peak amplitude and AE energy with stress intensity factor, it was verified that the higher stress intensity factors generated AE signals with higher peak amplitude and a larger number of AE counts. If we can get more reliable database for the relation between AE parameters and stress intensity factor, this approach will provide a good information for evaluating both the existence of crack and the minimum detectable size of crack.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.40-49
• /
• 1986

Crack, craze and void are common defects which may be found in the bulk of polymeric materials such as either themoplastics or thermosets. The healing phenomena, autohesion, of these defects are known to be a intrinsic material property of various polymeric materials. However, only a few experimental and theoretical investigations on crack, void and craze healing phenomena for various polymeric materials have been reported up to date [1, 2, 3]. This may be partly due to the complications of healing processes and lacking of appropriate theoretical developments. Recently, some investigators have been urged to study the healing phenomena of various polymenic materials since the significance of the use of polymer based alloys or composites has been raised in terms of specific strength and energy saving. In the earlier published reports [1, 2, 3, 4], the crack and void healing velocity, healing toughness and some other healing mechanical and physical properties were measured experimentally and compared with predicted values by utilizing a simple model such as the reptation model under some resonable assumptions. It seems, however, that the general acceptance of the proposed modeling analyses is yet open question. The crack healing processes seem to be complicate and highly dependent on the state of virgin material in terms of mechanical and physical properties. Furthermore, it is also strongly dependent on the histories of crack, craze and void development including fracture suface morphology, the shape of void and the degree of disentanglement of fibril in the craze. The rate of crack healing may be a function of environmental factors such as healing temperature, time and pressure which gives different contact configurations between two separated surfaces. It seems to be reasonable to assume that the crack healing processes may be divided in several distinguished steps like stress relaxation with molecular chain arrangement, surface contact (wetting), inter- diffusion process and com;oete healing (to obtain the original strength). In this context, it is likely that we no longer have to accept the limitation of cumulative damage theories and fatigue life if it is probable to remove the defects such as crack, craze and void and to restore the original strength of polymers or polymer based compowites by suitable choice of healing histories and methods. In this paper, we wish to present a very simple and intuitive theoretical model for the prediction of healed fracture toughness of cracked or defective polymeric components. The central idea of this investigation, thus, may be the modeling of behavior of chain molecules under healing conditions including the effects of chain scission on the healing processes. The validity of this proposed model will be studied by making comparisons between theoretically predicted values and experimentally determined results in near future and will be reported elsewhere.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.247-253
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of ${\beta}-1,3$ glucan on growth and immune responses in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus fed the white fish meal based diets for 6 weeks. Five experimental diets supplemented with ${\beta}-1,3$ glucan at 0, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 % (Control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025},\;G_{0.05}\;and\;G_{0.1}$, respectively) of diet on a dry-matter basis. Five experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric to contain 50.0% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy $g^{-1}$. Fish averaging $3.2{\pm}0.1\;g\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ were randomly distributed in each aquarium as triplicate groups of 15 fish. Weight gain (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR, %), and feed efficiency (FE, %) of fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet were found significantly higher than those of fish fed Control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025}\;and\;G_{0.05}$ diets (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference among the fish fed control, $G_{0.01},\;G_{0.025}$. Chemiluminescent responses (CL) of fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets. Serum lysozyme activities of fish fed $G_{0.05}$ and $G_{0.1}$ diets were higher than those of fish fed control, $G_{0.025}$ and $G_{0.05}$ diets. Fish fed $G_{0.1}$ diet showed a significantly lower cumulative mortality than did fish fed control diet throughout the challenge test (P<0.05). These results suggested that based on growth rate, feed efficiency, non-specific immunity and protection against microbial infections the optimum dietary ${\beta}-1,3$ gulcan could be greater than 0.05% but less than 1.0% in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys oilvaceus.