• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.37-47
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• 2010

CRM refers to the operating activities that always maintain and promote good relationship with customers to ultimately maximize the company's profits by understanding the value of customers to meet their demands, establishing a strategy which may maximize the Life Time Value and successfully operating the business by integrating the customer management processes. In our country, many big businesses are introducing CRM initiatively to use it in marketing strategy however, most medium and small sized companies do not understand CRM clearly or they feel difficult to introduce it due to huge investment needed. This study is intended to present CRM promotion strategy and activities plan fit for the medium and small sized companies by analyzing the success factors of the leading companies those have already executed CRM by surveying the precedents to make the distributors out of the industries have close relation with consumers to overcome their weakness in scale and strengthen their competitiveness in such a rapidly changing and fiercely competing market. There are 5 stages to build CRM such as the recognition of the needs of CRM establishment, the establishment of CRM integrated database, the establishment of customer analysis and marketing strategy through data mining, the practical use of customer analysis through data mining and the implementation of response analysis and close loop process. Through the case study of leading companies, CRM is needed in types of businesses where the companies constantly contact their customers. To meet their needs, they assertively analyze their customer information. Through this, they develop their own CRM programs personalized for their customers to provide high quality service products. For customers helping them make profits, the VIP marketing strategy is conducted to keep the customers from breaking their relationships with the companies. Through continuous management, CRM should be executed. In other words, through customer segmentation, the profitability for the customers should be maximized. The maximization of the profitability for the customers is the key to CRM. These are the success factors of the CRM of the distributors in Korea. Firstly, the top management's will power for CS management is needed. Secondly, the culture across the company should be made to respect the customers. Thirdly, specialized customer management and CRM workers should be trained. Fourthly, CRM behaviors should be developed for the whole staff members. Fifthly, CRM should be carried out through systematic cooperation between related departments. To make use of the case study for CRM, the company should understand the customer and establish customer management programs to set the optimal CRM strategy and continuously pursue it according to a long-term plan. For this, according to collected information and customer data, customers should be segmented and the responsive customer system should be designed according to the differentiated strategy according to the class of the customers. In terms of the future CRM, integrated CRM is essential where the customer information gathers together in one place. As the degree of customers' expectation increases a lot, the effective way to meet the customers' expectation should be pursued. As the IT technology improved rapidly, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) appears. On a real-time basis, information about products and customers is obtained massively in a very short time. A strategy for successful CRM promotion should be improving the organizations in charge of contacting customers, re-planning the customer management processes and establishing the integrated system with the marketing strategy to keep good relation with the customers according to a long-term plan and a proper method suitable to the market conditions and run a company-wide program. In addition, a CRM program should be continuously improved and complemented to meet the company's characteristics. Especially, a strategy for successful CRM for the medium and small sized distributors should be as follows. First, they should change their existing recognition in CRM and keep in-depth care for the customers. Second, they should benchmark the techniques of CRM from the leading companies and find out success points to use. Third, they should seek some methods best suited for their particular conditions by achieving the ideas combining their own strong points with marketing. Fourth, a CRM model should be developed that will promote relationship with individual customers just like the precedents of small sized businesses in Switzerland through small but noticeable events.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.281-294
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• 2018

Molecular analysis using the internal transcribed spacer region sequences revealed that the strains used in this study, which were formerly identified as Panellus serotinus, are Panellus edullis. After Universal Fungal PCR Fingerprinting (UFPF) analysis, eight strains of P. edulis were divided into two groups. We conducted fundamental research on mycelial growth and sawdust cultivation to understand the cultural characteristics of eight wild P. edulis strains collected from Korean forests. All strains showed faster and denser mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) than on other media (malt extract agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar). Optimal conditions for mycelial growth were: $20^{\circ}C$ on PDA, $25^{\circ}C$ on potato dextrose broth (PDB), and pH 5~8 on PDB at $25^{\circ}C$. Two strains (NIFoS 2407, 3993) were selected as excellent strains based on mycelial growth and density on PDA. NIFoS 2792 showed high cellulase activities on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar, and NIFoS 2387 and 2804 exhibited high laccase activities on ABTS-containing agar media. The mycelial growth of P. edulis was the fastest on Quercus acutissima and Q. mongolica sawdust media, and mycelial density was the highest on Quercus spp. sawdust-containing media. Sawdust cultivation of P. edulis was successful. The conditions were 80~85 days of cultivation period after spawn inoculation, 10~11 days for primordial formation at $17{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, and 15~20 days for fruiting growth. NIFoS 2804 and 3993 were selected as good strains in terms of cultivation period and mushroom production. These results could be useful for the artificial cultivation of P. edulis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.411-418
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• 2014

Three mushroom mycelia, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceum, and Phellinus linteus, were separately diluted with the natural culture media Acanthopanax senticosus. Solid-state fermentation was used to produce three different A. senticosus-fermented mushroom mycelium groups: G. lucidum mycelia, H. erinaceum mycelia, and P. linteus mycelia. The resulting mycelia were analyzed to assess their efficacies as health functional foods. Optimized fermentation conditions were determined by considering the density and growth speed of mycelia in each A. senticosus-fermented mushroom mycelium group. The cultured mushroom mycelia under the optimized conditions were extracted using water and 70% ethanol. Extraction was followed by filtration, concentration and freeze-drying to produce extract powder of A. senticosus-fermented mushroom mycelia: Water extracts (FM-5111, FM-5121, and FM-5131) and 70% ethanol extracts (FM-5112, FM-5122, and FM-5132). Analysis of extract powder of A. senticosus-fermented mushroom mycelia was performed using the maker compounds eleutheroside B and eleutheroside E. Analysis of ${\beta}$-glucan contents was performed by enzymatic procedures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.25-34
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop evaluation indicators to improve athletic performance and operational management of golf courses and the results of the research are as follows. Through theoretical research and a preliminary professional survey, 15 on-going evaluations of golf course composition and operational management and 55 sub-evaluation indices were rejected while 10 on-going evaluations and 52 sub-evaluation indicators were reconfigured as final for environmental-friendliness, level of member services, level of human service of game personnel, difficulties of course, management level of the course, fairness of operational management, accessibility and location characteristic, traditions and ambiance of the golf club, quality of course, and course layout. When analyzing the important decision factors in golf course user preference evaluation indicators, the following contributed in the order of higher to lower contributions: the management level of the course, excellence of the course, level of human services for personnel, course layout and environmental-friendliness. When identifying the path coefficient of golf course evaluation indicators, the curvature of a hole and the length of the course had a causal effect on the 'course layout' section. Tournament facilities and various shot values had a causal relationship with 'excellence of the course', in the order of higher to lower, and convenience of waiting and fair allocation of reservations for 'fairness of operational management'. The history of the golf course and its environmental characteristics, history and culture of the region have relatively higher causal effects on 'traditions of the golf club' and geographical conditions on 'accessibility and location characteristics', pesticide and fertilizer usage and water pollution on 'environmental-friendliness', and member benefit and kindness of employees on 'level of member services'. The kindness and expertise of the game personnel had a relatively higher causal effect on the 'level of human services of game personnel', the location of tenning area, and location of OB and hazards on 'difficulties of course', and rough conditions and obstacles management on 'management level of the course'. There is a need to complete a systematic evaluation index system for golf course user preferences through future studies for a more detailed assessment, as well as a process to verify these evaluation indicators by application to domestic and international golf courses.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.1011-1017
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• 2007

Purpose : We tried to assess the optimal conditions to improve low transduction efficiency and their effect on target cells. Methods : Cultured NIH 3T3 cells were incubated with retroviral vectors bearing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene. We varied the ratio of viral vectors to target cells (1:1-1:8) and the number of transfections (${\times}1$, ${\times}2$), and compared transduction efficiencies. Also, the effects of polybrene on transduction efficiency and viability of target cells were assessed. Transduction of the eGFP gene was evaluated by observing NIH 3T3 cells under a fluorescence microscope and efficiencies were measured by the percentage of eGFP positive cells using FACscan. Results : As the ratio of retroviral vectors to target cells increased, transduction efficiency was greatly improved, from 7% (1:1) to 38% (1:4). However, transduction efficiency did not increase any more when the ratio increased from 1:4 to 1:8. Cells transfected twice showed higher transduction efficiencies than cells transfected once, at a ratio of 1:8. The eGFP gene transduced to NIH 3T3 cells sustained its expression during repeated passages. However, after the third passage (day 9), the percentage of eGFP positive cells began to decline. The degree of this decline in eGFP expression was lower in cells transfected twice than in cells transfected once (P<0.05). The addition of polybrene did not have any toxic effect on NIH 3T3 cells and greatly increased transduction efficiency (P=0.007). In addition to vector component, transduction efficiency was very sensitive to culture confluence. Cells cultured and transfected in 24-well plate showed higher transduction efficiency, although cells cultured in 6- well plate proliferated more (P=0.024). Conclusion : Our data could be used as a basis for retrovirus-based gene therapy. Further study will follow using human cells as target cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.404-415
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• 2020

We investigated the seasonal variations in growth and physiological responses of the kelp species Ecklonia cava to different nitrogen sources to establish indoor culture conditions for mass production. Ecklonia cava was cultivated for 10 days in 16 combinations of seawater temperatures (15, 17, 21, and 25℃) and different nitrogen sources (control; NH-NH₄⁺ 100 μM; NO-NO₃^- 100 μM; and NHNO-NH₄⁺ 50 μM+NO₃^- 50 μM). The growth and growth rate of the blade were affected by temperature. The mean fresh weight and area-based daily growth rate were the highest (5.8±0.5 and 6.6±0.5% day^-1, respectively) at 15℃ and the lowest (2.2±0.2 and 3.0±0.3% day^-1, respectively) at 25℃. The daily growth rate was the highest in the NH and NO treatments and lowest in the control. The nitrate reductase activity of E. cava varied with water temperature (season). The highest activity was in the control (1.32±0.10 μmol NO₂^- g^-1 dry weight h^-1) and the lowest was in the NH treatment (0.25±0.02 μmol NO₂^- g^-1 dry weight h^-1). The photosynthetic pigment concentrations reached a maximum value in the NHNO treatment and a minimum value in the control. These results showed that water temperature played an important role in the cultivation of E. cava and that a single supply of NH₄⁺ or NO₃^- may induce the accelerated growth of E. cava. The growth and physiological responses of E. cava to different nitrogen sources during each season provide valuable information for determining the optimal nitrogen source in E. cava cultivation under indoor conditions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47
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• pp.33-54
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• 2002

Rice quality is much dependent on the pre-and post harvest management. There are many parameters which influence rice or cooked rice qualitys such as cultivars, climate, soil, harvest time, drying, milling, storage, safety, nutritive value, taste, marketing, eating, cooking conditions, and each nations' food culture. Thus, vice evaluation might not be carried out by only some parameters. Physicochemical evaluation of rice deals with amy-lose content, gelatinizing property, and its relation with taste. The amylose content of good vice in Korea is defined at 17 to 20%. Other parameters considered are as follows; ratio of protein body-1 per total protein amount in relation to taste, and oleic/linoleic acid ratio in relation to storage safety. The rice higher Mg/K ratio is considered as high quality. The optimum value is over 1.5 to 1.6. It was reported that the contents of oligosaccharide, glutamic acid or its derivatives and its proportionalities have high corelation with the taste of rice. Major aromatic compounds in rice have been known as hexanal, acetone, pentanal, butanal, octanal, and heptanal. Recently, it was found that muco-polysaccharides are solubilized during cooking. Cooked rice surface is coated by the muco-polysaccharide. The muco-polysaccharide aye contributing to the consistency and collecting free amino acids and vitamins. Thus, these parameters might be regarded as important items for quality and taste evaluation of rice. Ingredients of rice related with the taste are not confined to the total rice grain. In the internal kernel, starch is main component but nitrogen and mineral compounds are localized at the external kernel. The ingredients related with taste are contained in 91 to 86% part of the outside kernel. For safety that is considered an important evaluation item of rice quality, each residual tolerance limit for agricultural chemicals must be adopted in our country. During drying, rice quality can decline by the reasons of high drying temperature, overdrying, and rapid drying. These result in cracked grain or decolored kernel. Intrinsic enzymes react partially during the rice storage. Because of these enzymes, starch, lipid, or protein can be slowly degraded, resulting in the decline of appearance quality, occurrence of aging aroma, and increased hardness of cooked rice. Milling conditions concerned with quality are paddy quality, milling method, and milling machines. To produce high quality rice, head rice must contain over three fourths of the normal rice kernels, and broken, damaged, colored, and immature kernels must be eliminated. In addition to milling equipment, color sorter and length grader must be installed for the production of such rice. Head rice was examined using the 45 brand rices circulating in Korea, Japan, America, Australia, and China. It was found that the head rice rate of brand rice in our country was approximately 57.4% and 80-86% in foreign countries. In order to develop a rice quality evaluation system, evaluation of technics must be further developed : more detailed measure of qualities, search for taste-related components, creation and grade classification of quality evaluation factors at each management stage of treatment after harvest, evaluation of rice as food material as well as for rice cooking, and method development for simple evaluation and establishment of equation for palatability. On policy concerns, the following must be conducted : development of price discrimination in conformity to rice cultivar and grade under the basis of quality evaluation method, fixation of head rice branding, and introduction of low temperature circulation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.38
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• pp.15-36
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• 1988

In this paper, I consider the development of methods in contemporary human geography in terms of a dialectical relation of action and structure, and try to draw a new horizon of method toward which geographical research and spatial theory would develop. The positivist geography which was dominent during 1960s has been faced both with serious internal reflections and strong external criticisms in the 1970s. The internal reflections that pointed out its ignorance of spatial behavior of decision-makers and its simplication of complex spatial relations have developed behavioural geography and systems-theoretical approach. Yet this kinds of alternatives have still standed on the positivist, geography, even though they have seemed to be more real and complicate than the previous one, The external criticisms that have argued against the positivist method as phenomenalism and instrumentalism suggest some alternatives: humanistic geography which emphasizes intention and action of human subject and meaning-understanding, and structuralist geography which stresses on social structure as a totality which would produce spatial phenomena, and a theoretical formulation. Human geography today can be characterized by a strain and conflict between these methods, and hence rezuires a synthetic integration between them. Philosophy and social theory in general are in the same in which theories of action and structural analysis have been complementary or conflict with each other. Human geography has fallen into a further problematic with the introduction of a method based on so-called political ecnomy. This method has been suggested not merely as analternative to the positivist geography, but also as a theoretical foundation for critical analysis of space. The political economy of space with has analyzed the capitalist space and tried to theorize its transformation may be seen either as following humanistic(or Hegelian) Marxism, such as represented in Lefebvre's work, or as following structuralist Marxism, such as developed in Castelles's or Harvey's work. The spatial theory following humanistic Marxism has argued for a dialectic relation between 'the spatial' and 'the social', and given more attention to practicing human agents than to explaining social structures. on the contray, that based on structuralist Marxism has argued for social structures producing spatial phenomena, and focused on theorising the totality of structures, Even though these two perspectives tend more recently to be convergent in a way that structuralist-Marxist. geographers relate the domain of economic and political structures with that of action in their studies of urban culture and experience under capitalism, the political ecnomy of space needs an integrated method with which one can overcome difficulties of orthhodox Marxism. Some novel works in philosophy and social theory have been developed since the end of 1970s which have oriented towards an integrated method relating a series of concepts of action and structure, and reconstructing historical materialism. They include Giddens's theory of structuration, foucault's geneological analysis of power-knowledge, and Habermas's theory of communicative action. Ther are, of course, some fundamental differences between these works. Giddens develops a theory which relates explicitly the domain of action and that of structure in terms of what he calls the 'duality of structure', and wants to bring time-space relations into the core of social theory. Foucault writes a history in which strategically intentional but nonsubjective power relations have emerged and operated by virtue of multiple forms of constrainst wihthin specific spaces, while refusing to elaborate any theory which would underlie a political rationalization. Habermas analyzes how the Western rationalization of ecnomic and political systems has colonized the lifeworld in which we communicate each other, and wants to formulate a new normative foundation for critical theory of society which highlights communicatie reason (without any consideration of spatial concepts). On the basis of the above consideration, this paper draws a new norizon of method in human geography and spatial theory, some essential ideas of which can be summarized as follows: (1) the concept of space especially in terms of its relation to sociery. Space is not an ontological entity whch is independent of society and has its own laws of constitution and transformation, but it can be produced and reproduced only by virtue of its relation to society. Yet space is not merlely a material product of society, but also a place and medium in and through which socety can be maintained or transformed.(2) the constitution of space in terms of the relation between action and structure. Spatial actors who are always knowledgeable under conditions of socio-spatial structure produce and reproduce their context of action, that is, structure; and spatial structures as results of human action enable as well as constrain it. Spatial actions can be distinguished between instrumental-strategicaction oriented to success and communicative action oriented to understanding, which (re)produce respectively two different spheres of spatial structure in different ways: the material structure of economic and political systems-space in an unknowledged and unitended way, and the symbolic structure of social and cultural life-space in an acknowledged and intended way. (3) the capitalist space in terms of its rationalization. The ideal development of space would balance the rationalizations of system space and life-space in a way that system space providers material conditions for the maintainance of the life-space, and the life-space for its further development. But the development of capitalist space in reality is paradoxical and hence crisis-ridden. The economic and poltical system-space, propelled with the steering media like money, and power, has outstriped the significance of communicative action, and colonized the life-space. That is, we no longer live in a space mediated communicative action, but one created for and by money and power. But no matter how seriously our everyday life-space has been monetalrized and bureaucratised, here lies nevertheless the practical potential which would rehabilitate the meaning of space, the meaning of our life on the Earth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1835-1842
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• 2014

Various microorganisms are involved in the fermentation of Mageoli, Korean traditional liquor. Among them, the most predominant microorganism is yeast, including Saccharomyces cerevisae. This study investigated the effects of crude polysaccharides separated from Mageoli mash (CP-M) on activation of peritoneal macrophages in cell culture medium. Four types of yeasts, S. cerevisae 89-1-1, 98-2, 268-3, and 113-4, were used. When peritoneal macrophages were treated with $10{\mu}g/mL$ of CP-M fermented with S. cerevisae 113-4, the concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the medium was highest ($33.3{\mu}M$). The concentrations of IL-6 and -12 were also highest at 116.3 pg/mL and 59.8 pg/mL, respectively. In the case of CP-M cultured at 15, 20, and $30^{\circ}C$ after inoculation with S. cerevisae 113-4 and fermented at different temperatures, production of NO and IL-6 by peritoneal macrophages did not change compared to the control. For CP-M obtained after fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$, however, NO concentration increased 2.7~3.3 fold and IL-6 concentration by 5.7 fold compared to the control. Furthermore, the effect of fermentation period on expression of CP-M functionality was examined. NO production by CP-M of the 5th day mash was highest, increasing 2.2 fold compared to 0-day CP-M. However, there were no significant differences in concentration of IL-6 or -12 according to different fermentation periods, although CP-M showed a large decrease after 10 days. The results show that fermentation conditions with the highest activity were observed in CP-M inoculated with S. cerevisae 113-4 and fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. CP-M consisted of 78.6% neutral sugar, 11.6% acidic polysaccharide, and 9.8% protein. In particular, the sugar composition of neutral sugar consisted of mannose (47.8%), glucose (29.6%), and galactose (12.7%). Based on the results, CP-M is assumed to be an extracellular polysaccharide originating in yeast with high mannose content.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 1997

This study was concuted to determine the optimal conditions for raising the freshwater rotifer, Brachinus calyciflorus. The authors presented some biological informatin obtained from incubation experiment under the various controlled temperatures. Lorica size of the rotifer was divided into two groups : the length and the width for the S-type was $141.0\pm16.7\mu m$($110.1-182.5\;\mu m, n=44$)and $107.0\pm20.3\mu m\;(75.3-152.3\mu m, n=44)$, and those for the L-type was $262.8\pm15.2\mu m\;(234.4-288.6\mu m,\;n=20)\;and\;182.6\pm13.4\mu m (159.8-207.0\mu m,\;n=20$), respectively. The number of eggs being attached on the female varied from 1 to 11 at various culture conditions. Egg type was divided into two groups, large and small. Large and small egg was measured in its major axis as 85a.7-107.8$\mu$m and 55.1-65.2$\mu$m for S-type, and 104.9-121.8 $\mu$m and 62.8-89.1$\mu$m for L-type respectively. The maximum density was reached at 4th day after incubation. The density was 583.9 rotifers/$m\ell$ for $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group and 421.3 rotifers/$m\ell$ for $22^{\circ}C$-experimental. group respectively. In the case of $28^{\circ}C$-experimental. group, it suddenly decreased into 4.7 rotifers/$m\ell$ at 1st day after incubations and did not recover to its initial density. The maximum rate of increase of populatin per day was reached 0.802 for $22^{\circ}C$-experimental. group at day 2 and fluctuated thereafter. For $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group it increased to 0.964 at day 3 of incubation and then declined. And the egg ratio of female was reached the maximum of 0.614 for 22$^{\circ}C$- at 3rd day and 0.772 for $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group at 4th day of incubation.