• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.27-52
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• 2010

It is not new that today's business organizations are expected to exhibit ethical and moral management and to carry out social responsibility as a good corporate citizen. Since South Korea emerged as a newly industrialized country during the 1980s, Korean corporations have become active in carrying out their social responsibility as a good corporate citizen to society. In spite of the short history of corporate social responsibility, Korean companies have actively participated in corporate philanthropy. Corporations' significant donations to various social causes, no-lay-off policies, corporate volunteerism and green marketing are evidences of their commitment to corporate citizenship. Corporate social responsibility is now an essential management practice whereby corporation can strengthen its sustainable value creation processes by enhancing the trust assets underlying the relationships between the business and the stakeholders. Much of the conceptual work in the area of corporate social responsibility(CSR) has originated from researches conducted in the management field. Carroll(1979) proposed that corporations have four types of social responsibilities: economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibility. Most past research has investigated CSR and its impact on consumers' attitudes toward the corporations and corporate performances. Although there exists a large body of literature on how consumers perceive and respond to CSR, the majority of past studies were conducted in the United States. The stability and applicability of past findings need to be tested across different national/cultural settings, especially since corporate social responsibility is a reflection of implicit conformation with the expectations and criticism that society may have toward a corporation(Matten and Moon, 2004). In this study, we explored whether people in Korea perceive CSR of Korean corporations in the same four dimensions as done in the United States and what were the measurement items tapping each of these four dimensions. In order to investigate the dimensions of CSR and the measurement items for CSR perceived by Korean people, nine focus group interviews were conducted with several stakeholder groups(two with undergraduate students, two with graduate students, three with general consumers, and two with NGO groups). Scripts from the interviews revealed that the Korean stakeholders perceived four types of CSR which are the same as those proposed by Carroll(1979). However we found CSR issues unique to Korean corporations. For example for the economic responsibility, Korean people mentioned that the corporation needed to contribute to the economic development of the country by generating corporate profits. For the legal responsibility, Koreans included the "corporation need to follow the consumer protection law." For the ethical responsibility, they considered that the corporation needed to not promote false advertisement. In addition, Koreans thought that an ethical company should do transparent management. For the philanthropic responsibility, people in Korea thought that a corporation needed to return parts of its profits to the society for the betterment of society. The 28 items were developed based on the results of the nine focus group interviews, while considering the scale developed by Maignan and Ferrell(2001). Following the procedure proposed by Churchill(1979), we started by developing an item poll consisting of 28 items and purified the initial pool of items through exploratory, confirmatory factor analyses. 176 samples were sued for this analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the 28 items in order to verify the underlying four factor structure. Study 1 provided new measurement items for tapping the Korean CSR dimensions, which can be useful for the future studies exploring the effects of CSR on Korean consumers' attitudes toward the corporations and corporate performances. And we found the CSR scale(17 items) has good reliability, discriminant validity and nomological validity. Economic Responsibility: "XYZ company continuously improves the quality of our products", "XYZ company has a procedure in place to respond to customer complaint", "XYZ company contributes to the economic development of our country by generating profits", "XYZ company is eager to hire people". Legal Responsibility: "XYZ company's products meet legal standards", "XYZ company seeks to comply with all laws regulating hiring and employee benefits", "XYZ company honors contractual obligations to its suppliers", "XYZ company's managers try to comply with the law related to the business operation". Ethical Responsibility: "XYZ company has a comprehensive code of conduct", "XYZ company does not promote a false or misleading advertisement", "XYZ company seems to conduct a transparent business", "XYZ company does a fair business with its suppliers or sub-contractors". Philanthropic Responsibility: "XYZ company encourages partnerships with local businesses and schools", "XYZ company supports sports and cultural activities", "XYZ company gives adequate contributions to charities considering its business size", "XYZ company encourages employees to support our community". Study 2 was condusted for comprehensive validity. 655 samples were used for this anlysis. Collected samples were tested by factor analysis and Crnbach's Alpha coefficiednts and were found to be satisfactory in terms of validity and reliability. Furthermore, fitness of the measurement model was tested by using conformatory factor analysis. χ²=880.73(df=160), GFI=0.891, AGFI=0.854, NFI=0.908, NNFI=0.913, RMR=0.059, RMESA=0.070. We hope that CSR scale could greatly facilitate research on Corporate social resposibility, it is by no means the final answer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 1986

The change and development of costume are related to the cultural and socioeconomic factors. In the 18th century the mode of the women's costume in France was greatly influenced by the Rococo style. Elegance and exaggerated ornaments were the major characteristics of the woman's cos-tume in the Rococo period. The high hairdress and the widely hooped panier represented the typical Rococo fashion. From the second half of the 18th century onwards the aristocracy began to lose the battle with the bourgeoisie for political and economic power, and at the same time bourgeoisie fashion exerted an influence on court dress. The court fashion dominated the women's dress fashion in France up to the Revolution. Marie Antoinette, The Queen of Louis XVI, was one of the most influential fashion leaders in the lath century. The fashion, after attaining its highest point in 1770s, changed to a new direction in 1780s under Louis XVI. From that period onward the dimensions were smaller, hairdresses were not so high, and the trimming on the various garments was less liberal. In the mode, exaggeration was replaced by simplicity, and formality was replaced by functionalism.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.123-133
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• 1999

The purpose of the study was to develop the parenting style scale which is reflecting cultural background of Korean parent's parenting for their children. The instalment was designed based on the literature reviews and on the Baumrind's parenting style. A total of three hundred and sixty two mothers whose children from first and second grade in elementary school completed the Questionnaires. The questionnaires consisted with the items addressing different types of parenting style which include love and care, encouragement of independence, enjoyment in parenting, communication, control, control of aggressiveness, strategies of control , request of maturity. Factor of analysis was applied to examine validity of Korean parenting style scale. Based on the factor analysis, 33 items selected for final questionnaire and two factors discovered. The first factor which named 'warmth'included 20 items such as love and care toward their children, communication, enjoyment in parenting, encouragement toward independency. The second factor which named'control'included 13 items such as control of children's behavior and discipline of children. Warmth factor accounted for 46% of variance and control factor accounted for 18% of variance. Internal consistency was also checked. Although warmth and control factor represented a moderate internal consistency, control factor showed lower correlations then warmth factor. The reliability estimates (Cronbach alpha) were. 87 and 71 for warmth and control factor respectively. Korean parenting style scale can be used to address the appropriateness of Baumrind's theoretical assumptions in parenting style as well as to examine parenting style for Korean population. However, this instalment was developed with Korean mothers only. Further analysis need to be addressed with fathers.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.62-73
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• 1998

This study focuses on semiotic significance of clothing, showed in visual mass media. This study will look into what general public understand from clothing and what influence clothing on visual mass media exert on fashion. This study employs an example, "Aein(sweetheart)", which was televised from 09/02/1996 till 10/23/1996. Some specialists(master′s degree or doctoral degree holders, or professors) of Clothing and Textile picked and analyzed scenes with specific clothing. The theoretical grounds of the analysis are 1) in what procession the significance operate from the view of mythological symbols by Bart, 2) what influences clothing on TV dramas exert on fashion. The outcomes of the study are followings: First, clothing′s signifying proces hs two dimensions; linguistic dimension and mythological dimension. Linguistic dimension which is regarded as general and unvariable and is related to the reproductive signifying operation, contributes to the creation of the characters including the characters′ social activities, professions, social or economic position. Mythological dimension which is related to the cultural and implicative signifying operation, played an important role in the development of the drama. Thus, it operates to create and deliver images including that atmosphere of he drama and the development of the story. Second, the TV media which is characterized with the form of centralized transmission and individual reception and the ability tro readily lead the fashion, has huge influence upon the fashion by properly creating mythological or linguistic dimension of the clothing in the drama, arousing the public′s sympathy, and stimulating the public′ immitation or conformity mentality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.656-671
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• 2015

Discussions on sustainability in the fashion industry highlight the need for a holistic and strategic approach. This study investigated consumers' perception of fashion companies' sustainability and its relationship with value and perceived consumer effectiveness as well as with consumer trust, preference, and purchase intention. The assessment scale of fashion companies' sustainability was developed for this study and data were obtained from 645 consumers in their 20's to 60's in Korea. As a result, consumers' value and perceived consumer effectiveness had significant effects on consumers' perception of fashion companies' sustainability. Universalism, security/benevolence and perceived consumer effectiveness were variables that had significant effects on all four dimensions of sustainability. Consumer's perception of fashion companies' sustainability significantly influenced consumer trust, preference and purchase intention. Especially, environmental, societal, and cultural sustainability (rather than economic dimension) were shown to have a greater impact on consumers' trust, preference and purchase intention.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.58-61
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop an effective cost control model for university foodservice operations by analyzing student satisfaction, as well as foodservice income statements for operational characteristics. The specific objectives were to examine the satisfaction of students for various foodservice quality dimensions, to determine the financial activities performed in foodservice operations by operational type, to examine their income statement data, and lastly, to compare the student satisfaction for foodservice quality with the financial data of the income statements. A total of 545 students from one university answered a satisfaction survey. The one-year income statements of three union foodservices (self-operated, small-scale contracted, and large-scale contracted) at the same university were analyzed. The results showed that the self-operated union foodservice had lower student satisfaction scores and higher food and labor cost ratios. The small-scale contract management foodservice data indicated the highest student satisfaction scores and the lowest food and labor cost ratios. The large-scale contract management foodservice data showed medium scores when comparing the three union foodservice operations. Overall, by comparing the satisfaction scores and operational profits, the small-scale union foodservices showed the highest satisfaction scores and profit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.4 s.94
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• pp.79-94
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• 2005

The goal of this research, contorted from the perspective of media aesthetics, is to uncover the ways how mechanical/cybersensual fashion products express aesthetic characteristics of cybernetics, by comparing them with digital products designed by an application of cybernetics. The other goal is to provide a cultural and design framework of cybernetics as d digital-environmental medium for fashion in which hightech and human sensibilities are fused. The results urged to explore two new contrasting perceptual possibilities for an understanding of digital technology application: negative and positive feedbacks. Cybernetic optimism, centered on technological dimensions, focuses on a concept of fashion that emphasize instrumental aspects-efficiency and convenience. In contrast, cybernetic pessimism focuses on digital fashion that expresses environmental destruction and the loss of human identity. A comparative analysis of the aesthetics of expression in digital fashion design and digital industrial products from a cybernetic perspective showed that in digital environment society, the combination of negative and positive feedbacks resulted in design products in which internal and external aspects of beauty complemented each other.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.29
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• pp.13.1-13.11
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• 2014

Objectives This study examined variations in the perceptions of dioxin risk among social groups defined by geographical living location, environmental education, and occupation. Dioxin risk perceptions were analyzed according to values, risk awareness, knowledge, and behavioral preferences. Methods A quasi-experimental survey was designed and conducted on individuals from seven experimental groups in Jeonju city, South Korea, including: people living near incineration facilities; people living far from incineration facilities; governmental experts; non-governmental organization members; office workers in developmental institutes or banks; students who were enrolled in environmental-related classes; and students who were enrolled in business-related classes. Results The results show variations among groups in values, awareness and behavioral preferences. Particular attention should be given to the result that groups with higher connectedness-to-nature values show higher willingness-to-act (WTA) for risk reduction. Result s can be summarized as follows. First, awareness is associated with one's geographical setting. Second, values and WTA behaviors are related to one's environmental-related education and occupation. Third, values are significantly related to WTA behaviors. Conclusions Different cultures, in terms of values or worldview, among groups influence their perceptions of dioxin risk and choices of risk reduction behaviors. It is important to consider values in communicating complicated long-term risk management involving public participation. Further research should be continuously conducted on the effects of multiple dimensions of values on one's WTA for risk reduction behaviors.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-130
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• 2016

Many organizations have paid less attention to knowledge withholding intention (KWI) rather than knowledge sharing. KWI is the likelihood that employees will give less than their full effort to contributing knowledge. KWI can be affected by employee's knowledge psychological ownership (KPO), cultural level (Individualism/collectivism: I/C), and altruism for organizational benefits. Also I/C is an important motivational factor that affects KPO and KWI closely. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between employee's KPO and KWI in the perspective of employee's motivational factors (I/C, altruism for organizational benefits). The results of analysis show that employee's KPO and collectivism are driving forces leading to KWI and that individualism is the significant influential factor of employee's KPO. For theoretical and practical contributions, the research presents the grounds for arguments that KPO and I/C are employee's psychological motivation for individual KWI and organizations trying to pay attention to employee's KPO and individualism need to decrease employee's KWI under individual, leader, and organizational dimensions. Limitations arisen in the course of the research and suggestions for future research directions are also discussed.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.51-69
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• 2011

Security has been considered one of the most critical issues for managing IT resources in many organizations. Despite a growing interest and extensive research on security at various levels, little research has focused on the comparison of security knowledge levels between different cultures. The current study investigates and compares the security knowledge level between Korea and the U.S. Based on the literature review of spyware, Hofstede's cultural dimensions, and security knowledge, this study identifies three constructs (i.e., security familiarity, spyware awareness, and spyware knowledge) to examine the difference of security knowledge levels between Korea and the U.S. Six hundred ninety-six respondents from Korea and the U.S. participated in the survey, and an in-depth analysis based on analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was carried out. The results show that the levels of security familiarity, spyware awareness, and spyware knowledge are significantly lower in Korea than in the U.S., as expected. These findings present a significant association between national culture and security knowledge, and the degree of individualism (or collectivism) plays an especially critical role in the perception of security. A number of implications for academia and practitioners emerge. Limitations and future research directions are discussed in the conclusion.