• 한국동물학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1970

Studies on the feeding and resting behavior of Culex pipiens pallens, a possible vector of Japanese encephalitis in Korea, was carried out at Kobu-Ri, Kobu-Myon, Chongup Kun. Cholla Pukdo in 1967. 1. Indoor and outdoor human biting collections showed that 47.3 per cent Culex pipiens pallens were collected indoors and 52.7 per cent outdoors. 2.Feeding occurred throughout the night from dusk to dawn, with the peak period from 23:00-24:00 hours outside the house and from 24:00-01:00 hours inside. 3. Culex pipiens pallens females preferred man for their blood feeding to domestic animals. The results of human and cow biting collections showed that the feeding ratio between man and cow was 2.1 to 1. As to the feeding preference to the domestic animals, the ratio among cow, pig and horse was 7.3 to 5.1 to 5.4 4. Daytime resting collections showed that large numbers of Culex pipiens pallens females rest inside the house, especially in the bed room and the chicken pen. As temperatures increased, fewer mosquitoes resting indoors and more mosquitoes rest ing outdoors were caught. By means of sweep-net collections at outdoors resting places, a small number of Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were caught in such places as grass fields, vegetable fields, barley fields, bean fields, culverts, bomb shelters, and so on. A comparison between number of mosquitoes collected resting during the day in bedrooms and verandahs with resting collections in the same places at night showed that more mosquitoes were present at night. It was observed that the majority of the unfed females rested before feeding at night.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2005

Studies on the insecticides susceptibility of adults females Culex pipiens pallens were carried out in 2003. The pupae were emerged originated wild-caught larvae in Ansan city, Korea. The test methods employed, using 7 organophosphorous insecticides, four synthetic pyrethroides, and fipronil penyrazole were evaluated. The following results were obtained 1. Fipronil has showed the most strong value in $LD_{50}\;0.00075{\mu}g/female$, out of 12 kind of insecticides, and followed by deltamethrin 0.0071, $\delta-cyhalothrin\;0.008$, profenofos 0.0082 and $\beta-cyfluthrin$ 0.0088, respectively 2. The killing effect of lambdacyhalothrin and profenophos against adult females Culex pipiens pallens was examined using thermal fogging. The mortality rate were lambdacyhalothrin $41.1\%$ and profenophos $50.7\%$, respectively. The killing effect of thermal fogging was highly effectiveness to distance 6m from nozzle

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1984

1. 14個月間 養豚과 養鷄를 主業으로 하는 한 農家의 豚舍에 誘蚊燈을 設置하여 誘引捕獲된 모기類의 總個體數는 1981年에 12,942, 1982年에는 118,061로서 1982年度 것이 新年度보다 約 9.1培 많았으며 性比는 1981年度에 암컷이 77%, 수컷은 23%였고, 1982年에는 암컷이 96%, 수컷은 4%였다. 2. 誘蚊燈으로 捕獲된 모기類는 Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens, C. (C.) tritaeniorhynchus summoro년, C. (C.) vagans, C. (C.) orientalis, C. (C.) bitaeniorhynchus, Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii, Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis 7種이었다. 3. 7種 中 季節消長이 뚜렷한 種으로는 Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens, C. (C.) tritaeniorhynchus summoro년, Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis 3種으로서 捕獲成績順으로 配列하면 1981年에는 Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens가 全모기類의 44.9% (性比 : 0.85), Anopeles (Anopheles) sinensis 42.9% (0.05), Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summor년 12.1% (0.01)였으며 1982年度에는 反對로 Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summoro년 70.4% (0.00), Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis 25.2% (0.05), Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens 4.4% (2.19)로 나타났다. 4. 全모기類의 月別 捕獲個體數에 對한 百分率은 다음과 같다. 5月 : 0.1% (1981年), 0.0% (1982年); 6月 : 3.5%, 1.3%; 7月 : 50.0%, 33.9%; 8月 : 37.1%, 52.1%; 9月 : 8.8%, 11.9%; 10月 : 0.5%, 0.8%; 11月 : 0.1%. 5. 모기類의 出現은 1981年과 1982年 모두 5月初로서 共通性을 지니고 있으나 增加勢를 보이는 것은 다르게 나타났다. 즉, 1981年은 6月 첫째 週이고 1982年은 前年度보다 3週 앞당겨진 5月 둘째 週였다. 6. 發生最大 peak는 1981年이 7月 다섯째 週이고, 1982年은 2週가 늦은 8月 둘째 週였다. 7. Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens의 最大發生 peak는 1981年度에 7月 다섯째 週, 1982年度는 2週 앞당겨진 7月 셋째 週였다. 8. Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summoro년의 最大發生 peak는 1981年, 1982年 모두 8月 둘째 週였다. 9. Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis의 最大發生 peak는 1981年에 7月 다섯째 週, 1982年은 2週 앞당겨진 7月 셋째 週였다. 10. 重要 3種의 最大 peak를 比城하면 Culex (Culex) pipiens pallens와 Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis는 1981年과 1982年 모두 最大 peak時期가 同一하였으며, Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus summoro년는 2年間 모두 8月둘째 週에 나타났다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.9-12
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• 1960

The present status of insecticide resistance of Korean mosquitoes is still unknown. The experiment cited below is a part of our series of resistance tests on Korean mosquitoes. The test was carried out during the summer of 1959 to ascertain the degree of resistance of Culex pipiens to insecticides currently used. Culex pipiens eggs were collected from ditches in Seoul City and reared in laboratory with media consisted of the following : Distrilled water 1.0 liter, Magnesium sulfate (MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$) 1.0gram , Calcium sulfate (CasO$_4$.2$H_2O$) 0.5gram ; Sodium cholride 0.5 gram. A Sufficient amount of beer yeast was also used as a larvar food. Late third and early fourth instar larvae were selected for testing. The results are summarized in the following. THe LC-50 of Culex pipiens to insecticides were 0.061 ppm in p, p-DDT , 0.045 ppm in ${\gamma}$-BHC and0.029 ppm in malathion. Comparing these with LC-50 doses of Orlando laboratory strain, it can be pointed out that the present resistance of Seoul strain shows about a ten-fold increase in DDt, and a fourfold increase in ${\gamma}$-BHC . The resistance development of the Seoul strain has, however, not arisen so markedly as compared with data observed in other parts of Far Eastern areas received heavy insecticidal operations.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2006

빨간집모기(Culex pipiens pallens) 유충에 대한 34종 식물오일의 살충력을 조사하였다. 80% 이상의 살충효과를 나타낸 오일은 6종(basil, fennel, caraway seed, lime, thyme red, thyme white)이었다. 각 오일의 구성성분을 GC와 GC-MS로 분석하고 각 성분의 살충력을 검정한 결과, basil 및 fennel 오일의 주요성분인 anethole과 caraway seed 오일 및 lime 오일의 주요성분인 (+)-limonene 이 높은 살충력을 나타내었다. 또한 ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, p-cymene, $\gamma$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, thymol 도 대조약제인 Bt제 보다 높은 살충효과를 나타내었다.

• Entomological Research
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.400-404
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated resistance to the organophosphates chlorpyrifos in Tunisian populations of Culex pipiens pipiens. Three field populations were collected from Northern and central Tunisia between 2003 and 2005 and used for the bioassays tests. Our results registered moderate and high levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos which ranged from 33.8 to 111. The chlorpyrifos resistant populations were highly resistant to propoxur indicated an insensitive acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE 1). The highest frequency of AChE 1 resistant phenotypes (64%) was recorded in the most resistant population (sample # 1). Bioassays conducted in the presence of synergists showed that not esterases were involved as the resistance mechanism to chlorpyrifos. However, CYP450 was partly involved in the resistance of the most resistant sample (# 1). Starch electrophoresis showed that three esterases were present in studied samples: A2-B2, A4-B4 and B12. Results are discussed in relation to the selection pressure caused by insecticide treatments.

• Entomological Research
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.362-371
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• 2018

Chemical insecticides released into the environment may have adverse biological effects. Therefore, there is a need for ecofriendly insecticides for mosquito control. Xerophytic plant extracts that may provide more ecofriendly active component were evaluated against Culex pipiens 4th instars. Plant extracts prepared using different solvents with a Soxhlet apparatus and different concentrations were tested against Culex pipiens larvae. The effects were observed at 24 h and 72 h intervals and $LD_{50}$ and $LD_{90}$ values determined. Chloroform ($CHCl_3$) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts of Althaea ludwigii were the most effective against Cx. pipiens $4^{th}$ instars, but were highly dependent on extract concentrations and exposure time. Results suggest that A. ludwigii extracts contain bioactive compounds, such as phenols and saponins, that may provide effective Cx. pipienslarval control. However, the extract was found to be toxic to zebrafish larvae, and may be toxic to other aquatic fauna. Further studies to determine the active components and toxicity to other fauna are needed.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.425-432
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• 1993

Culex pipiens pallens에 존재하는 Alkaline phosphatase의 연구를 위한 적정 분석조건과 우화 후, 시간 경과에 따른 Alkaline phosphatase 활성 경향에 대해서 연구하였다. C. pipiens에 존재하는 Alkaline phosphatase의 활성은 우화 직후부터 지속적으로 감소하다가, 흡혈 자극에 의해서 급격하게 증가한다. 흡혈 후 30시간이 경과했을 때, 최대의 활성도를 보이고 감소하나, 흡혈 48시간 이후에는 다시 증가하여 지속적으로 유지됨을 알 수 있다. 기관별 분석에서 첫번째 활성 증가는 중장에서 일어나고, 두번째 활성 증가는 난소에서 일어남을 알 수 있다. 그리고 흡혈 후 30시간된 성체에서는 5개의 동위효소 밴드가 보이는데, 난소에서 ALP-1와 ALP-2가 나타나고, 가슴에서는 ALP-3, ALP-4와 ALP-5가 보인다. 지방체에서는 ALP-4와 ALP-5가, 중장에서는 ALP-3, ALP-4와 ALP-5가 나타남을 알 수 있다. 그리고 흡혈 후 72시간된 성체에서, ALP-1, ALP-2가 동일하게 존재함을 알 수 있다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 1999

민들레를 비롯하여 약용식물 9종 메탄올 추출물의 빨간 집모기, 집파리 유충 및 성충에 대한 살충력 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 빨간집모기(Culex pipiens pallens) 유충에 대하여는 솔(Pinus densiflora)잎, 고삼(Sophora angestifolia) 뿌리 등이 효과가 좋았다. 파리유충에 대한 살충효과는 민들레(Taraxacum platycarpum)잎 및 부추전초의 메탄올 추출물이 아주 높았으며, 백부근(Stemonae sessilifolia) 뿌리도 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌으나 집파리(Musca domestica) 성충에 대한 살충효과는 크지 않았다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.26-28
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• 2005

Evaluation of larvicidal activities of Chamaecyparis obtusa and Thuja orientalis oils against 4th-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens revealed larvicidal activities of leaf oils extracted from C. obtusa and T. orientalis were significantly higher than those of stem, fruit, and seed oils. Strong mortality was observed in age class II of C. obtusa and T. orientalis against Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens larvae. These results show both leaf part and age class II of C. obtusa and T. orientalis have strong larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens. Leaf oils of C. obtusa and T. orientalis leaves show promise as natural larvicides against Ae. aegypti and Cx. pipiens pallens.