• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.458-465
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• 2019

The thermal effect and the light output of a laser crystal under different pumping depths were reported., Based on the thermal model of a single-ended pumped Tm:YAP crystal, the thermal stress coupled model used Comsol to theoretically calculate the effect of changing the pump spot size and pump depth on crystal heat distribution and stress distribution. The experimental results showed that the laser output power first increased and then decreased with increasing pump spot size. As the depth of focus increased, the laser output power first increased and then decreased. The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical simulation results. The theory of pump spot radius and depth of focus in this paper provided an effective simulation method for mitigating thermal effects, and provided theoretical supports for laser crystals to obtain higher laser output power.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.292-300
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• 1997

150~$190^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안의 수열반응을 통해 입방체 모양을 갖는 0.5~5 $\mu\textrm{m}$의 ($Pb_{0.95}Sr_{0.05})(Zr_{0.52}Ti_{0.48})O_3$ 결정분말을 제조하였다. 실험결과 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 PSZT의 핵생성과 결정성장 속도가 빨라져서 평균입경이 커짐을 알 수 있었다. 광화제로 사용한 KOH의 농도를 증가시켜 평균입경이 작고 입도분포의 폭이 좁은 분말을 얻을 수 있었으며 결정화가 일어나는 반응온도를 낮출 수 있었다. Zr/Ti의 조성비가 0.40/0.60에서 0.60/0.40으로 증가함에 따라 PSZT의 주요 결정상은 정방정의 결정상에서 능면정의 결정상으로 전이되었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.322-329
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• 2003

We have studied how surface pretilt angle affects generation of disclination line in liquid-crystal-on silicon cells for 45$^{\circ}$-twisted nematic (TN) and vertical alignment (VA) modes with pixel size of 15$\mu\textrm{m}$. Our studies show that when the pretilt angle is increased from 0$^{\circ}$to 3$^{\circ}$ in the 45$^{\circ}$-TN cell, the disclination line at left side of on-pixel becomes weak and is well suppressed with $\theta$$\_$p/=3$^{\circ}$ although the pixel size Is decreased. In the VA cell, when the pretilt angle is decreased from 89$^{\circ}$ to 86$^{\circ}$, the disclination line at right side of the on-pixel is suppressed well and even for a smaller pixel size, it does not exist when $\theta$$\_$p/=86$^{\circ}$. The results inform that the pretilt angle strongly affects the image quality of microdisplays.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1996

Floating zone법으로 $LiNbO_3$ 단결정올 육성하는데 있어서 원료분말 합성과 원료봉 소결 과정의 최척의 조건을 설험적으로 조사하였다. 원료분말 합성사 낮은 고상반응 온도(700, $800^{\circ}C$)에서는 미량의 $Li_2CO_3$와 $Nb_2O_5$가 미반응상태로 남아있고, 고상반응 온도가 높을 때 ($1000^{\circ}C$)에는 입자성장이 일어나 후속공정인 원료봉 소결에 악영향을 미침이 확인되었다. $950^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 고상반응시킨 원료분말이 $LiNbO_3$의 결정상을 가지면서 미세한 결정립 크기와 균일한 크기분포를 보여 $950^{\circ}C$, 12시간이 최적의 원료분말 합성조건이었다. 원료봉 소결시 소 결온도가 높아질수록, 또 소결시간이 늘어날수록 치밀도가 증가하고 업자성장 양상이 급격히 증가함을 알 수 었었다. $1100^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 동안 소결한 원료봉이 치밀하고, 작은 결정립 크기 와 균얼한 크기분포를 나타내어 floating zone법에 의한 $LiNbO_3$ 단결정성장에 가장 적합한 최적 의 소결 조건은 $1100^{\circ}C$, 2시간엄이 확인되었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2011

During the process of synthesis of $TiO_2$ powders using a high-speed planetary milling machine, Fe metallic powders were created which could be dissolved in sulfuric acid solution. With adding $NH_4OH$ solution to the $TiO_2$ powder, it was found that the crystal structure of the synthesized powder did not change and the crystal size decreased slightly. However, when the sulfur powder is mixed with $TiO_2$, the crystal structure of the MA powder was changed from anatase into rutile phase and its size decreased significantly which is in the order of nm in diameter. In case of mechanical alloying with $TiO_2$ powder only, the crystal structure of the powder was transformed into rutile phase and its size was greatly reduced into several nm. Because its size becomes fine, the energy band gap of its rutile phase is larger than that of bulk states (3.0eV).

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.461-472
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• 1996

The relationship between plastic deformation and crystal grain change in warm forging processes of SM10C carbon steel is studied. If the carbon steel is deformed at warm forging temperature(about recrystallization range), material properties are changed due to microstructural chanre of the crystal grain and cementite of the internal part. Some experimental values are investigated in terms of the elliptic degree of cementite, the grain size of cementite and ferrite grain size. When plastic deformation proceeds, the elliptic degree of cementite becomes larger and the grain size of cementite particle becomes small. In addition, the size of ferrite grain becomes fines by recrystallization. The elliptic degree of cementite has a considerable effect on formability. The distribution of effective strain in the forging was calculated by the rigid visco-plastic FEM analysis. The effective strain distribution obtained from the FEM simulation is compared with the experimental result, At the level of effective strain 0.3, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization begin and at the level of over 2.5, the organization of material has better internal structure that is suitable for the following cold forming.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제67권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2023

Nanocrystallne WO₃ and MoO₃ with several different sizes and crystal structures were prepared by simple acid precipitation and subsequent heat treatment. The photochromic (PC) properties of these samples were comparatively investigated in powder state by monitoring diffuse reflectance spectral changes after bandgap irradiation. The PC effect of hexagonal WO₃ and monoclinic WO₃ strongly depended upon crystallite size rather than crystal structure. The smaller the crystallite size, the better the PC effect. However, orthorhombic WO·H₂O and MoO₃ having hexagonal and orthorhombic structures did not follow this trend. One consistent result for all WO₃ and MoO₃ samples is that the heat treatment in air, which changes crystallinity, whether it changes the crystal structure or only the crystallite size, reduces the PC effect. Since the thermal treatment reduces the surface oxygen defect sites, we believe that the PC effect of WO₃ and MoO₃ depends critically on the surface oxygen defect sites that serve as deep trap sites for photogenerated electrons and oxygen radical holes. We also found that the proton insertion claimed by double charge injection model is not critical for the PC effect.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.793-799
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• 2015

The market sales of premium ice cream have paralleled the growth in consumer desire for rich flavor and taste. Storage temperature is a major consideration in preserving the quality attributes of premium ice cream products for both the manufacturer and retailers during prolonged storage. We investigated the effect of storage temperature (−18℃, −30℃, −50℃, and −70℃) and storage times, up to 52 wk, on the quality attributes of premium ice cream. Quality attributes tested included ice crystal size, air cell size, melting resistance, and color. Ice crystal size increased from 40.3 µm to 100.1 µm after 52 wk of storage at −18℃. When ice cream samples were stored at −50℃ or −70℃, ice crystal size slightly increased from 40.3 µm to 57-58 µm. Initial air cell size increased from 37.1 µm to 87.7 µm after storage at −18℃ for 52 wk. However, for storage temperatures of −50℃ and −70℃, air cell size increased only slightly from 37.1 µm to 46-47 µm. Low storage temperature (−50℃ and −70℃) resulted in better melt resistance and minimized color changes in comparison to high temperature storage (−18℃ and −30℃). In our study, quality changes in premium ice cream were gradually minimized according to decrease in storage temperature up to−50℃. No significant beneficial effect of −70℃ storage was found in quality attributes. In the scope of our experiment, we recommend a storage temperature of −50℃ to preserve the quality attributes of premium ice cream.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.593-596
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• 2001

In the previous work, the effect of blending with two kinds of low density polyethylene (LDPE) on physical and electrical properties have been investigated. From the results, blending with two kinds of LDPE was effective method on changing the morphology of LDPE and improving the high-field characteristics in high temperature region. Especially, it suggested that the F$\_$BImp/ was associated with the changes of the crystal size. In this work, the relationship between the morphology and the high-field characteristics of blended LDPE was discussed. In addition, the physical and electrical properties of blended LDPE with extrusion treatment were investigated. The two groups of specimen were prepared; Group 1 was prepared by passing 1 time through the extruder included in the film-blowing process, and Group 2 was prepared by passing 2 times through the extruder. From the relation between the crystal size which was perpendicular to the (020) plane and the F$\_$BImp/ of blended LDPE, it was confirmed that the F$\_$BImp/ was associated with the changes of crystal size due to the blending. Moreover, the F$\_$BImp/ of blended LDPE in Group 2 was higher than that of blended LDPE in Group 1. The crystal size of the (020) plane became smaller according to the extrusion treatment. These results suggest that the uniform distribution and dispersion of crystalline occurred due to the extrusion treatment and the morphological change due to the extrusion treatment influenced on the electrical properties of blended LDPE.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.164-175
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freezing rate on ice crystal size and freeze-drying rate. Our experiments were carried out with self-manufactured freeze-dryer. Gelatin gels (2% w / w, 80$\times$20mm) were frozen unidirectionally (Neumann's model) from the bottom at -45, -30, -20, and -15$^{\circ}C$ and followed with freeze-drying. Under the upper conditions we measured freezing rate and the change of temperature and pressure during freeze drying. Freeze-dried gelatins were cut horizontally into 5 mm thickness from the bottom and measured their pore sizes. Also freeze-drying rate(primary drying) is estimated by measuring the temperature of sample and pressure of vacuum chamber. During freeze-drying, profiles of pressure and temperature were shown constant tendency regardless of freezing temperature and we could expect the end-point of freeze drying by considering pressure and temperature together. In temperature profiles, the point which temperature increased significantly was observed during freeze-drying. There is no relationship between freeze temperature and drying rate of primary drying in our model system. As freezing temperature increased, ice crystal size(X*) which correspond to 63.2% of cumulative frequency was increased and at the same freezing temperature ice crystal size(X*) was decreased with distance from the bottom of the sample. Freezing conditions have a strong influence on the quality of the final freeze-dried products in freeze-drying system.