• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.514-519
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• 2020

Graphite materials for lithium ion battery anode materials are the most commercially available due to their structural stability and low price. Recently, research efforts have been conducted on carbon coatings by improving side reactions at the edge site of carbon materials. The carbon coating process has classified into a CVD by chemical reaction, wet coating process with solvent and dry coating by mechanical impact. In this paper, the rapid crush/coating process was used to solve the problem of which only few parts of the carbon precursor (pitch) can be used and also environmental problems caused by solvent removal in the wet coating process. When the ratio of needle coke to pitch was 8 : 2 wt%, and the rapid crush/coating process was carried out, it was confirmed that the fracture surface was coated by pitch. The pitch-coated sample was treated at 2400 ℃ and 41.8% improvement in 10C/0.1C rate characteristic was observed. It is considered that the material simply manufactured through the simple crush/coating process can be used as an anode electrode material for a lithium ion battery.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.51-72
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Ohyaksungi-san(Wuyaoshungi-san) and Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture on pain reduction and nerve regeneration after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve. Methods : Animal model was produced through crush injury of right sciatic nerve and they were divided into four groups; Group I: no treatment control group; Group II: experimental group treated with Ohyaksungi-san(Wuyaoshungi-san); Group III: experimental group treated with Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture; Group IV: experimental group treated with Ohyaksungi-san(Wuyaoshungi-san) and Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture. For the assessment of pain, this study was observed the paw withdrawal latency(PWL) and immunoreactivity on the substance-P. For the assessment of nerve regeneration, the sciatic functional index(SFI) and immunoreactivity on the BDNF were measured. Results : 1. In the assessment of pain, the PWL of experimental groups was significantly higher than control group and group IV was significantly higher than other groups at the all days. 2. In immunohistochemical response of substance-P, as time passes, the immunoreactivity of all groups were decreased gradully. Especially, group IV had the lowest immunoreactivity. 3. In the assessment of SFI, the SFI of experimental groups were significantly higher than control group. 4. In immunohistochemical response of BDNF, the BDNF immunoreactivity of all groups was significantly higher than control group and especially, group IV had the highest immunoreactivity at the 14 days after injury. 5. H & E stain was used on the liver and kidney to investigate toxic effect of Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture and Ohyaksungi-san(Wuyaoshungi-san) on on 21 days after injury. However there were no any toxic effects both control group and experimental groups. Conclusions : On the basis of these results, we propose that Ohyaksungi-san(Wuyaoshungi-san) and Jungsongouhyul pharmacopuncture were related to pain reduction and motor nerve recovery, also decreased substance-P expression and increased BDNF expression after crush injury of sciatic nerve, especially these two treatments could be more effective when they were combined simultaneously.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-79
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang) and Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture on pain control and nerve regeneration after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve. Methods : Animal model was produced through right sciatic nerve crush injury and they were randomly divided into four groups; Group I: no treatment control group; Group II: experimental group treated with Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang); Group III: experimental group treated with Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture; Group IV: experimental group treated with Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang) and Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture. For the pain assessment, this study was observed the paw withdrawal latency(PWL) and immunoreactivity on the substance-P. For the nerve regeneration assessment, the sciatic functional index(SFI) and immunoreactivity on the GAP-43 were measured. Results : 1. In the pain assessment, the PWL of experimental groups were significantly higher than control group and group IV was significantly higher than other groups. 2. In immunohistochemical response of substance-P, as time passes, all groups had decreased immunoreactivity gradually. Specially, group IV was observed the lowest immunoreactivity. 3. In the assessment of SFI, the SFI of experimental groups were significantly higher than control group. 4. In immunohistochemical response of GAP-43, all groups had higher GAP-43 immunoreactivity at the 14 days from post-injury and at the all days, control group was observed most lower immunoreactivity and group IV was observed most higher immunoreactivity. Conclusions : These results of this study suggest that Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang) and Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture was related with pain inhibition and motor nerve recovery, and decreased substance-P expression and increased GAP-43 expression after sciatic nerve crush injury.

• Proceedings of the Korea Forestry Energy Research Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.81-83
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• 2011

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.272-278
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• 2007

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.109-110
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• 2009

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.119-130
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• 2010

Reconstruction analysis of traffic accident is done by analyzing diverse data such as the road, accident traces and damage on the automobile. Most data can be a variable in the process of analysis, and measurement error of the data occurs from the investigator, tool and the given environment. Therefore, accident analysis always has some risks of measurement uncertainty. This research quantify the uncertainty in traffic accident analysis by conducting repetitive measurement experiments for variables with high probability of uncertainly such as length (i.e. geometric structure of the road, tire marks) and coefficient of friction. This paper also suggests an analysis result for the uncertainly of photographic observation of automobile crush measurement. These statistical distributions can help determine appropriate ranges for the input data in order to estimate the accident reconstruction uncertainty.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.59-67
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• 2006

Particles of soil are crushed when soil is compacted in the in-situ or lab. Among many factors that affect the crush of particles, compaction energy is a major factor. Because the crush of particles can change physical properties, the analysis of effect of compaction energy is very important. In this study, the fragmentation fractals were used for determining the change in grain size distribution and the effect due to change in grain size distribution was estimated. Compaction energy was increased by 50, 100, 200 and 300% based on the energy of standard A compaction test. As a result, grain size distribution curves were changed and fine particles increased as compaction energy were increased. Relative compaction were ranged between $93.38{\sim}107.67$. Fractal dimension of each site increased as compaction energy increased. Relative compaction is proportional to the fractal dimension but coefficients of permeability were in inverse proportional to the involution of fractal dimension.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2001

This study was carried out to analyze changes of the physical properties of corrugated fiberboard boxes for fruits packaging by various moisture and temperature changes. There were significant decrease in burst strength with increased relative humidity. And also compressive strength(ring crush test) of corrugated fiberboard and box were reduced with moisture content. The decreasing amounts of single wall(SW) corrugated fiberboard was bigger than that of double wall(DW). The physical properties reductions of corrugated fiberboard and box were mainly affected by relative humidity. Therefore, it is suggested that development of the water-resistant corrugated fiberboard and box be useful under the condition of low temperature and high relative humidity such as the cold chain system.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.47-53
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• 1999

The effect of coating of liner components with oxidized starch on the properties of corrugated box was examined . Coating was carried out on liner components of B flute, single-wall corrugated board(SK180/S120/K200) , and corrugated box was made from the treated corrugated board. Box was made in a regular slotted container (RSC) style, and box compression strength was determined in the direction of top-to-bottom compression. The compression strength of box coated on outside liner component showed 15.4% improvement for 1.58g㎡ coating. On the other hand, the strength of box coated on outside liner component showed only 1.45% improvement for 1.41g/㎡ coating and 3.46% improvement for 2.32g/㎡ coating. Coating on inside liner component with oxidized starch at low coating weight more significantly improved box compression strength than coating on outside liner component, and the improvement was marked at the coating weight of 1.5-2.5g/㎡. In estimating top-to-bottom box compression strength, the experimental values were closer to the calculated values from McKee's equation suing edgewise compression strength of the combined board measured by column crush test than those from Kellicutt's equation using compression strength of component paperboards measured by ring crush test.