• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.11
• /
• pp.1568-1574
• /
• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 1995.10a
• /
• pp.10-13
• /
• 1995

Butanol can be manufactured by chemical synthesis or by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate-containing materials. Today the principal commercial source of n-butanol is n-butyraldehyde, obtained from the Oxo reaction of propylene. When crude oil price was sky-rocketed in late 70's and subsequently the price of petrochemical products raised, butanol production from renewable resources such as agricultural and forestry products once gained research interests.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.93-109
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of added whey protein concentrates (WPC) and whey powder (WP) on the quality and shelf life of Tofu, a traditional food in Korea. Combined whey powder and whey protein concentrates were obtained at drainage after the casein was separated by using rennet enzyme or acidification of milk. We manufactured whey Tofu and evaluated its nutritional quality by testing, the general composition for yield, moisture, pH, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, rheology, sensory properties, and change during storage. 1. The general compositions of WPC and WP were as follows: (a) WPC: moisture, 5.9%; crude protein, 56.2%; crude fat, 0.1%; carbohydrate, 32.6%; ash, 5.2%; and pH 5.93 and (b) WP: moisture, 3.7%; crude protein, 13.2%; crude fat, 1.6%; carbohydrate, 74.4%; ash, 7.1%; and pH, 6.65. 2. The yield of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the content was $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 and (b) in WP, 2% addition was the highest (265%) at $13.3g/cm^2$, but with 4% addition WP was the lowest (184%) at $22.2g/cm^2$. 3. The moisture content of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the content was $CaCl_2$:GDL = 6:4 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 and (b) in WP, 2% addition was the highest at 79.82% ($13.3g/cm^2$), but 4% was the lowest at 75.18% ($22.2g/cm^2$). 4. The pH of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the value was WPC 6% > WPC 4% > WPC 2% > control and $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 and (b) in WP, WP 4% > WP 2% > control. 5. The ash content of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the content was $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 and (b) in WP, there was no difference between 2% and 4% addition. 6. The crude protein content of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the content was $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 and (b) in WP, there was no difference between 2% and 4% addition. 7. The crude fat content of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the content was $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 and (b) in WP, values decreased with increasing pressed weight. 8. The carbohydrate content of Tofu was as follows: (a) in WPC, the content was $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 > $CaCl_2$:GDL=9:1 and (b) in WP, values increased with increasing pressed weight. 9. The rheology test results of Tofu were as follows: (a) in WPC, hardness and brittleness was highest with $CaCl_2$:GDL=8:2 and 6% added WPC. Cohesiveness was highest with $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 and 2% added WPC. Elasticity was the highest with $CaCl_2$:GDL=7:3 and the added WPC control. (b) in WP, hardness was the highest with $22.2g/cm^2$ and added WP control. Cohesiveness was the highest with $17.8g/cm^2$ and added WP 2%. Elasticity was the highest with $17.8g/cm^2$ and added WP 4%. Brittleness was the highest with $17.8g/cm^2$ and added WP control. 10. The sensory test results of Tofu were as follows: (a) in WPC, the texture, flavor, color, and smell were the highest with $CaCl_2$:GDL=6:4 and 6% added WPC. (b) in WP, the texture was the highest in the control with $22.2g/cm^2$. Flavor and smell were the highest in WP 2% and $22.2g/cm^2$. Color was the highest in WP 2% and $17.8g/cm^2$. 11. The quality change of Tofu during storage was as follows: (a) in WPC, after 60 h, all samples began to get spoiled and their color changed, and mold began to germinate. (b) in WP, the result was similar, but the rate of spoilage was more rapid than that in the control.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.50-61
• /
• 2022

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) accounts for most daily energy expenditure. The low carbohydrate diet (LCD) attenuates decreases in RMR. This study aims to investigate the relationship between an LCD and RMR status among overweight and obese women. We enrolled 291 overweight and obese women in this cross-sectional study. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass, fat-free mass, visceral fat, and insulin level were assessed. RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry. LCD score (LCDS) was measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Analysis of variance, independent sample t-test, and Multinomial logistic regression tests were used. Results showed no relationship between LCDS and deviation of normal RMR (DNR) even after adjust for confounders (increased [Inc.] RMR: odds ratio [OR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-1.01; p = 0.20; decreased [Dec.] RMR: OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-1.00; p = 0.14). Some components of LCDS had no significant association with DNR, such as carbohydrate and Dec. RMR in adjusted model (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.98-1.37; p = 0.08) and monounsaturated fatty acids and Dec. RMR in adjusted model (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.21-1.10, p = 0.08). However, refined grains had a significant association with Inc. RMR in crude model (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77-0.99, p = 0.04). There is no association between LCDS and RMR status.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.516-523
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of tofu prepared with the addition of lotus root powder (LRP). The moisture, crude ash, carbohydrate, crude protein, and crude lipid contents of the lotus root powder were 8.29%, 4.73%, 30.66%, 47.84%, and 8.48%, respectively. The yield rate of the tofu did not differ significantly according to the level of added LRP; however, there was a significant decrease in pH and a significant increase in acidity. The L and b values of the tofu decreased as the amount of LRP in the formulation increased, whereas the a value increased. Furthermore, hardness and cohesiveness increased significantly as the level of LRP increased. In sensory evaluation, LRP tofu had low scores in air cell size and a beany smell, but high scores in hardness. In terms of overall acceptability, the preferred tofu samples were the control and that containing 0.3% lotus root powder.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.1078-1082
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of medicinal plants application as an edible functional food resources. We carried out to develop a traditional functional beverage by using hot-water extraction of 4 medicinal plants(Polygonatun sibiricum, Ophiopogonis radix, Lycii fructus, Schizandriae fructus) and we examined the effects of drink on physiological function in aorta relaxation. Thus, the effect of developed beverage on phenylephrine induced contraction of isolated rat thoracic aorta. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducer under 1.5g loading tension. Brix, pH and titratable acidity of developed drink were 9.5%, 3.3 and 0.22%. The approximate nutritional composition of beverage was carbohydrate, 5.98%, crude protein, 0.70%, crude fat, 0.20% and crude ash, 0.20%. Developed beverage contained K(4.00 ㎎%), Na(3.68 ㎎%), Ca(2.54 ㎎%), Mg(1.60 ㎎%) and Fe(0.29㎎%). The contraction forces by injection of phenylephrine in isolated thoracic aorta were significantly low in each experimental groups compared with control groups, These results that developed drink with medicinal plants can be used as a functional material to decrease aorta contraction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.10
• /
• pp.1265-1272
• /
• 2011

In this study, the extraction characteristics of soluble solid from Rumex crispus(Curled dock) was studied from the investigation of the effects of experimental conditions on extraction rate; extraction ratio, composition of extractants, extraction time and pH of extractant, etc. The proximate composition of Rumex crispus was 2.58% crude lipid, 5.59% crude protein, 7.39% crude ash, 6.13% moisture and 78.31% carbohydrate, respectively. Turbidity of extract by distilled water was higher and increased with extraction time and extraction temperature, where as the turbidity didn't increase by ethanol and methanol in 20 folds of extraction ratio. Turbidity was inversely proportional to the extraction ratio for the three extractants at 25$^{\circ}C$ and 1 hour extraction. But turbidity of extract was highest by composition of 50% methanol-water extractant than any other compositions of extractants. Eighteen and fifteen free aminoacids were detected in extracts with distilled water, methanol and ethanol extractant, respectively, and it's contents were order of glutamic acid>proline>aminobutyric acid>alanine. The extraction rate of soluble solid from Rumex crispus was order of distilled water>methanol>ethanol within experimental extraction ratio. In extraction with distilled water, the contents of soluble solid was inversely proportional to the pH of extractant.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.849-854
• /
• 2009

Water extracts of injinssuk (Artemisia iwayomogi Kitamura) (WE) were obtained from the dried and ground leaves and stems of injinssuk. The WE was further fractionated into crude polysaccharide (C-PS) and nonpolysaccharide fractions (N-PS). The protective activities against the tert-butyl hydro peroxide induced mutangenecity on Escherichia coli PQ37 and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of the WE, C-PS, and N-PS were studied. The WE obtained from leaves showed a significantly higher inhibitory effect on the mutagenicity than WE from stem. The WE obtained from the leaves having higher crude polysaccharide content but lower content of total carbohydrates had significantly higher antimutagenicity than that from the leaves with lower crude polysaccharide but higher total carbohydrate contents. Further study showed that C-PS fraction showed markedly stronger antimutagenic effect than N-PS. C-PS was also more effective than N-PS for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, but was similar to N-PS in superoxide radical scavenging activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.172-177
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of Sargassum meal in the diet on juvenile ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) reared in seawater. White fish meal and wheat flour were used as the dietary protein and carbohydrate sources in the control diet. Wheat flour in the control diet was replaced with $5\%$ and $10\%$ Sargassum meal. Three replicate groups of fish average weighing 4.0 g were fed one of three isonitrogenous$(45\%)$ and isocaloric (14.5 MJ /kg diet) diets for 7 weeks. Survival of all groups were above $80\%$. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly affected by dietary Sargassum meal levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash and fatty acid compositions of whole-body fish among groups. It is concluded that Sargassum meal could be used as a dietary additive or alternative low-cost dietary ingredient up to $10\%$ for juvenile ayu reared in seawater.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.1187-1190
• /
• 1999

Lotus seed(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), known as traditional medicine as an antifebrile, antipsychotic, and cantihypertensive agent, was analyzed the chemical composition of lipid and protein. The seed com posed of 12.2% moisture, 2.3% crude lipid, 19.5% crude protein, 61.3% carbohydrate, 2.1% crude fibre, and 4.1% ash. The lipid showed iodine value of 97.9 that is lower than that of soybean oil and sesame oil, and similar to peanut oil and cotton seed oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil were the highest in content of linoleic acid which occupied 58.3% and saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid was 20.9:79.1. Especially behenic acid content, 6.9%, was higher than other plant oils. Sixteen amino acids were detected in the protein from the seed and glutamic acid content was the highest as 4.5% in dehulled kernel. The portion of essential amino acid was 31.1%.