• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 2002

Faced with large scale of outdoor recreation resources and variety of demanders' desire, it would be necessary for the managers to estimate the values of individual attributes rather than a bundle of characteristics of outdoor recreation sites. By extending the Brown and Mendelsohn's (1984) approach we are able to estimate the beneficial effects of the improvement of individual attributes. Sampling 208 fishermen who visited 11 free fishing sites located in Daegu and Gyeongbuk, the functions of marginal willingness to pay for scenery and non-crowdedness were estimated. If 1 unit of scenery could be improved from its average value a fisherman, on average, would receive benefit of as much as 3,840 won. The average beneficial effect of the non-crowdedness improvement would amount to 2,220 won.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.10
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• pp.134-142
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• 2006

In this paper, we investigate a Hausdorff distance, which is used for the measurement of image similarity, to see whether it is also effective for document retrieval. The proposed method uses a local crowdedness and a Hausdorff distance to locate text images by determining whether a pair of images scanned at different time comes from the same text or not. To reduce the processing time, which is one of the disadvantages of a Hausdorff distance algorithm, we adopt a local crowdedness for feature point extraction. We apply the proposed method to 190 pairs of the same class and 190 pairs of the different class collected from postal envelop images. The results show that the modified Hausdorff distance proposed in this paper performed well in locating the tort region and calculating the degree of similarity between two images. An improvement of accuracy by 2.7% and 9.0% has been obtained, compared to a binary correlation method and the original Hausdorff distance method, respectively.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.5 s.58
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• pp.255-264
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• 2006

This study started from the premise that the satisfaction of visitors in large-scaled design-related fair has co-relation with the environmental and contextual factors such as contents, lighting, the number and location of rest area, crowdedness, ventilation and circulation. The research was made in Seoul Living Design Fair 2005. 102 samples from 132 who answered to the questionnaire with likert-scaled and open questions were selected for the data, which were statistically analyzed through SPSS 12.0 program to explore the co-relation between the environmental factors and the satisfaction level of visitors. The findings showed that overall satisfaction level was in the middle of the scale, which means satisfied nor unsatisfied. The visitors showed relatively high satisfaction in the two factors-the contents of the fair and lighting system compared to the other factors such as the number and location of rest area, sign system, ventilation crowdedness and circulation. Even though the visitors had difficulties in circulation and showed various types in circulation, it did not seem to have a significant influence on the overall satisfaction level because it might be offset by the contents of the fair. Also, the visitors showed similar satisfaction level regardless of the type of circulation. It can be concluded that the main factors mentioned above should be considered to achieve higher satisfaction level and provide better environment in the large-scaled fair.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2012

This study analyzed the quality of a commuter rail service of Incheon line 1 with respect to two service measures such as occupancy (crowdedness) and punctuality based on transit smart card data collected in 2009. In order to analyze the metro services by individual fleet, we aggregated the personal level card data into the fleet operated in each planned schedule. The results show a low level of service for both crowdedness and punctuality during peak hours at the line segment from 'Gyeyang' to 'International business district'. Further, a close relationship between vehicle occupancy and punctuality is found, which illustrates high passenger demand causes successive metro delay.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

The study proposed a new type of bus information, Real-time Bus Crowdedness (RBC) information, to meet various demands of users and improve the convenience level of using public transportation, while existing bus information provided by bus information systems(BIS) were limited to bus operating information such as predicted bus arrival time. To analyze the impacts of providing the proposed RBC information, stated preference(SP) survey was performed and a methodology of disaggregate analysis (e.g., binary logit) was applied to develop passenger choice models. Additionally, passenger choice models incorporating the heterogeneity of different user groups(i.e., by age or trip purposes) were developed to evaluate the different responses on RBC information. The results showed that providing RBC information was significantly related to users' bus choices and the responses of user groups were significantly different, especially the age group of more then 60 was most affected by the RBC information on their bus choices. Also trip purposes were significantly related to users' bus choices, for instance the impacts of providing RBC information was bigger for non-business trips(leisure/meet friend/personal business, shopping, hospital) compared to business trip.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.75.3-75.3
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• 2015

Large area infrared surveys are often accompanied with follow-up optical spectroscopic surveys that has a significant legacy value even for other areas of research. Using these spectral database, we have performed a search for MgII absorption lines in the optical spectrum of background quasar. Over the ~4deg2 of AKARI North Ecliptic Pole survey field and Spitzer First Look Survey field, 18 and 16 MgII absorber systems are identified respectively. The redshift range for the background quasars was 1.0<$z_{qso}$<3.4, while the redshift range for the absorber was 0.6<$z_{abs}$<1.6. Galaxies responsible for MgII absorptions are identified in the deep optical images (CFHT r-band), yet the identification still remains ambiguous for 60% of the systems due to the limited image depth and the source crowdedness. The impact parameter ranges 20-60kpc, and the rest-frame equivalent width of MgII absorption ranges $0.7-4{\AA}$. The most critical part in the identification of MgII absorber galaxies is the existence of deep optical images in addition to the high S/N quasar spectrum with R>3000.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.49-53
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• 2006

This study started from the premise that the satisfaction of visitors in large-scaled design-related fair has co-relation with the environmental and contextual factors such as contents, lighting, the number and location of rest area, crowdedness, ventilation and circulation. The research was made in Seoul Living Design Fair 2006. 109 samples from 138 who answered to the questionnaire with likert-scaled and open questions were selected for the data, which were statistically analyzed through SPSS 12.0 program to explore the co-relation between the environmental factors and the satisfaction level of visitors. The findings showed that overall satisfaction level was In the middle of the scale, which means satisfied nor unsatisfied. Even though the visitors had difficulties In circulation and showed various types in circulation. It can be concluded that the main factors should be considered to achieve higher satisfaction level and provide better environment in the large-scaled fair.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-48
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• 2012

Many of the urban people wish to move to rural area to avoid urban problems like pollution, crowdedness, crime and after their retirement. The purpose of this study was to analyse of adaptation of inmigration in rural community. For this purpose, data were collected from 239 migrations to rural area. The major findings of this study are as follows: 1) 32.0% of respondents wished to move to rural area that they were expected for countryside life, 2) 68.1% of respondents had experience to visit farmer's house 3) 49.5% of respondents agreed to rural community person is good 4) many person of migration to rural area(74.5%) have the idea that they should be active participation for community volunteer work 5) migration people was wanted to take care of them by natives in rural community on the lonely time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.215-219
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• 1999

This study aims to make detail examination of smallholder dairy farming systems in the Nongpho Dairy Cooperative. Forty-three dairy farms were selected from three geographical areas i.e. irrigated area, municipality area, and factory area. Within each area some number of sample farms were selected from each of the three levels of farm and animal crowdedness (very crowded, crowded, and not crowded farms). Detail data were collected during 1996 to 1997, they were socio-economic conditions of the sample farms and farmers, dairy production systems and management of resources (animals, bam, feeds, stocking rates, herd structure, animal body conditions, milk yield and milk quality, manure and farm wastes management, and other related items). Detail information useful for the improvement of farm production efficiency were discussed. It was very clear that much improvement of smallholder dairy production can be achieved if the recommendations given by this study were implemented.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.31-58
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• 1995

The Korean government achieved the universal coverage of health insurance in July 1989, and concomitantly introduced a new measure of regulated health care delivery system in using medical care. There are three reasons why the government took the new health care delivery system. Firstly, there was ample room for improving the allocative efficiency in the use of medical facilities. And the second one was to constrain the dramatic increase of medical demand under health insurance. Thirdly, and the most important reason was to alleviate the patient crowdedness in big general hospitals, particularly tertiary hospitals. There are essentially two different ways to control the use of health care : one is to cut the demand for health care, and the other to regulate behaviors of providers through the use of incentives/disincentives, demand-side approach or supply-side approach. The objective of this study is to examine whether or not medical care utilization behaviors under health insurance scheme have been changed among medical facilities such as clinic, hospital, general hospital and tertiary hospital in comparison with those before and after the introduction, particularly whether the patient crowdedness in tertiary hospitals has been alleviated or not. In order to conduct this study, the insurance claim data during the period of January 1989 and July 1992 were analyzed by focusing on diagnosis of both inpatients and outpatients, and especially the fifteen most frequent diseases in ambulatory care and the seven most frequent diseases in hospitalizatio. In addition, the same analyses were made on the changes in medical care utilization by specialty department. This was because the five departments, such as family medicine, ENT, eye, dermatology and rehabilitation, were exempted from applying the regulated health care delivery system in tertiary hospitals. The study revealed that a remarkable alleviation effect in the crowdness was noted for tertiary hospitals. This effect was most conspicuous for the most frequent mild diseases of both inpatient and outpatient care. For example, the fifteen most frequent OPD care at tertiary facilities have decreased as much as by 40%, of which 34% belonged to the cut in initial visits. Meanwhile, the proportion of those who used general hospitals and private practitioner's clinics have increased due to the shift of patients. The cases from the five special departments were also decreased, but not so much as other departments. A problem was noted that, as time passed by, the decreasing tendencies of crowdness at tertiary hospitals due to the regulated system became slightly smaller. Therefore, through complementary remedies are needed for the future implementation.