• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cross diffusion

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The interaction between helium flow within supersonic boundary layer and oblique shock waves

  • Kwak, Sang-Hyun;Iwahori, Yoshiki;Igarashi, Sakie;Obata, Sigeo
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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    • 2004.03a
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    • pp.75-78
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    • 2004
  • Various jet engines (Turbine engine family and RAM Jet engine) have been developed for high speed aircrafts. but their application to hypersonic flight is restricted by principle problems such as increase of total pressure loss and thermal stress. Therefore, the development of next generation propulsion system for hypersonic aircraft is a very important subject in the aerospace engineering field, SCRAM Jet engine based on a key technology, Supersonic Combustion. is supposed as the best choice for the hypersonic flight. Since Supersonic Combustion requires both rapid ignition and stable flame holding within supersonic air stream, much attention have to be given on the mixing state between air stream and fuel flow. However. the wider diffusion of fuel is expected with less total pressure loss in the supersonic air stream. So. in this study the direction of fuel injection is inclined 30 degree to downstream and the total pressure of jet is controlled for lower penetration height than thickness of boundary layer. Under these flow configuration both streams, fuel and supersonic air stream, would not mix enough. To spread fuel wider into supersonic air an aerodynamic force, baroclinic torque, is adopted. Baroclinic torque is generated by a spatial misalignment between pressure gradient (shock wave plane) and density gradient (mixing layer). A wedge is installed in downstream of injector orifice to induce an oblique shock. The schlieren optical visualization from side transparent wall and the total pressure measurement at exit cross section of combustor estimate how mixing is enhanced by the incidence of shock wave into supersonic boundary layer composed by fuel and air. In this study non-combustionable helium gas is injected with total pressure 0.66㎫ instead of flammable fuel to clarify mixing process. Mach number 1.8. total pressure O.5㎫, total temperature 288K are set up for supersonic air stream.

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Theoretical Model of Coaxial Twin-Fluid Spray In a Liquid Rocket Combustor (연소실 내 동축형 2-유체 분무의 이론적 모델)

  • 조용호;윤웅섭
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2002
  • A theoretical study of spray and combustion characteristics due to coaxial twin-fluid injection is conducted to investigate the effects of liquid jet property, droplet size, contact length and liquid jet velocity. Model is properly validated with measurements and shows good agreement. Prediction of jet contact length, droplet size, liquid jet velocity reflects genuine features of coaxial injection in physical and practical aspects. Both the jet contact length and tile droplet size are reduced in a linear manner with an increase of injector diameter. Cross sectional area of liquid intact core is reduced with augmented jet splitting rate, thus the jet is accelerated to maintain the mass continuity and with an assistant of momentum diffusion by burnt gas.

Verification and validation of isotope inventory prediction for back-end cycle management using two-step method

  • Jang, Jaerim;Ebiwonjumi, Bamidele;Kim, Wonkyeong;Cherezov, Alexey;Park, Jinsu;Lee, Deokjung
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • v.53 no.7
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    • pp.2104-2125
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    • 2021
  • This paper presents the verification and validation (V&V) of a calculation module for isotope inventory prediction to control the back-end cycle of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The calculation method presented herein was implemented in a two-step code system of a lattice code STREAM and a nodal diffusion code RAST-K. STREAM generates a cross section and provides the number density information using branch/history depletion branch calculations, whereas RAST-K supplies the power history and three history indices (boron concentration, moderator temperature, and fuel temperature). As its primary feature, this method can directly consider three-dimensional core simulation conditions using history indices of the operating conditions. Therefore, this method reduces the computation time by avoiding a recalculation of the fuel depletion. The module for isotope inventory calculates the number densities using the Lagrange interpolation method and power history correction factors, which are applied to correct the effects of the decay and fission products generated at different power levels. To assess the reliability of the developed code system for back-end cycle analysis, validation study was performed with 58 measured samples of pressurized water reactor (PWR) SNF, and code-to-code comparison was conducted with STREAM-SNF, HELIOS-1.6 and SCALE 5.1. The V&V results presented that the developed code system can provide reasonable results with comparable confidence intervals. As a result, this paper successfully demonstrates that the isotope inventory prediction code system can be used for spent nuclear fuel analysis.

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli from different pig production systems

  • Mitchaothai, Jamlong;Srikijkasemwat, Kanokrat
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.138-146
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    • 2022
  • Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influences of conventional (CO) and deep litter (DE) systems on antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to detect antimicrobial resistance to E. coli in swine fecal samples in CO and DE systems located in western and northeastern Thailand. Individual rectal swab samples were taken only from healthy pigs. A total of 215 individual and healthy pigs were randomly selected for isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli by the disc diffusion method. The test panel included amoxicillin (AMX), colistin, doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin, gentamicin (GEN), kanamycin, neomycin (NEO), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT). Results: There were significant (p<0.05) lower resistance levels for GEN, NEO, and SXT in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. There was a lower number of antimicrobial resistance agents (p<0.001) in the DE farms compared to those in the CO farms. This result was consistent with those in western (p<0.01) and northeastern (p<0.01) Thailand. Overall, antibiograms of AMX-SXT and AMX-DOX-SXT were found in the CO (19.09% and 20.91%, respectively) and the DE (16.19% and 24.76%, respectively) farms. No antimicrobial resistance (5.71%) was found and AMX (13.33%) resistant pigs in the DE farms, whereas the pattern of AMX-GEN-SXT (6.36%) and AMX-DOX-GEN-SXT (11.82%) resistant pigs was found in the CO farms. Conclusion: The DE system for pig farming was superior to conventional pig farming by lowering the resistance level of fecal E. coli to GEN, NEO, and SXT, with decreasing the number of antimicrobial resistance agents and inducing a small proportion of pigs to be free from antimicrobial resistance.

Molecular characteristics of Escherichia coli from bulk tank milk in Korea

  • Yoon, Sunghyun;Lee, Young Ju
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.9.1-9.11
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    • 2022
  • Background: Escherichia coli, which causes subclinical or clinical mastitis in cattle, is responsible for transmitting antimicrobial resistance via human consumption of raw milk or raw milk products. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of 183 E. coli from bulk tank milk of five different dairy factories in Korea. Methods: The molecular characteristics of E. coli such as serogroup, virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and integron genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction and antimicrobial susceptibility were tested using the disk diffusion test. Results: In the distribution of phylogenetic groups, group D was the most prevalent (59.6%) and followed by group B1 (25.1%). The most predominant serogroup was O173 (15.3%), and a total of 46 different serotypes were detected. The virulence gene found most often was fimH (73.2%), and stx1, fimH, incC, fyuA, and iutA genes were significantly higher in isolates of phylogenetic group B1 compared to phylogenetic groups A, B2, and D (p < 0.05). Among 64 E. coli isolates that showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial, the highest resistance rate was observed for tetracyclines (37.5%). All 18 integron-positive E. coli carried the integron class I (int1) gene, and three different gene cassette arrangements, dfrA12+aadA2 (2 isolates), aac(6')-Ib3+aac(6')-Ib-cr+aadA4 (2 isolates), and dfrA17+aadA5 (1 isolate) were detected. Conclusions: These data suggest that the E. coli from bulk tank milk can be an indicator for dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors via cross-contamination.

Antibacterial Activity of Streptomyces Strains Isolated from Different Regions of Jordan

  • Hala Khyami-Horani;Amal Al-Aboudi;Musa Abu Zarga;Monther Sadder;Halima Othman
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.51 no.4
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    • pp.474-483
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    • 2023
  • Members of the genus Streptomyces produce more than 70% of antibiotics. The rise in antibiotic resistance globally enhanced the search for novel species with the ability to produce new bioactive compounds. This study was initiated to investigate different regions in Jordan for previously uncultured and rare Streptomyces species capable of producing novel antimicrobial compounds especially active against bacteria resistant to antibiotics. A total of 191 Streptomyces strains were isolated from 26 soil samples collected from different geographic regions in Jordan. Isolates were characterized based on colony and cellular morphology as well as using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These isolates were screened for their ability to produce antibiotics by the perpendicular-cross streak method, and then tested by well diffusion method against tested pathogens. Fifty-four isolates showed potential to produce antimicrobial products especially active against resistant bacteria, 20.1% of the isolates showed inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, 16.9% against clinical MSSA strains, and 18.0% against MRSA: whereas only 4.2% against Esherichia coli, 3.2% against Klebsiella pneumonia, 2.7% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 10.0% against clinical Candida albicans. Three isolates were selected for further identification due to their antibacterial activity against S. aureus, MRSA, and MSSA. These isolates were identified as follows; Streptomyces aburaviensis DSa3, Streptomyces alboniger SAb7 and Streptomyces misionensis ZAb2, based on cultural, biochemical characteristics and molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA.

Preparation of EVA/Intumescent/Nano-Clay Composite with Flame Retardant Properties and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Application Technology (난연특성을 가지는 EVA/Intumescent/나노클레이 복합재료 제조 및 교호집성재(Cross Laminated Timber) 적용 기술)

  • Choi, Yo-Seok;Park, Ji-Won;Lee, Jung-Hun;Shin, Jae-Ho;Jang, Seong-Wook;Kim, Hyun-Joong
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.73-84
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    • 2018
  • Recently, the importance of flame retardation treatment technology has been emphasized due to the increase in urban fire accidents and fire damage incidents caused by building exterior materials. Particularly, in the utilization of wood-based building materials, the flame retarding treatment technology is more importantly evaluated. An Intumescent system is one of the non-halogen flame retardant treatment technologies and is a system that realizes flame retardancy through foaming and carbonization layer formation. To apply the Intumescent system, composite material was prepared by using Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a matrix. To enhance the flame retardant properties of the Intumescent system, a nano-clay was applied together. Composite materials with Intumescent system and nano - clay technology were processed into sheet - like test specimens, and then a new structure of cross laminated timber with improved flame retardant properties was fabricated. In the evaluation of combustion characteristics of composite materials using Intumescent system, it was confirmed that the maximum heat emission was reduced efficiently. Depending on the structure attached to the surface, the CLT had two stages of combustion. Also, it was confirmed that the maximum calorific value decreased significantly during the deep burning process. These characteristics are expected to have a delayed combustion diffusion effect in the combustion process of CLT. In order to improve the performance, the flame retardation treatment technique for the surface veneer and the optimization technique of the application of the composite material are required. It is expected that it will be possible to develop a CLT structure with improved fire characteristics.

Studies on the Immunodiagnosis of Rabbit Clonorchiasis 2. Immunoamnity purification of whole worm antigen and characterization of egg, metacercaria and adult antigens of Clonorchis sinensis (간흡충 감염 가토의 면역진단에 대한 연구 2. 성충 조항원의 정제 및 발육단계별 항원 분석)

  • Lee, Ok-Ran;Jeong, Pyeong-Rim;Nam, Hae-Seon
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.73-86
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    • 1988
  • The sensitivity and specificity of crude and affinity-purified antigens of Clcnorchis sinensis obtained from the infected rabbits were studied. Stage-specific antigenic proteins from the eggs, metacercariae and adult worms were characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent astray (ELISA). The results were as follows: 1. The antibody.binding antigen (ABA) purified from whole worm crude antigen (IVWA) by CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography made :l specific bands against rabbit antisera on Ouchterlony gel diffusion plate, while WWA made 7 bands. Major WWA protein bands by SDS-PAGE were found at 16, 300~18, 500 and 28, 000~29, 000 daltons, while major ABA protein bands were at 18, 000~21, 000 and 29, 000~31, 000 daltons. The reactivity of ABA with rabbit anti-sera in ELISA was remarkably less sensitive than that of WWA. 2. Molecular weights of egg antigen (EGA), metacercarial antigen (MEA) and adult worm antigen (WWA) of C. sinensis ranged from 15, 000-200, 000 daltons, 15, 000-100, 000 daltons and 11, 000~80, 000 daltons, respectively. Major WWA proteins consisted mainly of polypeptide bands of low molecular weight, less than 31, 000 daltons, while those of EGA and MEA consisted of higher molecular T.eights than 30, 000 daltons. 3. The ELISA reactivities of WWA to rabbit anti.sera were remarkably greater than those of MEA. EGA showed negative reaction throughout the experiments. WWA showed higher optical density (O.D.) than 1.0, when reacted with rabbit anti-sera obtained at 4~6 weeks after the infection. In the rabbit anti-sera later than 12 weeks after the infection, the O.D. reacting witll WWA showed a plateau without variation. MEA shoT.ed relatively low O.D. values (<0.6), when reacted with anti-sera from lightly in(ected groups throughout the experiments, althougll there were some wealth positive cases (O.D.>0.6) ill heavily infected groups. MEA reacted with rabbit anti-sera showed negative results on Ouchterlony gel diffusion plates. Summarizing the above results, it is suggested that the whole worm antigen prepared from the adult worms of C. sinensis is most highly antigenic. However, this antigen might reveal cross reactions with other trematodes such as Paragonimus westermani, therefore, purification of antigenic proteins from the crude antigen is essential 18 increase the sensitivity and specificity for the immuncdiagnosis of clonorchiasis.

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An experimental study of the strength and internal structure of solder joint of fixed partial denture (가공의치(架工義齒) 납착부(蠟着部)의 강도(强度)와 내부구조(內部構造)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Sang-Nam;Kay, Kee-Sung
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.39-59
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    • 1985
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate how gap distances of 0.13mm, 0.15mm, 0.20mm, and 0.30mm affects solder joint strength from gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys and to examine the composition of solder gold, the solder joint of gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys. The tensile test specimens were prepared in the split stainless steel mold with a half dumbbell shape 2.5mm in diameter and l2mm in length. 6 pairs of specimens of each gap distance group of gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys were made and 48 pairs of all specimens were soldered with solder gold of 666 fineness. All soldered specimens were machined to a uniform diameter and then a tensile load was applied at a cross-head speed of 0.10mm/min using Instron Universal Testing Machine, Model 1115. The fractured specimens at solder gold of solder joint fracture with each gap distance of 0.13mm, 0.15mm, 0.20mm, and 0.30mm were examined under the Scanning Electron Microscope, JSM-35c and the composition of solder gold, the solder joint of gold alloys and nickel-chromium base alloys was analyzed by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer. The results of this study were obtained as follows: 1. In case of soldering of gold alloys, the tensile strength between gold alloys showed $37.33{\pm}2.52kg/mm^2$ at 0.13, $39.14{\pm}3.35kg/mm^2$ at 0.15mm, $43.76{\pm}2.97kg/mm^2$ at 0.20mm, and $49.18{\pm}4.60kg/mm^2$ at 0.30mm. There was statistically significant difference at each gap distance, and so the greater increase of gap distance showed the greater tensile strength. 2. In case of soldering of nickel-chromium base alloys, the tensile strength between nickel-chromium base alloys showed $34.84{\pm}4.26kg/mm^2$ at 0.13mm, $37.25{\pm}2.49kg/mm^2$ at 0.15mm, $42.91{\pm}4.32kg/mm^2$ at 0.20mm, and $46.93{\pm}4.21kg/mm^2$ at 0.30mm. There was not statistically significant difference only between 0.13mm and 0.15mm and bet ween 0.20 mm and 0.30mm, but generally the greater increase of gap distance showed the greater tensile strength. 3. The greater increase of gap distance shoed less porosities in solder gold at solder joint fracture. 4. In solder gold Au, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Sn were composed and Au and Cu were mostly distributed uniformly. 5. In solder joints of solder gold and gold alloys Au, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Sn were composed in solder gold and Au, Cu, Ag, Pt, and Pd were composed in gold alloys. Au and Cu of solder gold and gold alloys were mostly distributed uniformly and the diffusion of other elements except Pt and Pd around the solder joint was not almost found. In solder joints of solder gold and nickel-chromium base alloys Au, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Sn were composed in solder gold and Ni, Cr, and Al were composed in nickel-chromium base alloys. Au and Cu of solder gold and Ni and Cr of nickel-chromium base alloys were mostly distributed uniformly and the diffusion of other elements except Cr around the solder joint was not almost found.

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Flow and Mixing Behavior at the Tidal Reach of Han River (한강 감조구간에서의 흐름 및 혼합거동)

  • Seo, Il Won;Song, Chang Geun;Lee, Myung Eun
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.28 no.6B
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    • pp.731-741
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    • 2008
  • Previous studies on the numerical simulation at the tidal reach of Han River tend to restrict downstream boundary as Jeon-ryu station due to difficulties in gaining cross section data and tidal elevation values at Yu-do. But, in this study, geometries beyond the confluence of Gok-reung stream and Im-jin River are constructed based on the numerical sea map; tidal elevation at the downstream boundary, Yu-do is estimated by harmonic analysis of In-cheon tide gage station so that hydrodynamic and diffusion behavior have been analyzed. The domain ranging from Shin-gok submerged weir to Yu-do is selected (which is 36.8 km in length). RMA-2 and RAM4 developed by Il Won Seo (2008) are applied to simulate flow and diffusion behavior, respectively. Numerical results of flow characteristic are compared with the measured data at Jeon-ryu station. Simulation is carried out from June 23 to 25 in 2006 on the ground that hydrologic data is satisfactory and tidal difference is huge during that period. The result shows that reverse flow occurs 5 times according to the tidal elevation at Yu-do and the maximum reverse flow is observed up to Jang-hang IC, which is 32.9 km in length. Also analysis is focused on the process of generation and disappearance of reverse flow, the distribution of water surface elevation and velocity along the maximum velocity line, and the transport of nonconservative pollutant. Pollutant injected from Gul-po stream spreads widely across the river; however, the size of BOD cloud entering from Gok-reung stream is relatively small because water depth at the mid and left side becomes deeper and maximum velocity occurs along the right bank so that transverse mixing is completed quickly. Finally, mixing characteristic of horizontal salinity distribution is obtained by estimating the salinity input with analytical solution of 1D advection-dispersion equation.