• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1996

In acid-catalyzed acetal cyclization of long aliphatic aldehydes($R=n-C_7H_{15}$ ; $n-C_9H_{19}$ ; $n-C_{11}H_{23}$) with 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane, 2-alkyl-5-hydroxymethyl-5-ethyl-1,3-dioxanes were obtained. The final products, sodium 2-alkyl-5-(sulfonatedpropylethermethyl)-5-ethyl-1,3-propanesultion in the presence of sodium hydride. These compounds were a new group of destructible surfactants which were readily hydrolyzed and oxidized in natural water reservoirs. Physical properties of these new compounds involved some surface properties such as Krafft point(Kp), critical micelle concentration(cmc), surface tension of aqueous solutions near cmc(${\gamma}_{min}$), foaming power, emulsion power and hydrolysis properties were determined. The destructible surfactants containing 1,3-dioxane ring were synthesized to about $85{\pm}5.5%$ yield. The cmc values of the compounds by ring method were assumed to $0.5{\sim}5.0{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$ range and surface tensions at cmc were $29.5{\sim}33.0dyne/cm$ respectively at $25^{\circ}C$. The foaming power and foam stability were $170{\sim}230mm$ and $52{\sim}135mm$ respectively at $1{\times}10^{-2}mol/L$, foam was occurred rarely below $1{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$. The emulsion property of liquid paraffin was better than that of soybean oil. For hydrolysis property with ph and time, these compounds were decomposed within about 200minutes at $ph1{\sim}2$. Hopefully these compounds are expected to be a good O/W emulsifier that have decomposability in acid and may be used in the process which do not need foaming.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1994

All the activities and physical properties including surface tension' foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power, dispersion effect of 3-(N, N-dimethyl N-alkylammonio)-2-hydroxyY-1-propane sulfonate (HSB)류와 3-CN-alkylamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamm-onjo)-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonate (APSB) aquous solution were measured and critical micelle concentration was evaluated. Their cmc of hydroxy sulfobetaine derivatives evaluated by the surface tension method was $1.0{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}1.0{\times}10^{-4}$ mol/l, and surface tension of the aquous solution was decreased to $27{\sim}38dyne/cm$. The experimental results for foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power in liquid paraffin showed a good surface active properties, especially, dispersion effect in ferric oxide exhibited some efficient surface active properties, and then it would be expected to application as detergent and dispersion agent.

• 폴리머
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.332-341
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• 2013

H-shaped amphiphilic pentablock copolymers $(PSt)_2-b-PCL-b-PEO-b-PCL-b-(PSt)_2$ was synthesized via chemoenzymatic method by combining enzyme-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (eROP) of ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone (${\varepsilon}$-CL) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. By this process, we obtained copolymers with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity. The structure and composition of the obtained copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The crystallization behavior of the copolymers was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallization behavior of the H-shaped block copolymers demonstrated a PCL dominate crystallization. The self-assembly behavior of the copolymers was investigated in aqueous media. The hydrodynamic diameters of the copolymer micelles in aqueous solution were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The morphology of the copolymer micelles was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrodynamic diameters of spherical micelles declined gradually with the increase of the hydrophobic chain lengths of the copolymers. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were determined from fluorescence emission, and it was found that the CMCs decreased with an increase of PSt hydrophobic block lengths.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2015

양이온성, 비이온성, 양쪽성 계면활성제 및 그들의 혼합 계면활성제용액에서 p-클로로벤조산의 가용화상수(K_s)를 UV-Vis법으로 측정하였다. 계면활성제분자에서 탄소사슬의 길이가 서로 다른 소수성 꼬리-그룹과 친수성인 머리-그룹의 변화가 가용화에 미치는 효과를 조사하였으며, 또한 온도변화에 따른 K_s 값의 변화로부터 여러 가지 열역학적 함수 값들을 계산하고 분석하였다. 그 결과, 모든 계면활성제용액에서 p-클로로벤조산의 가용화에 대한 ΔG^o 값은 모두 음의 값을 그리고 ΔH^o와 ΔS^o의 값은 모두 양의 값을 나타내었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1990

2-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonia decanoate, 2-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonio dodecanoate, 2-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonia tetradecanoate and 2-N,N,N-hexadecanoate with in straight long chain alkyl carboxybetaines, and N-decyl N,N-dimethyl ammonio ethanoate, N-dodecyl N,N-dimethyl ammonia ethanoate, N-tetradecyl N,N-dimethyl ammonia ethanoate and N-hexadecyl N,N-dimethyl ammonia ethanoate with in nitrogen-straight long chain alkyl carboxy betaines measured respectively surface tensions by the stalagmometer method at various temperature, also their critical micelle concentration were evaluated. In micellization, the contribution of standard free energy change(${\Delta}G^{\circ}m$), standard enthalpy change(${\Delta}H^{\circ}m$) and standard entropy change (${\Delta}S^{\circ}m$), have been calculated, with increasing temperature. ${\Delta}H^{\circ}m$ changes from negative, and a similar change in the sign of ${\Delta}H^{\circ}m$ is observed with increasing chain length at $25^{\circ}C$, while the entropy of micellization, ${\Delta}S^{\circ}m$ is positive over the temperature range studied, it becomes less so at higher temperatures. Estimates of the enthalpy and entropy contribution attributable to the ion head group and alkyl chain have been made. The enthalpy and entropy change, per methylene group increase respectively with increasing chain length the result are discussed in terms of current theories of micellization.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.213-225
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• 2000

Sophorolipids were biosynthesized using a strain of yeast, Torulopsis bombicola ATCC22214. It has been reported that this yeast gives the highest yields for the production of biosurfactant sophorolipids. Hence, this yeast was used in this study. One of the objectives of this study is to increase the yield of the sophorolipid synthesis. To meet this end, basic culture medium was formulated on the basis of literature research to-date. When this medium was used, the increase in yield from 15% to 150% was observed compared to using the media in the literature. To examine how the interfacial characteristics of sophorolipids change with substrate, glucose (the first carbon source) was maintained in the media and after being cultured for three days, the second carbon sources such as alkanes, vegetable oils, alcohols or organic acids were added. The whole broth was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the extract was analyzed by thin layer chromatograhy(TLC). After qualitative analyses by TLC, surface tensions of sophorolipids were measured by the Wilhelmy plate method and critical micelle concentration(CMC) was determined using these surface tension data. Also, interfacial tensions were measured by the spinning drop method and emulsions of the three-component water/decane/sophorolipid system were tested. Sophorolipids were effective and efficient in terms of surface tension reduction and CMC, but they were ineffective as emulsifiers because emulsions were separated within 30 minutes.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.602-611
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• 2014

양쪽성 계면활성제인 dodecyldimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide(LSB, $CH_3(CH_2)_{11}N^+(CH_3)_2(CH_2)_3SO{_3}^-$)와 LSB/Tween-20, LSB/Tween-40, LSB/Tween-80 및 LSB/DTAB, LSB/TTAB, LSB/CTAB 혼합계면활성제의 임계미셀농도(CMC)값을 284 K에서 312 K의 온도범위에서 UV/Vis 분광광도법으로 측정하였다. 열역학적 연구를 위해 온도의 변화가 미셀화에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 계산한 결과 측정범위 내에서 미셀화에 따른 깁스 자유에너지값은 측정범위 내에서 모두 음의 값을 나타내었다. 한편 엔탈피값은 Tween-20에서는 양의 값을 그리고 다른 계면활성제에서는 음의 값을 나타내었다. 엔트로피값은 측정한 온도범위 내에서 모두 양의 값을 나타내었다. 또한 모든 열역학 함수값들은 온도와 알킬-그룹의 길이에 따라 큰 변화를 보였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2002

계면활성제를 사용하여 지하수의 표면장력을 인위적으로 감소하였을 때, 감소된 표면장력이 지하수 폭기시의 폭기 영향권 및 VOC 제거 효율에 미치는 영향을 실험실 규모의 실험을 통하여 규명하였다. 내경 9.5 cm, 길이 100 cm의 유리 컬럼에 계면활성제(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) 및 toluene 100 ppm 포함하는 물로 채운 후 일정한 속도로 공기를 주입하였을 때의 toluene의 제거 속도를 측정하였다. 또한 같은 컬럼에 토양(모래)이 채워진 상태에서 동일한 실험을 반복하였다. 토양이 존재하지 않는 상태에서의 stripping에 의한 toluene의 제거 속도는 표면장력의 감소(계면 활성제 농도의 증가)에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 토양이 존재하는 경우에도 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 2차원 유리 상자에 모래와 SBS를 포함하는 물을 채운 후 일정한 공기 유속을 유지하였을 때, 폭기의 영향권(공기의 침투영역)은 물의 표면장력 감소에 따라 현저히 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 SDS의 critical micelle concentration(CMC)보다 훨씬 낮은 농도에서 폭기 영향권이 최대화하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구결과는 폭기에 의한 지하수 오염물질 중, 특히 휘발성 유기오염물질의 제거 공정의 효율을 증대하는데 기여할 것으로 생각된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.337-342
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• 2010

양이온 계면활성제인 TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide)의 수용액에서 monochlorophenol 이성질체들의 가용화현상을 UV/Vis 분광광도법을 이용하여 연구하였다. 온도의 변화에 따른 가용화상수값($K_s$)의 변화를 측정함으로써 열역학적 함수값(${\Delta}G^{\circ}_s$, ${\Delta}H^{\circ}_s$ 및 ${\Delta}S^{\circ}_s$)들을 계산하고 분석하였으며, 그 결과 모든 이성질체들의 가용화에 대한 ${\Delta}G^{\circ}_s$와 ${\Delta}H^{\circ}_s$ 값은 측정한 범위 내에서 음의 값을 그리고 ${\Delta}S^{\circ}_s$ 값은 모두 양의 값을 나타내었다. 또한 monochlorophenol 이성질체들의 가용화현상에 영향을 미치는 n-부탄올과 NaCl의 효과에 대하여 조사하였다. 이러한 첨가제는 $K_s$와 CMC 값을 동시에 큰 폭으로 변하게 하였으며, 이러한 변화로부터 각 이성질체들이 미셀 내에서 가용화되는 위치를 예측할 수 있었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2006

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP)에 isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI)와 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)를 순차적으로 반응하여 우레탄 그룹을 형성하고 HPMCP에 비닐 그룹을 도입하여 반응형(reactive) HPMCP를 합성하였다. 제조된 반응형의 HPMCP와 반응전의 순수한 HPMCP의 분자량, 산가, 임계 미셀 농도(CMC) 등을 측정하였으며, 스티렌의 유화 중합에 고분자 유화제로서 도입하였다. HPMCP의 함량을 단량체인 스티렌 대비로 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 wt%로 도입하여 HPMCP 혼성 폴리스티렌 나노입자를 제조하고, 최대 중합 속도($R_{p,max}$), 입자당 평균라디칼 개수(n), 입자 크기 분포 등을 분석하였다. 또한 제조된 HPMCP 혼성 폴리스티렌 나노입자의 모폴로지를 TEM으로 분석하여 core-shell 구조임을 확인하였으며, TGA를 이용하여 열적안정성의 변화를 분석하였다. 반응형 HPMCP는 순수 HPMCP와는 달리 HEMA의 비닐 그룹으로 인해 높은 중합속도와 작은 입자 크기, 높은 표 값을 나타내었으며, 높은 젤 함량을 나타내었다.