• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.267-280
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• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to provide clinical evidence to support the use of a herbal medicine (Cheonwangbosim-Dan/Tianwangbuxin-Pellet (TWBXP)) for insomnia. Methods: Randomized controlled trials that verified effects of Herbal Medicine (Cheonwangbosim-Dan, Tianwangbuxin-Pellet) treating primary insomnia were carried out. A literature search of English, Chinese, Korean databases was also performed. The selected literature were assessed by Risk of Bias (RoB). Results: The total number of selected trials was 13 RCTs. Among the 13 RCTs, 10 were meta-analyzed. The Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders-3 (CCMD-3) was frequently used as the diagnostic criteria for interventions during the analysis of the use of herbal medicine (Cheonwangbosim-Dan/Tianwangbuxin-Pellet) for management of primary insomnia. As for outcome measurement, the effective rate was used. From the Meta-analysis of the studies, it was established that the insomnia cure effective rate in the TWBXP group was higher than that in the Western Medicine (WM) group (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.24, p<0.0001, $I^2=33%$). Also, the effective rate in the TWBXP+ACU group was significantly different compared to the WM group (RR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.54, p=0.0004, $I^2=0%$). The quality of the selected RCTs was low. Conclusions: Herbal medicine (Cheonwangbosim-Dan/Tianwangbuxin-Pellet) is effective for treating primary insomnia. It is worth noting that this studies were of relatively poor quality. The sample sizes were also small. Therefore, further investigations into the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia are warranted.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.3-17
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop the national generic competency standards for professional engineer and so improve the quality of Korean professional engineer into an international level. First, this study intends to develop the national generic competency standards for professional engineer that contributes to maintain and enhance the quality of professional engineers in terms of a linkage among education and training, qualification, and labor market. Second, this study aim to obtain the national generic competency standards for professional engineer that applies to reform the criteria of certification, testing, and interview of National Technical Qualification System as well as to develop the curriculum of engineering education and continuing professional development and the system of human resource management in corporations. As a result, a final draft of the national generic competency standards for professional engineer was confirmed to include 12 clusters of competency standards and 56 elements of competency standards.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.205-212
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• 2001

Joongpyong reservoir and Guiseok pumping station were selected as the hydrologic monitoring sites for the water level gauging and amount of irrigation water use, and water samples were taken and analysed periodically. Rating curves were derived from the relations water level and discharge data, and water supply through culvert of the Joongpyong reservoir was $593,200m^3$ and irrigation water $2,913,000m^3$ from the Guiseok pumping station. Changes of stream water qualities such as water temperature, pH, EC, total nitrogen, total phosphorus were examined, pH was 6.98.1 lower than the criteria of agricultural water 6.0~8.5, total nitrogen $0.9{\sim}4.5mg\;L^{-1}$, total phosphorus $0.008{\sim}0.036mg\;L^{-1}$. The results from this study could be offered as a basic data for the irrigation plan and water quality management.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2011

Recently, the construction of U-City or of U-City service (U-service) in many kinds of urban development projects becomes the general trend. However, as the construction of U-city comes into the spotlight like the trend of the times, various service constructions are being indiscreetly implemented since it's processed focusing on local specialized projects or local landmark project by a local autonomous entity or an institute in charge being off the original purpose of the improvement of living quality of residents and the efficiency of urban management, which causes a number of problems on the process, maintenance, operation and management of those projects. Therefore, this study is to derive the standard pattern of U-service construction through the analysis of patterns and numbers of U-service and problems during the process of construction in domestic U-City construction case district, and is aimed to suggest the reasonable direction of service construction based on this. 11 projects areas in which data related to U-service are available among U-City construction project areas were selected for the subjects of this study, and it's standardized with 228 detailed unit services that were suggested by U-Eco City R&D and with 11 service domains that are regulated in "the Act of ubiquitous city construction etc.", and it is limited to services that were suggested in U-City case area of which design was completed by July, 2010 based on this. The actual state of various U-service construction is analyzed through case studies as well as reviews on the legal and theoretical concept and the method of pattern classification of U-service, the plan for the standardization (pattern classification) of U-service and the plan for the construction body of service and to share the costs are suggested as the plan to construct reasonable U-service based on this for the method and the procedure of this study For the method to construct U-service, the plan to classify the pattern of U-service into the basic service and additional service is suggested, and whether it has the publicity, whether urban infrastructure is included, whether utilities are included, the body of realization, the recipients, the urgency, the importance and the spreading, etc. are suggested for the index to determine the pattern of service. The method to get the executor of a project to construct the basic service, the method to get the executor of a project to construct the most basic service among the group classification of service and to get a private entity and a local autonomous entity to perform additional service in the future, and the method to construct the whole service and to distribute the construction costs were suggested, and the first one that determines the body of construction after dividing U-service into the basic service and the additional service was evaluated to be the most reasonable one. And the plan to solve the problem that the excessive construction costs of U-service are shifted onto the executor of a project through benefit principle, balanced distribution principle and consultation and mediation between the interested parties was suggested for the criteria to share the costs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.170-181
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• 1997

The number of modernized green houses have been increased to produce high quality and high-payoff farm products. The unit investment costs per pyeong($3.3058m^2$) for building a glass house was estimated at 449 thousand won. On the other hand, the unit prices for the PC house with iron frame and the vynil house with automatic control system were revealed 365 thousand won and 93 thousand won respectively. The main objective of the study was to identify the financial feasibility of the green house investment prevailed in rural area. At present, some farmers have selected the green house without any consideration of profitability of crops and accessiblity of their fanning practices and technology. For the soundness of green house cultivation and management, the indices of finacial efficiency for the modernized green houses were necessary. The decesion making criteria such as NPV(Net Present Value), IRR(Internal Rate of Return), B/C Ratio and Payback Period were analyzed for the individual high investment facilities considering the present farmer's technology and on-farm benefits and costs. The results of the feasibility analysis of green houses were as follows: 1. In case of 100% private burden of the investment costs, NPV revealed only positive value for the vinyl house with automatic system and IRR for the house was also estimated at more than 10% and B/C Ratio was amounted to more than 1.0. On the other hand, the other glass and PC houses showed negative NPV and unacceptable B/C ratio and IRR. 2. In case of the following terms and conditions as 50% Government subsidy, 20% loans and 30% farmers burden of the total investment cost, all the green houses showed acceptable IRR, B/C Ratio and NPV. 3. The financial feasibility of the glass house was acceptable in tomato cultivation rather than in cucumber cultivation. The payback periods of cucumber were represented as 8.9 years for glass house, 8.5 years for PC house and 4.1 years for vinyl house with automatic system respectively. In conclution, the glass and PC house cultivation of high value vegetables were only acceptable under the Goverment subsidy and loan systems from the view point of farmer's financial situations. On account of the unacceptable economic rate of return, the government subsidy and loan policy for glass house cultivation should be transfered to the vinyl and pc houses in the future.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.251-257
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• 2024

Background Plastic surgery has developed to benefit in a variety of challenging areas formerly handled by other disciplines. Medical students do not have a clear picture of plastic surgery as a career due to lacking scope, clinical practice, and understanding of plastic surgery as a clinical area of expertise, including general practitioners, nursing staff, medical trainees, and the general public, and misconceptions about the extent of reconstructive and plastic surgery. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on Kuwait University Medical students (2nd-7th Years) over a period of 1 month. A questionnaire and a consent form were provided to eligible students. The inclusion criteria were Kuwait University Medical students from 2nd to 7th Years with signed consent form. The response was collected via email sent in coordination with the Vice Dean of Student Affairs in the Faculty of Medicine. Using statistical package for the social sciences, responses were statistically analyzed. Pearson's chi-square test was used to calculate p-values, where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 244 eligible medical students, 121 males and 123 females, were included in the study, with a mean age of 21 (±2) years. Similarly, 126 (51.6%) were preclinical students (2nd-4th-year students), while 118 (48.4%) were clinical students (5th-7th-year students). About 79.8% of medical students believed that plastic surgery plays an essential role in trauma management, whereas 9.2% did not consider plastic surgery significant for trauma management. This study found that only 15.5% of medical students were interested in enrolling in plastic surgery residency after graduation, while 47.1% of students did not consider plastic surgery residency after graduation. However, 37.4% were uncertain. The two most driving factors in deciding on plastic surgery residency were expected income (61.8%) and lifestyle (14.3%). Conclusion Improving medical students' education quality can enhance their perception and awareness of plastic surgery. Students should be taught the broader scope of plastic surgery. The inclusion of formal training during undergraduation is the essence of time and should be added to or improved during plastic surgery rotations with more emphasis on reconstructive and hand/peripheral nerve surgery. Student-led interest groups can be a useful tool for educating students about their specialty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.11-17
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• 2011

This study focused on the regulations and support system of green rooftop landscaping between Korea and China. Our research found out regulations and support system to review the supplement point to understand the present state of green rooftop landscaping in the two countries. We aimed to provide basic legal information for the development of green rooftop landscaping regulations. Also, a management plan guide and after-evaluation guide were suggested. First, roof load safety is the foremost factor for the structure of green rooftop landscaping. It includes not only considering the weight of construction materials, but also accurately calculating weight of rain, snow and the rooftop's capacity for people when the rooftop is designed. Second, the appropriate waterproof and root material should be selected basing on climatic conditions. Third, a maintenance and management plan needs to be established to regularly check the plant, facilities, soil and to maintain them. Fourth, the criteria of quality inspection are waterproof and root resistant material, and the growth and development of plants. Waterproof and root resistant materials are a very important part of rooftop greening, so they must be strictly inspected after construction. Fifth, the support system of rooftop greening should be continuously improved. The choice of the object and the amount of support should be strictly stipulated so that the construction of rooftop is promoted when volunteers do rooftop greening.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

Design is a knowledge service industry that is undervalued in Korea despite its large impact on the development of high - tech industries such as national industrial policy and the fourth industrial revolution. In the design industry, the strategic outsourcing system collapses. This phenomenon is not confined to the domestic market, and the design service companies of design-developed countries such as Europe and the US are also struggling with the classic. Accordingly, some implications were found through the case study of domestic design projects, including overseas, that private companies are more concerned with design cost reduction and cost structure to secure liquidity rather than improving design quality level and pursuing innovation through design outsourcing. It is big. As design is a core competency of a company, internalizing core design tasks, and as products and services become platforms, regional design countermeasures have been reduced, which has led to a decline in the cost standard for large companies' design service outsourcing. In design service industry, design outsourcing is performed at the request of the client, and the service value of the outsourcing is received. In the early 2000s, the importance of design management led global consulting companies to pursue M & A rather than cooperate with design service companies, and Samsung Electronics and other large corporations acquired a large number of excellent design personnel and developed their own design management research institute. This study investigated the design service outsourcing cases of public and private companies (large corporations, midsize companies) widely in relation to the design service price criterion, and grasped the indicators of the actual size and level of the design industry. I will make suggestions about the value and direction of the global design industry through interviews with experts and literature on the changes and influences of these cost criteria.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the level of radon in the air at a highway tunnel construction site in a gneiss area using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) and to evaluate exposure levels by occupation. Methods: Radon concentrations in the air were measured using E-PERM at points 300 m, 600 m, and 900 m from the tunnel entrance during the excavation and waterproofing work inside the tunnel. In addition, radon concentrations were measured during external excavation to compare with the inside of the tunnel. Personal exposure levels for major occupations including tunnel workers, construction equipment operators, waterproofers, shotcrete workers, and safety and health managers who participated in the construction were estimated using radon concentration measured in the work process area and working hours by occupation. Results: As a result of a total of 77 radon measurements, the geometric mean (GM) concentration was 71.1 Bq/m³, and the maximum concentration was 127.3 Bq/m³, which was below the indoor air quality criteria. Radon concentration by process decreased in the order of the tunnel excavation process (GM= Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), waterproofing process (GM=73.35 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), and outside excavating process (GM=45.28 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2). Processes inside the tunnel were significantly higher than outside excavating processes (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in radon concentration measured inside by distance from the tunnel entrance, but the innermost point of the tunnel, 900 m (GM=79.24 Bq/m³, GSD=1.27), measured the highest. Conclusions: The occupation with the highest individual exposure to radon was tunnel worker (64.16 Bq/m³), followed by construction equipment driver (64.04 Bq/m³) and waterproofer (63.13 Bq/m³).

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.129-159
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• 2019

The Purpose of this study is to develop an evaluation model for usability of research data service from the angles of evaluating usefulness of research data service itself and research data use experience-based usability. First, the various cases of evaluating usability of data services are examined and 4 rating scales and 20 measuring indicators for research data service are derived as a result of comparative analysis. In order to verify validity and reliability of the rating scale and the measuring indicators, the study conducted a survey of 164 potential research data users. KMO Bartlett Analysis was performed for validity test, and Principle Component Analysis and Verimax Rotating Method were used for component analysis on measuring indicators. The result shows that the 4 intrinsic rating scales satisfy the validity criteria of KMO Barlett; A single component was determined from component analysis, which verifies the validity of measuring indicators of the current rating scale. However, the result of 12 user experience-based measuring indicators analysis identified 2 components that are each classified as rating scale of utilization level and that of participation level. Cronbach's alpha of all 6 rating scales was 0.6 or more for the overall scale.