• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 1994

This study was performed in a diatomite factory where silicosis had been found at October, 1993. The major objectives were to evaluate worker exposure to diatomaceous earth and to present engineering control methods for workplace management. Total and respirable dust of diatomaceous earth were measured. Size distribution of dust was analyzed by applying the multiple diffraction method. Also crystalline silica in respirable dust samples was analyzed qualitatively by X-ray diffraction. The suitable Local Exhaust Ventilation systems for that factory were recommended. The results were as follows. The airborne total and respirable dust concentrations by exposure groups showed approximate normal distribution. The means of total dust exposures at flour maufacturing, fire brick grinding and packaging, ceramic raws packaging processes exceeded Korean and ACGIH standards, $10mg/m^3$. The means of total and respirable dust concentrations to high exposure groups were 6.8 and 3.9 times higher than those of low expousre groups, respectively. The size distribution of diatomaceous earth dust was lognormal with a median diameter of $7.07{\mu}m$(range, $0.10-60.0{\mu}m$) and with a geometric standard deviation of 1.43. The crystalline silica in respirable dust samples was identified to quartz and cristobalite and/or tridymite. Above results suggest that engineering controls and periodic environmental and medical surveillances will be important for preventing silicosis in the diatomite factory.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

Diatomaceous earth, quarried from the remains of aquatic plants deposited millions of years ago, continues to be a very important raw material with many industrial uses. In its natural state, diatomaceous earth is an amorphous silica with no crystalline pattern. For many uses, however, it is calcinated and calcination converts a portion of the amorphous silica to a crystalline form, cristobalite which is far more fibrogenic. In a factory which produces calcinated diatomaceous earth, seven workers were proved as pneumoconiosis on 1991 and 1992. Authors reviewed medical chart and current status of them. Authors also examined thirty one subjects from the factory with questionnaire, physical examination, spirometry and chest radiography on August 13th 1993. The radiographs were independently interpreted by two radiologists and their findings were classified by International Classification of Radiography of Pneumoconiosis(ILO, 1980). Total and respirable dust of diatomaceous earth were measured on October 1993. The results were as follows; 1. Of 31 workers, 6 (19.4%) were diagnosed as diatomaceous earth pneumoconiosis. There was an increasing tendency in prevalence of pneumoconiosis as the duration of dust exposure gets longer. 2. There were no significant differences in age, smoking rate, alcohol drinking rate, and pulmonary function test results between cases and non-cases. 3. The means of total dust exposures at flour manufacturing, fire brick grinding and packaging, ceramic raws packaging processes exceeded Korean and ACGIH standards, $10mg/m^3$. Above results suggest that engineering controls, periodic environmental and medical surveillance are important for preventing pneumoconiosis in the diatomite factory.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2007

Ceramic pigments were developed by using 4 kinds of Brass scraps. Each Brass scraps were mixed with same weight-ratio of Husk ash, and fine-ground by Rotate ring mill(RRG-120, Armstech industrial. co. Ltd, Korea) after firing at $900^{\circ}C$, $1000^{\circ}C$ and $1100^{\circ}C$. As a result, analysis of particle size of synthetic pigments by particle size analyser, they are $3{\mu}m$ as average. The resulting pigments were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM Structure of the crystals are Zn2SiO4,, and ZnO, Cu2O, CuO, and cristobalite are existed and particles' shape are plate or needle. As a result of analysis of chemical composition by XRF, synthetic pigments have high SiO2 and CuO content and have SnO2, ZnO and NiO, too. 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt% pigments were added in each lime glaze, lime-barium glaze and lime-magnesia glaze, and fired at oxidation and reducing atmosphere to figure hue in glazes out. As a result of analysis of color, chroma and brightness by UV, colors of glazes fired at oxidation atmosphere turned into green from sky blue, and colors of glazes fired at reducing atmosphere turned into pink and red.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-39
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• 2011

The Sungnyemun roofing tiles were twice disassembled for maintenance work, in 1963 and 1997, and modern tiles were applied in 1997. However, besides differing in visual appearance, the modern tiles had distinctly different physical properties. A study has been carried out on 22 different tiles, including original Sungnyemun tiles, modern tiles applied during maintenance, traditional tiles made by tile-makers, and others, to examine their physical properties, such as bending strength, frost resistance, absorption, whole-rock magnetic susceptibility, chromaticity, differential thermal analysis, and other characteristics. Since the method of making modern tiles involves compressing clay in a vacuum, modern tiles showed relatively greater bending strength and specific gravity, while Sungnyemun tiles and those made by tile-makers, in comparison, demonstrated less bending strength and specific gravity owing to their production method of 'treading,' in which clay is mixed by having someone tread upon it repeatedly. Over time, the absorption rate of the original tile used for Sungyemun gradually decreased from 21% to 14.7%; traditional tiles from tile-makers showed absorption rates of 17%, while the absorption rate of modern tiles was just 1%, which is significantly low. As for frost resistance, Sungnyemun tiles and traditional tiles from tile-makers showed cracking and exfoliation after being subjected to testing 4 or 5 times, while slight cracking was seen on the surface for modern tiles after 1ngy, or 3 times. In other words, no significant difference from influence by frost was found. According to the results of differential thermal analysis, the plastic temperature was shown to have been no less than 1, $on^{\circ}C$ for all types of tile, and cristobalite was measuredthrough XRD analysis from a Sungnyemun female tile applied during maintenance in 1963, which appeared to have been plasticized at between $1,200^{\circ}C{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$. Based on these research results on the physical properties of tiles from the Sungnyemun roof, a fundamental production method for tiles to be applied in the restoration of Sungnyemun has been identified.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.519-525
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• 1995

Recently, there have been several cases of serious accidents on concrete structure resulting from rapid deterioration of concrete strength. On the view point of long term stability of concrete, deterioration of concrete strength is mostly due to chemical reaction between alkali and reactive aggregates (alkali-aggreagte reaction; AAR) in concrete rather than a problem of execution. For long-term stability of concrete, concrete aggregates must be carefully selected. Some of rocks used for concrete aggregates contain deleterious minerals reactive to alkali components in concrete. Most of AAR result from chemical reaction between alkali components and reactive silica minerals in aggregates (so called alkali-silica reaction; ASR). The silica minerals are as follows; quartz with seriously distorted lattice structure, volcanic glass, chalcedony, opal, cristobalite, tridymite, etc. ASR may cause expansion and cracks, further collapse in concrete structure, in a few years. In case of crushed aggregates, only a part of rock mass without reactive minerals must be produced in aggregates mine after thorough examination of the distribution of rocks with reactive minerals. In case of natural aggregates, the total content of reactive minerals must be calculated, if, the content is more than 20%, the rate should be lower by mixing other non-reactive crushed- or natural aggregates. If it is obliged to use concrete aggregates all containing deleterious minerals in a discrete area, they must be used with low alkali cement Even if it is low quality in the chemical properties, aggregates with suitable range in the physical properties can be utilized as the aggregate of other purposes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 1979

The purpose of this study was to measure thermal expansions of dental investments, Biovest(Casting Investment. Dentsply International INC, U.S.A.), Multi-Best (Use for all dental chrome-cobalt alloys, The Ransom & Randolph Co. U.S.A.), Kerr(Inlay Investment. Sybron Kerr, U.S.A.), O. K. (Inlay Investment. Shofu Dental MFG, Co. Japan), Whip-Mix (Cristobalite Inlay Investment. Whip-Mix Corporation. U.S.A.). Thermal expansion of specimens(5mm in diameter and 50mm in length) was measured by a dilatometer at the temperature range from $20^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$ by comparing expansion between standardized quartz and experimental specimens with heating rate about $300^{\circ}C$/hr. The following results were obtained. 1. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Biovest was $15{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 18/100 and $14{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 28/100. Those of Multi-Best were $9{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 14/100 and $7{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 24/100. 2. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Kerr were $17{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 38/100 and $14{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}c$ in the water powder ratio 48/100. Those of O. K. were $9{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 33/100 and $7{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ratio 43/100 3. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Whip-Mix were $14{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ in the water powder ritio 40/100 and $12{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}c$ Fein the water powder ratio 50/100. Those of Hi-Heat were $11{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}c$ in the water powder ratio 28/100 and $10{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}c$ in the water powder ratio 38/100.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2018

본 연구는 세라믹 압출법을 이용하여 납석기반 세라믹 반응매질을 제조하였다. 납석의 광물학적 특성은 XRD, XRF, DSC-TGA 및 제타전위분석을 실시하였으며, 납석기반의 세라믹 반응매질은 다양한 소성온도범위($500{\sim}1,300^{\circ}C$)에서 수행하였다. 소성온도가 증가할수록 반응매질의 강도는 증가하였으나, 비표면적은 감소된다. 온도변화에 따른 납석의 무게손실과 구조변화를 XRD, DSC-TGA 및 SEM 분석을 통해 확인하였으며, 엽납석은 소성온도 $1,000^{\circ}C$에서 pyrophyllite dehydroxylate로 전이되며, $1,300^{\circ}C$에서 뮬라이트와 크리스토발라이트로 상변화가 발생된다. 본 연구를 통해 납석은 투수성반응벽체 적용을 위한 반응매질로서 세라믹 지지체 역할을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2021

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) geopolymer paste activated by sodium aluminate were characterized by X-ray diffractogram (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersion X-Ray analysis (EDAX)and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Five series of RHA geopolymer specimens were prepared by varying the Si/Al ratio as 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5. The paper focuses on the correlation of microstructure with hardened state parameters like bulk density, apparent porosity, sorptivity, water absorption and compressive strength. XRD analysis peaks indicates quartz, cristobalite and gibbsite for raw RHA and new peaks corresponding to Zeolite A in geopolymer specimens. In general, SEM micrographs show interconnected pores and loosely packed geopolymer matrix except for specimens made with Si/Al of 2.0 which exhibited comparatively better matrix. Incorporation of Al from sodium aluminate were confirmed with the stretching and bending vibration of Si-O-Si and O-Si-O observations from the FTIR analysis of geopolymer specimen. The dense microstructure of SA2.0 correlate into better performance in terms of 28 days maximum compressive strength of 16.96 MPa and minimum for porosity, absorption and sorptivity among the specimens. However, due to the higher water demand to make the paste workable, the value of porosity, absorption and sorptivity were reportedly higher as compared with other geopolymer systems. Correlation regression equations were proposed to validate the interrelation between physical parameters and mechanical strength. RHA geopolymer shows comparatively lower compressive strength as compared to Fly ash geopolymer.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.301-313
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• 2022

We made a Korean white porcelain or Joseon Baekja jar and based on the raw materials used and reproductions of each stage, we aimed to compare and analyze the physicochemical changes of the raw materials such as clay at each manufacturing stage, as well as identify the characteristics and correlations. Although the basic main components of clay and glaze material are similar, their texture becomes denser in the process of bisque firing pottery (Chobeol-pyeon) and glaze firing pottery (Jaebeol-pyeon), and we confirmed that in addition to the tendency of increasing vitrification, low-temperature minerals such as mica and illite gradually disappeared, while high-temperature minerals such as cristobalite were newly created. This phenomenon has also been verified by the rapid decrease in absorption rate while the change in specific gravity was small. In addition, the color was greatly affected by the firing atmosphere, and the yellow-red chromaticity of the raw materials was higher during bisque firing but showed a rapidly decreasing characteristic during glaze firing. The value of magnetic susceptibility, which is related to iron (Fe) component, showed a tendency to decrease in glaze firing pottery. CT images were confirmed as a method that can indirectly estimate the change in the material properties of the object step-by-step for the entire object. In conclusion, the study of manufacturing stages of reproduction can provide basic data for scientific research on the estimation of porcelain and pottery making technology and changes in raw materials.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2024

This study successfully prepared high-porosity aluminosilicate fibrous porous ceramics through vacuum suction filtration using aluminosilicate fiber as the primary raw material and glass powder as binder, with the appropriate incorporation of glass fiber. The effects of the composition of raw materials and sintering process on the structure and properties of the material were studied. The results show that when the content of glass powder reached 20 wt% and the samples were sintered at the temperature of 1,000 ℃, strong bonds were formed between the binder phase and fibers, resulting in a compressive strength of 0.63 MPa. When the sintering temperatures were increased from 1,000 ℃ to 1,200, the open porosity of the samples decreased from 89.08 % to 82.38 %, while the linear shrinkage increased from 1.13 % to 10.17 %. Meanwhile, during the sintering process, a large amount of cristobalite and mullite were precipitated from the aluminosilicate fibers, which reduced the performance of the aluminosilicate fibers and hindered the comprehensive improvement in sample performance. Based on these conditions, after adding 30 wt% glass fiber and being sintered at 1,000 ℃, the sample exhibited higher compressive strength (1.34 MPa), higher open porosity (89.13 %), and lower linear shrinkage (5.26 %). The aluminosilicate fibrous porous ceramic samples exhibited excellent permeability performance due to their high porosity and interconnected three-dimensional pore structures. When the samples were filtered at a flow rate of 150 mL/min, the measured pressure drop and permeability were 0.56 KPa and 0.77 × 10^-6 m² respectively.