• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.123-136
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• 2009

Debt and credit problems in Korea have been escalated during the past decade. The number of people with debt and credit problems is in its historic high. In May 2008, about 2.48 million debtors are officially classified as bad debtors and 7.20 million people have low credit scores. People with low credit scores are in disadvantageous situation in the financial market thus their financial transactions and activities are limited. In 2004, Korean government introduced various credit rehabilitation programs. However, most of these problems are remedial in nature and preventive programs such as credit counseling and debtor education are lacking. The purpose of this review is to examine US credit counseling and debtor education programs to obtain insights for preventive credit program developments in Korea. The review focused on programs offered through National Foundation for Credit Counseling, Jump Start, and Cooperative Extension Services from two large land grant Universities. From the program review suggestions and recommendations for educational contents, program and educator developments, and program quality control were discussed.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.79-94
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• 2007

Previous studies showed that traditional attitudes toward consumer credit and the accumulation of debtare declining, especially among younger life stage groups. The social stigma of high debt levels has largely gone. However, only a few researchers have studied and changes in consumers' attitudes toward credit and its determinants. This study investigates factors related to the probability of respondents having favorable or unfavorable attitudes using the 1992-2004 U.S. Surveys of Consumer Finances. A logistic analysis was used since the dependent variables were binary. All other things equal, respondents in 1995, 1998, 2001 and 2004 were significantly less likely to have favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward credit than otherwise similar respondents in 1992, but the patterns did not correspond well to the changes in the bankruptcy rate. Black and Hispanic respondents were more likely to have favorable attitudes and less likely to have unfavorable attitudes than were otherwise similar white respondents, but those in the Other group, mostly Asians, were not significantly different from whites. Respondents with college degrees were less likely to have a positive attitude and more likely to have a negative attitude than those without a college degree. Respondents who took risks with investments were more likely to have a positive attitude and less likely to have a negative attitude than those unwilling to take risks. Implications for understanding of credit use are discussed. This publication was made possible by a generous grant from the NASD Investor Education Foundation.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.29-60
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• 2004

Recently stand-by credits are using as surety devices in various global business transactions including sale of goods. Stand-by credits have lots of merits but simultaneously have high possibility of improper demand by the beneficiary due to the characteristics of the documents required. So so-called fraud rule has developed as a solution to the improper demand in letter of credit transactions. And the actual way of the fraud rule is the injunction by the competent court. The purpose of this article is to examine the applicability of the injunction in stand-by credit transactions by means of case studies. For this purpose, the author examined the concept of the injunction, necessity of the injunction in stand-by credit transactions and the cases of injunction granted and injunction denied. Firstly, the courts have legal standard of the application of injunction due to the legislation of the relative articles in the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit and the Uniform Commercial Code. Secondly, the courts have taken a negative attitude granting injunction in order to observe the independence principle. Thirdly, the courts have a tendency to grant injunction when the demand has no conceivable basis and the applicant will suffer irreparable injury without injunction. Finally, like the saying 'prevention is the best cure', the applicant always pays attention with reasonable care before improper demand by the beneficiary.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한산업공학회/한국경영과학회 2002년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.1044-1051
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• 2002

This paper proposes a two-phase mathematical programming approach by considering classification gap to solve the proposed credit scoring problem so as to complement any theoretical shortcomings. Specifically, by using the linear programming (LP) approach, phase 1 is to make the associated decisions such as issuing grant of credit or denial of credit to applicants. or to seek any additional information before making the final decision. Phase 2 is to find a cut-off value, which minimizes any misclassification penalty (cost) to be incurred due to granting credit to 'bad' loan applicant or denying credit to 'good' loan applicant by using the mixed-integer programming (MIP) approach. This approach is expected to and appropriate classification scores and a cut-off value with respect to deviation and misclassification cost, respectively. Statistical discriminant analysis methods have been commonly considered to deal with classification problems for credit scoring. In recent years, much theoretical research has focused on the application of mathematical programming techniques to the discriminant problems. It has been reported that mathematical programming techniques could outperform statistical discriminant techniques in some applications, while mathematical programming techniques may suffer from some theoretical shortcomings. The performance of the proposed two-phase approach is evaluated in this paper with line data and loan applicants data, by comparing with three other approaches including Fisher's linear discriminant function, logistic regression and some other existing mathematical programming approaches, which are considered as the performance benchmarks. The evaluation results show that the proposed two-phase mathematical programming approach outperforms the aforementioned statistical approaches. In some cases, two-phase mathematical programming approach marginally outperforms both the statistical approaches and the other existing mathematical programming approaches.

• 경영정보학연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.69-91
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• 2021

국내 개인신용평가회사들은 과거와 현재 시점의 다양한 금융거래 정보를 활용하여 개인의 신용을 평가하고 있는데, 이 중 과거에 대출을 실행하여 이를 상환 또는 연체한 이력에 대한 정보를 의미하는 '상환이력정보'는 신용평가에 활용되는 다른 항목들에 비해 상대적으로 활용 비중이 높은 항목이다. 그러나 개인이 연체된 채무를 모두 변제하여 현재 연체중인 상태가 아닌 경우에도 과거의 연체 이력이 부정적인 요인으로 최장 5년간 평가에 반영되고 있어 금융소비자에게 과도한 불이익을 준다는 지적이 지속적으로 있어 왔다. 실제로 연체 이력이 있는 개인의 경우, 연체된 채무를 성실하게 변제한 개인(정상변제)과 그렇지 않은 개인(비정상변제)으로 구분할 수 있는데, 이들 간에는 신용도의 차이가 존재하므로 '정상변제'하는 개인의 특징을 확인하여 이들에게 '상환이력정보'의 활용기간을 단축시켜 주는 등의 혜택을 제공하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제의식에서 출발하여 한국신용정보원에서 보유하고 있는 2019년 12월 말 기준, 개인의 대출·연체·변제 정보에 기반하여 국내 연체경험자의 정상변제 요인을 분석하였다. 방법론은 개인신용평가모형에서 주로 사용하는 로지스틱 회귀모형을 기본으로 하여 의사결정나무, 신경망 모형 등의 머신러닝 방법론을 추가로 활용하였으며, 각 방법론별 성능을 비교해보았다. 실증분석 결과, 연체건수, 대출·연체유형 등이 정상변제 여부에 영향을 미치는 유의한 변수들로 확인되었으며 방법론 중에는 신경망 모형의 성능이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 연체된 개인 차주의 정상변제 여부에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하여 개인신용평가모형을 고도화하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 보이며 연체 후 성실하게 변제하는 개인을 정책적으로 지원하기 위한 기초자료로도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 향후에는 정상변제 요인을 추가 발굴하여 금융업권별 정상변제 요인의 세부적인 차이를 확인하고 이를 실제 모형에 반영하는 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전력기술부문
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• pp.266-268
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• 2004

This paper presents the greenhouse gas emission trading scheme which is under progress as a pilot project at the power sector in preparation for UNFCCC. By referring UK's, Emission Trading is introduced incentive auction to maximize the reduction of greenhouse gas emission. At the 1st step, from year 2006 to 2008, only CO2 is regarded as an objective target to decrease but emission credit is excluded with an assumption and only 5 Generation company take part in as participants. The market operating procedure is composed of participants' registration, baseline verification, incentive auction, the registration of initial and yearly allocation, emission trading, yearly emission verification & approval, yearly obligation conformity, carry forward & incentive grant. It can be serve a guideline the whole aspects of emission trading which will start in 2006 including operation, verification and profit sharing.

• 한국농촌생활과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.139-152
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• 1996

The objectives of this study are : (1) to measure the level of economic stress perception in Korean farm households. (2) to identify the effects of related variables such as socio-demographic variables and economic stability. The data from 505 farm households' wives was analyzed using statistical methods such as frequency, correlation, oneway ANOVA, lease significant difference test, and stepwise multiple regression. The major findings are as follows : The mean value of economic stress perception on the 505 wives was 33.5 points out of a possible 100. Among 3 subsectors, income stress perception had highest score. Socio- demographic variables such as family size, type of farm household, financial manager, debt, credit . grant assistant, wife's age, and educational level of the wife had a significant difference on the economic stress perception of wives in the ANOVA analysis. So did the objective and subjective evaluation of economic stability. As a result of multiple regression analysis, economic stability, debt presence, and wife age were verified explaining 23% of the variance of economic stress perception. Therefore, it can be said that farm wives had relatively high economic stress perception in the case of low economic stability, getting into debt and low age.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2017

본 연구는 도시형소공인의 매출채권관리가 재무적 경영성과에 미치는 영향을 검정하고자 진행하였다. 도시형소공인을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 분석하였으며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 도시형소공인을 대상으로 한 매출채권관리 요인(신용판매관리와 신용통제관리, 회수관리)은 재무적 경영성과에 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치며, 사전적 매출채권관리가 사후적 매출채권관리보다 재무적 경영성과에 유의하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 사전적 매출채권관리 중 신용판매관리는 재무적 경영성과에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았으며 신용통 제관리의 구성요소인 관리조직과 규정, 계약체결관리, 대손통제가 재무적 경영성과인 안정성에 모두 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 수익성에서도 관리조직과 규정이 부분적으로 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 사후적 매출채권관리인 회수관리는 재무적 경영성과에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 재무적 경영성과 중 안정성은 조직만족에 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 반면에 수익성은 조직만족에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 시사점은 도시형소공인의 매출채권관리에 있어 사전적 매출채권 관리가 사후적인 매출채권관리보다 중요하다고 판단할 수 있다는 것이다. 사전적 매출채권관리는 계약체결 전인 신용조사, 분석 및 평가, 판매결정 등의 과정을 통해 계약체결과 동시에 채무이행을 원활하기 위하여 인적보증이나 물적담보 등을 설정하여 관리하는 절차를 의미하며, 반면에 채무불이행을 전제로 하는 사후적 매출채권관리는 이미 디폴트가 되어버린 매출채권에 대한 채권회수 및 대손상각으로 처리 시까지의 채권관리 절차로서 매출채권이 회수가 지연되거나 대손이 증가하면 기업의 유동성이 악화되고 더 나아가 기업은 파산위험(흑자도산)에 처할 수도 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 도시형소공인이 상거래 계약체결 시 이행기일 내에 매출 채권 결제와 불량채권의 회수 가능성을 사전에 파악하여 양질의 계약형태 변화를 유도하도록 방향성을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2005

본 논문은 퍼지전문가회로망을 이용한 금융기관의 여신결정지원시스템이 기업의 다양한 의사결정영역에 활용될 수 있는가를 보이기 위하여, 원형시스템인 FENET-LG시스템을 개발한 후, 그 실행과 평가를 통해 유효성을 검토하였다. 여기서 퍼지전문가회로망을 이용한 여신결정 지원시스템의 원형인 FENET-LG시스템을 개발하기 위한 특정 의사결정문제영역은 금융기관의 대부결정으로 하였다. 따라서 본 논문은 금융기관의 대부결정담당자의 의사결정목적에 보다 효과적으로 이용될 수 있는 회계정보시스템을 개발하기 위하여, 퍼지이론을 바탕으로 한 대부결정 퍼지 신경회로망시스템의 원형인 FENET-LG 시스템을 개발하여 그 실행과 표본출력의 창출과정을 검토해 봄으로써, 향후 금융기관의 대부결정영역에 퍼지신경회로망을 이용한 여신결정 지원시스템이 보다 광범위하게 효과적으로 이용될 수 있음을 보여주었다.