• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.497-540
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• 2007

Late Tremadocian radiolarian faunas were first recovered from the Cow Head Group, Newfoundland, Canada. Three faunal assemblages were recognized, one from Martin Point and two from Western Brook Pond in Gros Morne National Park. These radiolarian faunas include six families, 11 genera, and 26 species. In these faunas, six genera (Archeoproventocitum, Cowheadia, Neopalaeospiculum, Protospongentactinia, Protoproventocitum and Westernbrookia) and 17 species (Archeoproventocitum nudiformum, A. retiformum, Aspiculum densum, A. jamesi, A. multistratum, A. gigantium, Cowheadia duplextesta, Neopalaeospiculum densum, N. laxum, N. transformum, Pararcheoentactinia stilla, Protospongentactinia spongiosa, Protoproventocium nazarovii, P. aitchisoni, Westernbrookia cancella, W. diversa, and W. ovata) are new. Late Tremadocian faunas are characterized by the appearance of proventocitiids and diversification of aspiculumids and reduction of protoentactiniids and echidniniids that had flourished in the early Tremadocian faunas. An examination of the biostratigraphic range of co-occurring conodonts indicates that the radiolarian faunas described here belong to the late Tremadocian, from the Lower Diversity Interval through the M. dianae Zone to the lower P. proteus Zone. With the recovery of conodonts of the R. manitouensis Zone from other localities in the study area, the correlation among Martin Point, Western Brook Pond, Broom Point, and St. Paul's Inlet strata has became more precise. Also, the middle and late Tremadocian Cow Head Group can be subdivided into the R. manitouensis Zone, the Low Diversity Interval, and the M. dianae Zone of North America. The lower P. proteus Zone of the latest Tremadocian for northern Europe is recognized in the Western Brook Pond South section.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.213-216
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• 2010

This study was carried out between November 2008 and October 2009 in the experimental farm of Chunnam National University to investigate the effect of feeding of Sudangrass silage on the reproductive performance of Hanwoo cows. Two diets, rice straw or Sudangrass silage separately from concentrate were fed 19 Hanwoo cows. In control group (=CON), cows (n=9) were fed 5 kg (/head) rice straw and 3 kg (/head) commercial diet. In Sudangrass silage group (=SGS), cows (n=10) were fed 12.5 kg (/head) Sudangrass silage and 1 kg (/head) commercial diet. 1. Days to post-partum insemination were $78.8{\pm}25.3$ days for CON and $84.7{\pm}24.6$ days for SGS group and days to post-partum conception in CON or SGS were $90.1{\pm}24.1$ and $87.7{\pm}26.8$ days, respectively. 2. Post-partum conception rates for first service in CON or SGS was 66.7% and 90.0%, respectively, and caving interval was $375.1{\pm}46.7$ days for CON and $370.2{\pm}34.4$ days for SGS group. 3. Body Condition Scores of Hanwoo cows at artificial insemination was 5.36 for CON group and 4.93 for SGS group.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.179-182
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• 2009

This study was carried out between November 2007 and October 2008 in the experimental farm of Chunnam National University to investigate the effect of feeding of whole crop barley silage on the reproductive performance of Hanwoo heifers and cows. Two diets, rice straw or whole crop barley silage separately from concentrate were fed 11 Hanwoo heifers and 26 Hanwoo cows. In control group (=CON), heifers (n=6) and cows (n=13) were fed 7 kg (/head) rice straw and 4 kg (/head) commercial diet. In whole crop barley silage group (=WBG), heifers (n=5) and cows (n=13) were fed 8 kg (/head) whole crop barley silage and 1 kg (/head) commercial diet. 1. Conception rates for first service in CON or WBG heifers were 66.7% (4/6) and 60.0% (3/5), respectively, and the services per conception cows were $1.5{\pm}0.2$ for CON and $1.4{\pm}0.2$ for WBG group. 2. Days to post-partum insemination were $106.6{\pm}26.3$ days for CON and $85.6{\pm}12.6$ days for WBG group, and days to post-partum conception in CON or WBG were $128.4{\pm}27.1$ and $96.8{\pm}16.8$ days, respectively. 3. Post-partum conception rates for first service in CON or WBG were 76.9% (10/13) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, and caving interval was $418{\pm}50.7$ days for CON and $392.8{\pm}20.7$ days for WBG group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing additional sucrose, in the form of black sugar (BS), into the diet of Holstein dairy cows on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk composition. Eight Holstein dairy cows ($741{\pm}65.8kg$ body weight) were divided into two groups, including the control and BS groups. Animals in the control group were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum, and the BS group was offered TMR with 300 g of BS/head/d. After two weeks of adaptation period, the animal performance, including DMI, milk yield and milk composition, was measured. Cows supplemented with BS appeared to consume more feed than that by the controls (i.e., 17.08 and 18.28 kg/d for the control and BS groups, respectively). However, there were no significant differences between treatments. Milk yield or milk composition, such as milk fat, milk protein, lactose, solids-non-fat, total solids and pH, did not differ between treatments. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The MUN concentration of the BS group was approximately 15% lower than that of the control group (i.e., 18.75 vs. 16.05 mg/dL for the control and BS groups, respectively), which suggests improved nitrogen metabolism in the animals. The somatic cell count was numerically lower in the cows of the BS group compared to those in the control group. However, a significant difference was not noted due to the substantial amount of variation among cows. In terms of the trace mineral composition for milk, the concentration of Cu from BS animals was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control animals. In summary, supplementing the diets of dairy cows with BS marginally affected animal performance and improved nitrogen metabolism. The level of supplementation and other factors, such as animal variation were discussed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2012

This research was investigated the relationship between the number of the transferable embryos and estrus expression rate, BCS (Body Condition Score), which affect the nutritional state of the cow, in Holstein donor cows. CIDRs were inserted into the vaginas of twenty two head of Holstein cows, regardless of estrous cycle. Superovulation was induced using folliclar stimulating hormone (FSH). For artificial insemination, donor cows were injected with $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ and estrus was checked about 48 hours after the injection. Then they were treated with 4 straws of semen 3 times, with 12-hour intervals. Embryos were collected by a non-surgical method 7 days after the first artificial insemination. When BCS was $$\leq_-$$2.5, the total number of collected ova was 7.3 + 1.9, which is significantly lower (p<0.05) than the numbers 15.4 + 2.8 and 15.4 + 2.1 that were obtained when BCSs were 2.75 and $$\geq_-$$3.0, respectively. Whereas the numbers of transferable embryos were 5.2 + 1.4 when BCS was $$\leq_-$$2.5, which was smaller than the numbers 6.0 + 2.1 and 8.5 + 1.8 that were obtained when BCSs were 2.75 and $$\geq_-$$3.0, respectively; however, the differences were not significant. As for estrus induction rate, the cow groups whose BCSs were 2.75 and $$\geq_-$$3.0 showed 100.0% and 95.0%, respectively. Whereas the cow group whose BCS was $$\leq_-$$2.5 showed 57.1%, and the differences were significant (p< 0.05). As for estrous expression rate, the cow groups whose BCSs were $$\leq_-$$2.5, 2.75 and $$\geq_-$$3.0 showed 100.0%, 100.0% and 85.7%, respectively; however, the differences were not significant. According to the result of this research, it is considered that the total number of collected ova and the number of transferable embryos will be affected by the nutritional state before and after in vivo embryo production and superovulation treatment, and that although the mechanism is not clear, poor stockbreeding management and nutritional level would cause the decrease of ovum recovery rate and the number of transferable embryos in high-producing cows. On the other hand, diverse researches on the superovulation treatment method that is suitable for high-producing Holstein donor cows would contribute to preventing ovarian cyclicity disorder, as well as to the early multiplication of cows with superior genes by increasing the utilization value of donor cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.352-356
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• 2002

One hundred-fifty lactating, multiparous cow at post-peak of lactation were used to examine the effect of dietary yeast supplementation on milk production, milk composition and ruminal fermentation. The cows were randomly allocated to three groups of fifty cows each: a control group fed on a basal diet without yeast supplementation and two groups fed on basal diets supplemented with one of two commercial sources of yeast cultures, given at the rates of 15 g/head/d ($YC_1$) and 50 g/head/d ($YC_2$), respectively, as per manufacturers' recommendation. Daily milk production was recorded for all cows, while milk samples were taken randomly from ten cows per group for two consecutive days at two-week intervals for chemical analysis of the milk. Rumen fluids were also analyzed for ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. The results indicated that cows consuming diets supplemented with yeast culture tended to decrease their dry matter intake and to increase their milk yield. Cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet produced more milk and 4% fat corrected milk than those fed either $YC_1$-supplemented diet or the control. The highest milk fat percentage was obtained in cows fed $YC_2$ supplemented diet while the highest percentages of protein, lactose, total solids and solids not fat were recorded in cows fed $YC_1$. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased significantly after yeast culture supplementation. Molar proportion of volatile fatty acids did not change significantly with yeast supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2015

Requirements to control the large decrease in serum calcium (Ca) due to parturition and to increase the feed intake soon after parturition have been well accepted in dairy cows. This study was aimed to investigate the feed intake affected by serum Ca concentration with difructose anhydride (DFA) III supplement in dairy cows soon after parturition. Fourteen transition Holstein cows were divided into DFA and control (CONT) groups within 1 to 5 parity variations in each group. Measurement schedule for an individual cow was from 14 d before parturition to 7 d following parturition. The cows in DFA group were supplied 0.2 kg/head/d of DFA III feed containing 40 g of pure DFA III while the cows in CONT group received no DFA III. Other feeding procedures were the same for all cows in both groups. At parturition (d 0), serum Ca concentration sharply declined in both groups (p<0.05). Time interval for recovery from decreased serum Ca to its normal range (>9.0 mg/dL) tended to be faster in DFA group (12 h) than in the CONT group (48 h), but the differences were not significant. Active ruminal contraction was observed in DFA group at following parturition of d 1 (p<0.05), d 3 (p<0.05), and d 5 (p<0.01). Dry matter (DM) intake did not differ between the groups. However, positive correlations were observed between serum Ca concentration and ruminal contraction (p<0.001), and between ruminal contraction and DM intake (p<0.001) during following parturition. According to multiple regression analysis ($R^2$ = 0.824, p<0.001), the DM intake was positively affected by serum Ca concentration and ruminal contraction. These results suggest that feed intake soon after parturition in dairy cows can be increased by improvement of serum Ca concentration and active ruminal contraction, but DFA III supplementation in this study did not improve the lower serum Ca concentration due to parturition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2024

We compared the reproductive performance, non-productive performance, and milk composition performance of two groups of lactating cows that were either rice straw or tall fescue. We also compared and analyzed these parameters after the first parturition during the breeding period. The calving interval, artificial insemination, and duration from calving to conception were longer in the rice straw group than in the tall fescue group. The 305-day and peak milk yields were significantly higher in the tall fescue group than in the rice straw group (p<0.01). Milk fat content was significantly higher in the tall fescue group than in the rice straw group (p<0.001), but milk protein content was the same between the feeding groups. The difference in raw milk sales income between rice straw and tall fescue groups tended to increase as the number of lactations increased, but there was no effect of reduced feed costs. Analysis of the milk production and raw milk sales income of the surveyed farms revealed that the average milk production per head was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the tall fescue group than in the rice straw group, and raw milk sales income showed a similar tendency. Overall, these results provide important details to be considered when selecting feed as a way to reduce milk production and heifer raising costs. However, there remains a need for future follow-up studies exploring the relationship between feed choice and the management of heifers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.2 s.26
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• pp.290-301
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• 1989

This is preliminary report on anthrax epidemic occurred in an island with about 100 residents. Since 1982 there had been sudden deaths among all kinds of domestic animals including cattle, dogs, ducks, chicken and goat but only a few among cats in an isolated island about three hours distance away by ferry boat from Mokpo city. From 1986 through 1988 nine human deaths and four patients occurred, which made the government intervene for investigation on June 25 1988. The epidemiological investigation consisted of interview survey and medical examination, medical record analysis, laboratory work to isolate the pathogens under the direction of hypothesis derived from the study and further confirmation of the pathogens by international institute. The summarized results are as followings: 1. According to the interview survey there were many deaths among domestic animals usually in cold and dry season such as January through March and September through November; 36 heads of cattle leaving one head, more than 40 hogs(all), hundreds of chicken leaving few alive, goats that had taken home from mountain and two or three cats out of around 40 had sudden deaths from 1982 till 1985, when the residents stopped to purchase and take them into the island anymore. Also there were eleven persons who had experienced the similar syndrome complex to those of admitted and expired patients and four of them revealed typical chest X-ray findings; from one of these four patients(Rho) B. anthracis is isolated. 2. Medical record on patients who had been admitted, showed common characteristics of the disease course. On admission they had either gastrointestinal or upper respiratory infection symptoms which invariably progressed to septicemic nature with pulmonary interstitial infiltration and mediastinal widening/bulging, and then to deadly acute respiratory distress syndrome. At the end stage chest X-ray revealed multiple bullous emphysema. One of another characteristics was oral ulceration with bleeding occurred in about 50% of the patients. Laboratory test results in common were leukocytosis with left shift and abnormal liver and kidney functions, particularly at the later stage of the illness. 3. Epidemiological characteristics was striking in that both mortality and incidence rates were high: the mortality rate was 8.7% average, male being three times higher than females but there was no distictive clustering by age group. The incidence rate for both sexes was 28.2% and there was no sex difference although a tendency of higher incidence among older ages was noticed. The highest mortality and incidence were observed in Won village where the first death of animal occurred and with the highest frequency among three villages of the island. 4. Among twelve bacilli species isolated from various specimens, two strains, one from patient and the other from soil where the recently died cow is hurried, were confirmed as B. anthracis by Pasteur Institute and CDC of USA(strain from soil). CDC reported that the strain did not produce capsule in bicarbonate media but reacted with the bacteriophage and one of five sera taken from the patients. Mode of transmission as well as incubation period of the agent has not been established yet, which needs further investigation in relation to the antigenic structure of the variant when it is confirmed.