• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2008

How health care providers compete and how competition among them affects their behavior are crucial questions in theory and health policy. In ordinary markets, competition improves social welfare, However in health care markets facing uncertainty and information asymmetry, competition can take the form of wasteful quality competition and result in cost increase. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of hospital service markets and examine the impact of hospital competition on hospital behavior, more specifically hospital cost and the size of personnel. Based on patient discharge data of 2002 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, and health insurance EDI claims data of 2002, this study measures the degree of competition in the inpatient service market of hospitals, using variable radius method and Herfindahl index. The result of the study shows that the hospital service market consists of on average 3.13 government administrative units(shi, gun, or gu). Compared with hospitals, general or general specialized hospitals cover larger markets and operate in more competitive markets. Nearly 60% of patients use hospitals, which are not located in their government administrative units, meaning that market definition based on variable radius is better than the conventional method of market definition based on government administrative units. The results of multivariate analysis show that competition is not associated with high cost index of hospitals. But hospitals in more competitive markets employ larger(more intensive) input of personnel per 100 beds, implying that hospital competition in Korea can have the form of quality and cost-increasing competition.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-170
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• 2005

The combination of multiple antennas and multi-carrier code division multiple-access (MC-CDMA) is a strong candidate for the downlink of the next generation mobile communications. The study of such systems in scenarios that model real-life trans-missions is an additional step towards an optimized achievement. We consider a realistic MIMO channel with two or four transmit antennas and up to two receive antennas, and channel state information (CSI) mismatches. Depending on the mobile terminal (MT) class, its number of antennas or complexity allowed, different data-rates are proposed with turbo-coding and asymptotic spectral efficiencies from 1 to 4.5 bit/s/Hz, using three algorithms developed within the European IST-MATRICE project. These algorithms can be classified according to the degree of CSI at base-station (BS): i) Transmit space-frequency prefiltering based on constrained zero-forcing algorithm with complete CSI at BS; ii) transmit beamforming based on spatial correlation matrix estimation from partial CSI at BS; iii) orthogonal space-time block coding based on Alamouti scheme without CSI at BS. All presented schemes require a reasonable complexity at MT, and are compatible with a single-antenna receiver. A choice between these algorithms is proposed in order to significantly improve the performance of MC-CDMA and to cover the different environments considered for the next generation cellular systems. For beyond-3G, we propose prefiltering for indoor and pedestrian microcell environments, beamforming for suburban macrocells including high-speed train, and space-time coding for urban conditions with moderate to high speeds.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.91-108
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• 2017

Interests in 3D virtual clothing technology and its application in online shopping malls are increasing with the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Most studies on 3D virtual clothing, however, are focused on observing drapes or ease of virtual clothing depending on fabric properties of representative clothing items. Therefore, the purpose of this study is: first, to determine if current input of typical material characteristics in 3D CLO are sufficient to formulate virtual skirts with different front and back silhouettes; second, to determine if subjective appearance evaluation matched physical shape characteristics of those skirts. In this study, appearances of typical cotton, wool, silk, rayon, and polyester skirts with different front and back pattern were compared between actual and virtual clothing depending on fabric materials. Subjective appearance evaluation was conducted by 7 experts regarding similarity between actual and virtual clothing with a 5-point scale. For objective evaluation of the both types of skirt shape, degree of roundness at the cross section, displacement of side seam, position of back waistline, and the number of folds at the skirt back were observed. In the case of cotton and wool, not the subjective appearance evaluation as well as shape characteristics of virtual skirts were well matched to the actual shape of skirts with a few material inputs. However, current material inputs for silk, rayon and polyester were insufficient to cover material differences in formation of virtual skirts with different front and back silhouettes.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.425-440
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• 2020

The study area is located in the southern part of the M'aider Paleozoic basin in the Moroccan Eastern Anti-Atlas. It is an arid region, characterized by minimal vegetation cover, which can provide an ideal environment to apply remote sensing. In this study, remote sensing and field investigations were integrated for lithological and structural lineaments mapping. The Landsat 8 OLI data were processed in order to understand the role of lithology and geological structures in the distribution of mineral deposits in the study area. To achieve this purpose, the Color Composite (CC), the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Band Rationing transformation (BR) tests were performed. The results of remote sensing techniques coupled with field investigations have shown that the zones of high lineaments densities are highly correlated with the occurrences of barite mineralization. These findings depict a spatial relationship between structural lineaments and the mineralization distribution zones. Therefore, the barite and Iron oxides mineralization veins, which occur mainly in the Ras Kammouna district, seem to have a structural control. The methodological approach used in this study examining lithological mapping and lineament extractions can be used to explore mineral deposits in arid regions to a high degree of efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 1996

To find out the residual effect of phosphate fertilization level on the dry matter yield and nutrient plloductivity of pasture plants, this experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block design with six treatments(0-0, 50-50, 100-65, 150-65, 200-65 and 250-65kg $P_2O_5$), those were composed of three $P_2O_5$ fertilization level(0,50 and 65kg $P_2O_5$ after phosphate fertilization trial with six treatments(0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250kg $P_2O_5$/ha) from 1989 to 1992, and conducted at hilly land in Kwangju, Kyonggi Province from 1993 to 1994. The results obtained are summarized as follows : As the available phosphate of soil increase, the early growth and cover degree of pasture plants wintered were more favorable. With 150-65kg $P_2O_5$ application for two years, the average dry matter yield of grasses, 9,862kglha was similared to that of 200-65kg $P_2O_5$/ha. The crude protein and energy productivity of pasture plants tended to increase as available phosphate of soil was increased, but those were not different between 150-65 and 250-65kg P 2 0 4 a Efficiency of $P_2O_5$ was highest at $P_2O_5$ 150-65kg/ha fertilization, wHich produced dry matter 11 1.8kg. net energy lactation(NEL) 67 1.2M.f per I kg P205. Therefore, phosphate fertilization is recommended strongly application with 150kg/ha for three years after pasture establishment, and then 65kg/ha for two years a reasonabl management in hilly grassland.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.2 no.6_7
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• pp.12-23
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• 1969

The purpose of this study is to find out the reasonable amount of evapo-transpiration required for the paddy rice plant during the whole growing season. So, on the basis of the 3year experimental data concerning the evapo-transpiration from 1966 to 1968, the author obtained the following results. 1) The leaf area index in the densely planted plot is generally higher than that in the conventionally planted one during the first half of growing season. So, the coefficient of transpiration in the former plot is some what higher than in the latter, and the coefficient of water surface evaporation under the plant cover has the inverse relation between both plots. 2) It is unreasonable that coefficient of evapo-transpiration is applied to the calculation of the evapo-transpiration requirments of each growing stage, because a certain degree of variation in meteorological factors and in the thickness of the plant growth is involved in it. 3) It is most reasonable that the rate of transpiration and of the water surface evaporation is applied to the calculation of the transpirated amount and evaporated one in each growing stage because it shows almost constant value in spite of any meteorological conditions in so far as the variety of rice, planted density and control of applying fertilizer are same and the disease and blight are negligible. 4) The ratio of the amount of transpiration to the weight of the whole air dried yields has the tendency of decreasing as that of the yields increase, having almost constant value despite the amount of pan evaporation; and the value is about 210 when the weight of root parts is included to that of the yields. 5) Although the required amount of transpiration during the whole growing season can be calculated with the above ratio, fig. 7 showing the relation between the amount of transpiration and the weight of the yields is more reasonable and will be convinient to find it. And the requirements of water surface evaporation during the same season can also be directly found with the weight of air dried straw refering to fig.8.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.149-158
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of anxiety and depression on motor recovery of acute Bell's palsy to estimate how much psychological factors affect the clinical prognosis. Methods : A total of 20 inpatients with acute unilateral Bell's palsy within 1 week of onset participated in this study. The severity of participants' facial palsy was measured by Yanagihara(Y-system) score, FDI and House-Brackmann scale at the time of 1 week and 3 weeks from the onset. The motor recovery of acute Bell's palsy is defined as ${\Delta}Y$-system during 2 weeks. Beck anxiety scale(BAI) and the center for epidermiologic studies depression scale(CES-D) were adopted to assess anxiety and depression, respectively. Correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were conducted between ${\Delta}Y$-system and prognostic factors including anxiety and depression. Results : Significant associations were found between ${\Delta}Y$-system and depression(CES-D) but no significant associations were found between ${\Delta}Y$-system and other prognostic factors, hypertension, diabetes, postauricular pain, disgeusia, age, degree of initial palsy and anxiety(BAI). And a regression equation with 0.295 for coefficient of determination was obtained. Through this analysis, the ${\Delta}Y$-system can be predicted using regression equation which cover 29.5 % of depression index(CES-D). Conclusion : Depression is a significant clinical prognostic factor on motor recovery of acute Bell's palsy. So, Bell's palsy treatment should be combined with psychological care and support.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.719-732
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• 2020

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) which combines physical experiment with numerical simulation is an advanced method to investigate dynamic responses of structures subjected to earthquake excitation. The desired displacement computed from the numerical substructure is applied to the experimental substructure by a servo-hydraulic actuator in real time. However, the magnitude decay and phase delay resulted from the dynamics of the servo-hydraulic system affect the accuracy and stability of a RTHS. In this study, a robust stability analysis procedure for a general single-degree-of-freedom structure is proposed which considers the uncertainty of servo-hydraulic system dynamics. For discussion purposes, the experimental substructure is a portion of the entire structure in terms of a ratio of stiffness, mass, and damping, respectively. The dynamics of the servo-hydraulic system is represented by a multiplicative uncertainty model which is based on a nominal system and a weight function. The nominal system can be obtained by conducting system identification prior to the RTHS. A first-order weight function formulation is proposed which needs to cover the worst possible uncertainty envelope over the frequency range of interest. Then, the Nyquist plot of the perturbed system is adopted to determine the robust stability margin of the RTHS. In addition, three common delay compensation methods are applied to the RTHS loop to investigate the effect of delay compensation on the robust stability. Numerical simulation and experimental validation results indicate that the proposed procedure is able to obtain a robust stability margin in terms of mass, damping, and stiffness ratio which provides a simple and conservative approach to assess the stability of a RTHS before it is conducted.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.207-218
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• 2010

The purpose of the study is to predict the shipping business during the period of 2011 using the ARIMA-type models. This include the ARIMA and Intervention-ARIMA models. The multivariate cause-effect econometric model is not employed for not assuring a higher degree of forecasting accuracy than the univariate variable model. Such a cause-effect econometric model also fails in adjusting itself for the post-sample. This article introduces the four ARIMA models and six Intervention-ARIMA models. The monthly data cover the period January 2000 through October 2010. The out-of-sample forecasting performance is compared between the ARIMA-type models and the random walk model. Forecasting performance is measured by three summary statistics: root mean squared percent error, mean absolute percent error and mean percent error. The root mean squared percent errors of all the ARIMA-type models are somewhat higher than normally expected. Furthermore, the random walk model outperforms all the ARIMA-type models. This reveals that the BDI is just a random walk phenomenon and it's meaningless to predict the BDI using various econometric techniques. The ARIMA-type models show that the shipping market is expected to be bearish in 2011. These pessimistic ex-ante forecasts are supported by the Hodrick-Prescott filtering technique.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 1971

The intention of this study is to investigate the properties of polymer blend, NBR/PVC vulcanizates and blending procedures such as roll-mixing temperatures and sequences for polymer blending of NBR and PVC(resin type). The results obtained are as follows: 1. The roll temperature applied for polymer blending is around $150^{\circ}C$. At this temperature region, the degradation of rubber stock, which may be caused by heat, can be minimized and mill processing in practical application in industries can also be facilitated. 2. It is obviously necessary that a small amount of plasticizers should be added to the stock for improving processibility of roll mixing and physical properties. 3. On roll-mixing sequence, it is more effective that PVC compounded with plasticizer is added to NBR milled on hot roll. 4. The vulcanizates of the blends with different degree of polymerization of PVC ale similar to one another in properties. 5. NBR/PVC(70/30) blends shows the better physical characters than eve,-made foreign latex blend except abrasion-resistance. 6. As PVC addition ratio is increased, the physical properties such as resistance to ozone, tear, heat and oil and tensile strength, modulus, hardness have also improved, on the other hand, tension set and rebound character decreased. 7. The curve of ultimate elongation have point of inflection at the ratio of $30\sim40$ part of PVC. 8. While CR is blended, the physical properties such as brittle point, rebound and resistance to oil in high temperature have improved. 9. Polymer blend of NBR and domestic PVC is applied for the industrial utility such as rubber sole and heel, electric wire cover and oil-resistant packing, coating and gasket, printing roll, film for food packing etc.