• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cournot Equilibrium

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Scale Economies and The Effects of A Carbon Tax on Korean Economy : A Cournot-Walrasian CGE Simulation (규모의 경제와 탄소세의 경제적 효과: CGE모형을 이용한 분석)

  • Shin, Dong-Cheon
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.9 no.5
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    • pp.973-997
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    • 2000
  • The carbon tax is one of several measures to reduce the green-house gases emitted from burning the fossil fuels, which has been much discussed internationally. The analyses of the effects of a carbon tax on individual countries have been carried out by applying the computable general equilibrium(CGE) models, especially models with the assumption of non-existence of scale economies. However, the introduction of scale economies to CGE models changes the simulation results drastically. In this paper, two CGE models are used to compute and compare the economic and $CO_2$ reduction effects of a carbon tax, one of with is the model with scale economies and the other is without scale economies. One of main results is that the analysis using the CGE model without scale economies may underestimate the effects of a carbon tax on GDP and reducing the emission of $CO_2$.

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Analysis of the Competitive Effects of Financial Transmission Rights on Electricity Markets (재무적 송전권의 전력시장에의 영향 분석)

  • 김진호;박종배;신중린
    • The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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    • v.53 no.6
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    • pp.350-357
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    • 2004
  • In a deregulated electricity generation market, the sufficient capacity of transmission lines will promote the competition among generation companies (Gencos). In this paper, we show that Gencos' possession of rights to collect congestion rents may increase the competition effects of the transmission lines. In order for concrete analysis on this effect, a simple symmetric market model is introduced. In this framework, introducing the transmission right to the Gencos has the same strategic effects as increasing the line capacity of the transmission line. Moreover, the amount of effectively increased line capacity is equal to the amount of the line rights. We also show that the asymmetric share of the financial transmission rights may result in an asymmetric equilibrium even for symmetric firms and markets. We also demonstrate these aspects in equal line rights model and single firm line rights model. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the basic idea of the proposed paper.

Demand Response Effect on Market Power with Transmission Congestion in Electricity Market (전략적 수요반응이 송전선 혼잡의 시장지배력에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Kwang-Ho
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.66 no.12
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    • pp.1705-1711
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    • 2017
  • This paper analyzes the impact of DRA (Demand Response Aggregator) on market power when competing with power generation companies (Gencos) in the electricity market. If congestion occurs in the transmission line, the strategic choice of the power generation company increases exercise of market power. DRA's strategic reduction of power load impacts the strategy of Gencos, which in turn affects the outcome of the load reduction. As the strategy of Gencos changes according to the location of the congested transmission line, the impact on the market depends on the relative location of the congested line and the DRA.

A Study on Electricity Market Equilibrium with Transmission Loss and Application of The Loss Factor (손실을 고려한 전력시장 균형점과 손실계수 적용에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Hoon;Lee, Kwang-Ho
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • 2007.07a
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    • pp.838-839
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    • 2007
  • 전력산업의 시장구조는 과점형태의 불완전 경쟁의 구조로 해석하는 것이 일반적이다. 또한 전기의 물리적 특성상 송전선로에서는 전력손실이 발생하게 되는데, 본 논문은 과점시장 모델로서 쿠르노(Cournot)모델을 사용하여 손실을 포함한 내쉬 균형점을 해석한다. 지역별 한계가격(Locational Marginal Price ; LMP)와는 달리 계통한계가격(System Marginal Price ; SMP)는 손실에 대한 가격신호를 시장에 반영하기 어렵기 때문에 손실과 함께 한계송전손실계수(Marginal Loss Factor ; MLF)를 적용하여 균형상태의 시장거래가치를 비교분석한다.

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Can 'Buy-One Give-One' Business Model be Profitable? ('Buy-One Give-One' 비즈니스모델의 수익 구조에 대한 수리적 분석)

  • Han, Yunsun;Seo, Youngdoc
    • Review of Culture and Economy
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.3-20
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    • 2017
  • This study proposes that the cultural corporation can be more profitable by adopting the 'Buy-One Give-One' Business Model (BOGO BM) under certain conditions. Specifically, the conditions are that 1) consumers' utility for donating is high enough and 2) the production cost is low enough due to economies of scale or process innovation from employee's intrinsic motivation. We adopt a mathematical model where the demand function is a simple linear function and two companies compete with each other by choosing their quantity of output (the Cournot model). Specifically, we investigate the profitability of the BOGO BM in four situations: 1) a monopolist enjoying reduced cost due to process innovation from employee's intrinsic motivation, 2) a monopolist enjoying reduced cost due to economies of scale, 3) the duopoly with BOGO BM and a general company, 4) the duopoly with two BOGO BM companies. In each situation, BOGO BM can be more profitable than other general companies can under certain conditions.

The Method for Inducing Demand Curve of Cournot Model for forecasting the Equilibrium of Repeated Game in Electricity Market (전력시장의 반복게임에 적용하기 위한 쿠르노 모델의 역수요함수 및 균형점 산출)

  • Kang Dong Joo;Lee Kun Dae;Hur Jin;Kim Tae Hyun;Moon Young Hwan;Jung Ku Hyung;Kim Bal Ho
    • Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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    • summer
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    • pp.695-697
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    • 2004
  • 현재 전력시장에서 발생하는 게이밍을 반영하기 위한 수리적 모델로서 가장 보편적으로 사용되는 이론 중의 하나가 쿠르노 모델이다. 쿠르노 모델을 실제전력시장에 적용할 때 가장 어려운 점 중의 하나는 정화한 해당 모델에 사용되는 수요와 시장가격간의 관계를 정식화한 수요반웅함수(혹은 역수요함수)를 구하는 것이 다. 기존 모델의 경우 장기간에 걸친 탐문조사나 데이터를 바탕으로 가격탄력성을 구하는 방식을 취하고 있다. 그러나 수요는 전기설비의 교체 소비자의 기호 등 여러가지 변수로 지속적으로 변할 수 있기 때문에 이러한 고정적인 가격탄력성을 적용하는 것은 문제점이 될 수 있기 때문에 본 논문에서는 이러한 가격탄력성을 일정 거래주기 마다 갱신해줄 수 있는 방법을 제안하고자 한다.

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A Study on the Optimal Concession Contract Decision Model between Port Authority and Terminal Operators (항만공사와 터미널운영사간 최적임대계약 결정에 관한 모형)

  • Ashurov, Abdulaziz;Kim, Jae-Bong
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2019
  • The competition between port authorities (PAs) and terminal operating companies (TOCs) in providing port logistics services has gained importance. The PAs enter into leasing contracts with TOCs in various ways. This study aims to model a contract method that maximizes the joint profit between a PA and a TOC. Particularly, this study aims to model the equilibrium by comparing four types of contract schemes in the non-coordination, cooperation, Cournot, and collusion models. The results of the analysis show that the two-part tariff scheme generates a higher joint profit than the fixed and fee contracts. It is understood that risk- and profit-sharing between the PAs and TOCs helps the latter to maximize the throughput and the joint profit. These results are expected to provide an important theoretical basis for decision-making about port rent and freight between the PAs and TOCs.

Limit Pricing by Noncooperative Oligopolists (과점산업(寡占産業)에서의 진입제한가격(進入制限價格))

  • Nam, Il-chong
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.127-148
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    • 1990
  • A Milgrom-Roberts style signalling model of limit pricing is developed to analyze the possibility and the scope of limit pricing in general, noncooperative oligopolies. The model contains multiple incumbent firms facing a potential entrant and assumes an information asymmetry between incombents and the potential entrant about the market demand. There are two periods in the model. In period 1, n incumbent firms simultaneously and noncooperatively choose quantities. At the end of period 1, the potential entrant observes the market price and makes an entry decision. In period 2, depending on the entry decision of the entrant, n' or (n+1) firms choose quantities again before the game terminates. Since the choice of incumbent firms in period 1 depends on their information about demand, the market price in period 1 conveys information about the market demand. Thus, there is a systematic link between the market price and the profitability of entry. Using Bayes-Nash equilibrium as the solution concept, we find that there exist some demand conditions under which incumbent firms will limit price. In symmetric equilibria, incumbent firms each produce an output that is greater than the Cournot output and induce a price that is below the Cournot price. In doing so, each incumbent firm refrains from maximizing short-run profit and supplies a public good that is entry deterrence. The reason that entry is deterred by such a reduced price is that it conveys information about the demand of the industry that is unfavorable to the entrant. This establishes the possibility of limit pricing by noncooperative oligopolists in a setting that is fully rational, and also generalizes the result of Milgrom and Roberts to general oligopolies, confirming Bain's intuition. Limit pricing by incumbents explained above can be interpreted as a form of credible collusion in which each firm voluntarily deviates from myopic optimization in order to deter entry using their superior information. This type of implicit collusion differs from Folk-theorem type collusions in many ways and suggests that a collusion can be a credible one even in finite games as long as there is information asymmetry. Another important result is that as the number of incumbent firms approaches infinity, or as the industry approaches a competitive one, the probability that limit pricing occurs converges to zero and the probability of entry converges to that under complete information. This limit result confirms the intuition that as the number of agents sharing the same private information increases, the value of the private information decreases, and the probability that the information gets revealed increases. This limit result also supports the conventional belief that there is no entry problem in a competitive market. Considering the fact that limit pricing is generally believed to occur at an early stage of an industry and the fact that many industries in Korea are oligopolies in their infant stages, the theoretical results of this paper suggest that we should pay attention to the possibility of implicit collusion by incumbent firms aimed at deterring new entry using superior information. The long-term loss to the Korean economy from limit pricing can be very large if the industry in question is a part of the world market and the domestic potential entrant whose entry is deterred could .have developed into a competitor in the world market. In this case, the long-term loss to the Korean economy should include the lost opportunity in the world market in addition to the domestic long-run welfare loss.

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Dynamic Limit and Predatory Pricing Under Uncertainty (불확실성하(不確實性下)의 동태적(動態的) 진입제한(進入制限) 및 약탈가격(掠奪價格) 책정(策定))

  • Yoo, Yoon-ha
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.151-166
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    • 1991
  • In this paper, a simple game-theoretic entry deterrence model is developed that integrates both limit pricing and predatory pricing. While there have been extensive studies which have dealt with predation and limit pricing separately, no study so far has analyzed these closely related practices in a unified framework. Treating each practice as if it were an independent phenomenon is, of course, an analytical necessity to abstract from complex realities. However, welfare analysis based on such a model may give misleading policy implications. By analyzing limit and predatory pricing within a single framework, this paper attempts to shed some light on the effects of interactions between these two frequently cited tactics of entry deterrence. Another distinctive feature of the paper is that limit and predatory pricing emerge, in equilibrium, as rational, profit maximizing strategies in the model. Until recently, the only conclusion from formal analyses of predatory pricing was that predation is unlikely to take place if every economic agent is assumed to be rational. This conclusion rests upon the argument that predation is costly; that is, it inflicts more losses upon the predator than upon the rival producer, and, therefore, is unlikely to succeed in driving out the rival, who understands that the price cutting, if it ever takes place, must be temporary. Recently several attempts have been made to overcome this modelling difficulty by Kreps and Wilson, Milgram and Roberts, Benoit, Fudenberg and Tirole, and Roberts. With the exception of Roberts, however, these studies, though successful in preserving the rationality of players, still share one serious weakness in that they resort to ad hoc, external constraints in order to generate profit maximizing predation. The present paper uses a highly stylized model of Cournot duopoly and derives the equilibrium predatory strategy without invoking external constraints except the assumption of asymmetrically distributed information. The underlying intuition behind the model can be summarized as follows. Imagine a firm that is considering entry into a monopolist's market but is uncertain about the incumbent firm's cost structure. If the monopolist has low cost, the rival would rather not enter because it would be difficult to compete with an efficient, low-cost firm. If the monopolist has high costs, however, the rival will definitely enter the market because it can make positive profits. In this situation, if the incumbent firm unwittingly produces its monopoly output, the entrant can infer the nature of the monopolist's cost by observing the monopolist's price. Knowing this, the high cost monopolist increases its output level up to what would have been produced by a low cost firm in an effort to conceal its cost condition. This constitutes limit pricing. The same logic applies when there is a rival competitor in the market. Producing a high cost duopoly output is self-revealing and thus to be avoided. Therefore, the firm chooses to produce the low cost duopoly output, consequently inflicting losses to the entrant or rival producer, thus acting in a predatory manner. The policy implications of the analysis are rather mixed. Contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis that predation is, at best, a negative sum game, and thus, a strategy that is unlikely to be played from the outset, this paper concludes that predation can be real occurence by showing that it can arise as an effective profit maximizing strategy. This conclusion alone may imply that the government can play a role in increasing the consumer welfare, say, by banning predation or limit pricing. However, the problem is that it is rather difficult to ascribe any welfare losses to these kinds of entry deterring practices. This difficulty arises from the fact that if the same practices have been adopted by a low cost firm, they could not be called entry-deterring. Moreover, the high cost incumbent in the model is doing exactly what the low cost firm would have done to keep the market to itself. All in all, this paper suggests that a government injunction of limit and predatory pricing should be applied with great care, evaluating each case on its own basis. Hasty generalization may work to the detriment, rather than the enhancement of consumer welfare.

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Strategic Antitrust Policy Promoting Mergers to Enhance Domestic Competitiveness (기업결합규제(企業結合規制)와 국제경쟁력(國際競爭力))

  • Seong, So-mi
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.153-172
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    • 1990
  • The present paper investigates the potential value of strategic antitrust policy in an oligopolistic international market. The market is characterized by a non-cooperative Cournot-Nash equilibrium and by asymmetry in costs among firms in the world market. The model is useful for two reasons. First, it is important in the context of policy-making to examine the conditions under which it may be beneficial to relax antitrust law to enhance competitiveness. Second, the explicit derivation of the level of cost-saving required for a gain in total domestic surplus provides an empirical rule for excluding industries that do not satisfy the requirements for a socially beneficial antitrust exemption. Results of the analysis include a criterion that tells how the cost-saving and concentration effects of a merger offset each other. The criterion is derived from fairly general assumptions on demand functions and is simple enough to be applied as a part of the merger guidelines. Another interesting policy implication of our analysis is that promoting mergers would not be a beneficial strategy in a net importing industry where cost-saving opportunities are thin. Cost-saving domestic mergers are more likely to increase national welfare in exporting industries. The best candidate industries for application of strategic antitrust policy are those with the following characteristics: (i) a large potential for efficiency enhancement; (ii) high market concentration at the world but not the domestic level; (iii) a high ratio of exports to imports. Recently, many policymakers and economists in Korea have also come to believe that the appropriate antitrust policy in an era of increased foreign competition may actually be to encourage rather than to prohibit domestic mergers. The Industry Development Act of 1986 and the proposed bill for Mergers and Conversions in the Financial Industry of 1990 reflect this changing perspective on antitrust policy. Antitrust laws may burden domestic firms in the sense that they have a more constrained strategy set. Expenditures to avoid antitrust attacks could also increase costs for domestic firms. But there is no clear evidence that the impact of antitrust policy is significant enough to harm the competitiveness of domestic firms. As a matter of fact, it is necessary for domestic financial institutions to become large in scale in this era of globalization. However, the absence of empirical evidence for efficiency enhancement from mergers suggests caution in the relaxation of antitrust standards.

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