• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.301-311
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• 2016

This paper describes the whole procedures to determine ice-induced global loads on the ship using measured full-scale data in accordance with the method proposed by the Canadian Hydraulics Centre of the National Research Council of Canada. Ship motions of 6 degrees of freedom (dof) are found by processing the commercial sensor signals named Motion Pak II under the assumption of rigid body motion. Linear accelerations as well as angular rates were measured by Motion Pak II data. To eliminate the noise of the measured data and the staircase signals due to the resolution of the sensor, a band pass filter that passes frequencies between 0.001 and 0.6 Hz and cubic spline interpolation resampling had been applied. 6 dof motions were computed by the integrating and/or differentiating the filtered signals. Added mass and damping force of the ship had been computed by the 3-dimensional panel method under the assumption of zero frequency. Once the coefficients of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic data as well as all the 6 dof motion data had been obtained, global ice loads can be computed by solving the fully coupled 6 dof equations of motion. Full-scale data were acquired while the ARAON rammed old ice floes in the high Arctic. Estimated ice impact forces for two representative events showed 7e15 MN when ship operated in heavy ice conditions.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제33권3A호
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• pp.256-268
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 다중 경로 레이리 페이딩 시변 채널 환경의 Multiple Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) 시스템에서 효율적으로 채널 변화를 추적할 수 있는 채널 추적방식을 제안하였다. 제안된 방식은 시변 채널에 대응할 수 있도록 블라인드 채널 예측기를 설계하였다. 또한 주파수 영역 채널 추정이 Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) 시간영역 채널 추정과 결합되어 있으며 이 방식은 매 OFDM 심벌마다 역행렬을 계산할 필요가 없다는 장점이 있다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 결과 제안된 방식은 기존의 Li방식[4] 보다 성능이 우수함을 보였다. 도플러 주파수 100Hz 및 10-4 BER에서 Eb/No이득이 약 2.5 dB 정도 되었다. 도플러 주파수가 200Hz일 때 그 성능의 차이는 더욱 커졌다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2008

Fitting process carried out in the automobile transmission assembly line is classified into three classes; heat fitting, press fitting, and their combined fitting. Heat fitting is a method that heats gear to a suitable range under the tempering temperature and squeezes it toward the outer diameter of shaft. Its stress depends on the yield strength of gear. Press fitting is a method that generally squeezes gear toward that of shaft at room temperature by a press. Another method heats warmly gear and safely squeezes it toward that of shaft. Warm shrink fitting process for the automobile transmission part is now gradually increased, but the parts (shaft/gear) assembled by this process produced dimensional changes in both the outer diameter and profile of the gear. So that it may cause noise and vibration between gears. In order to solve these problems, we need an analysis of warm shrink fitting process, in which design parameters are involved; contact pressure according to fitting interference between outer diameter of shaft and inner diameter of gear, fitting temperature, and profile tolerance of gear. In this study, an closed form equation to predict contact pressure and fitting load was proposed in order to develop an optimization technique of the warm shrink fitting process and verified its reliability through the experimental results measured in the field and FEM, that is, thermal-structural coupled field analysis. Actual loads measured in the field was in good agreements with the results obtained by the theoretical and finite element analysis.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2005

On board satellite magnetometer measures all possible magnetic components, such as the core and crustal components from the inner Earth, and magnetospheric, ionospheric and' its coupled components from the outer Earth. Due to its dipole and non-dipole features, separation of the respective component from the measurements is most difficult unless the comprehensive knowledge of each field characteristics and the consequent modeling methods are solidly constructed. Especially, regional long wavelength magnetic signals of the crust are strongly masked by the main field and dynamic external field and hence difficult to isolate in the satellite measurements. In particular, the un-modeled effects of the strong auroral external fields and the complicated behavior of the core field near the geomagnetic poles conspire to greatly reduce the crustal magnetic signal-to-noise ratio in the polar region relative to the rest of the Earth. We can, however, use spectral correlation theory to filter the static lithospheric and core field components from the dynamic external field effects that are closely related to the geomagnetic storms affecting ionospheric current disturbances. To help isolate regional lithospheric anomalies from core field components, the correlations between CHAMP magnetic anomalies and the pseudo-magnetic effects inferred from satellite gravity-derived crustal thickness variations can also be exploited, Isolation of long wavelengths resulted from the respective source is the key to understand and improve the models of the external magnetic components as well as of the lower crustal structures. We expect to model the external field variations that might also be affected by a sudden upheaval like tsunami by using our algorithm after isolating any internal field components.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.139-160
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• 2015

The global performance of the 5MW OC4 semisubmersible floating wind turbine in random waves was numerically simulated by using the turbine-floater-mooring fully coupled and time-domain dynamic analysis program FAST-CHARM3D. There have been many papers regarding floating offshore wind turbines but the effects of second-order wave-body interactions on their global performance have rarely been studied. The second-order wave forces are actually small compared to the first-order wave forces, but its effect cannot be ignored when the natural frequencies of a floating system are outside the wave-frequency range. In the case of semi-submersible platform, second-order difference-frequency wave-diffraction forces and moments become important since surge/sway and pitch/roll natural frequencies are lower than those of typical incident waves. The computational effort related to the full second-order diffraction calculation is typically very heavy, so in many cases, the simplified approach called Newman's approximation or first-order-wave-force-only are used. However, it needs to be justified against more complete solutions with full QTF (quadratic transfer function), which is a main subject of the present study. The numerically simulated results for the 5MW OC4 semisubmersible floating wind turbine by FAST-CHARM3D are also extensively compared with the DeepCWind model test results by Technip/NREL/UMaine. The predicted motions and mooring tensions for two white-noise input-wave spectra agree well against the measure values. In this paper, the numerical static-offset and free-decay tests are also conducted to verify the system stiffness, damping, and natural frequencies against the experimental results. They also agree well to verify that the dynamic system modeling is correct to the details. The performance of the simplified approaches instead of using the full QTF are also tested.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.42.1-42.9
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• 2020

Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a powerful technology to profile the location of proteins of interest on a whole-genome scale. To identify the enrichment location of proteins, many programs and algorithms have been proposed. However, none of the commonly used peak calling programs could accurately explain the binding features of target proteins detected by ChIP-Seq. Here, publicly available data on 12 histone modifications, including H3K4ac/me1/me2/me3, H3K9ac/me3, H3K27ac/me3, H3K36me3, H3K56ac, and H3K79me1/me2, generated from a human embryonic stem cell line (H1), were profiled with five peak callers (CisGenome, MACS1, MACS2, PeakSeq, and SISSRs). The performance of the peak calling programs was compared in terms of reproducibility between replicates, examination of enriched regions to variable sequencing depths, the specificity-to-noise signal, and sensitivity of peak prediction. There were no major differences among peak callers when analyzing point source histone modifications. The peak calling results from histone modifications with low fidelity, such as H3K4ac, H3K56ac, and H3K79me1/me2, showed low performance in all parameters, which indicates that their peak positions might not be located accurately. Our comparative results could provide a helpful guide to choose a suitable peak calling program for specific histone modifications.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.218-228
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• 2018

Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the effect of physical changes on MR temperature imaging at 7.0T and to examine proton-resonance-frequency related changes of MR phase images and T1 related changes of MR magnitude images, which are obtained for MR thermometry at various magnetic field strengths. Materials and Methods: An MR-compatible capacitive-coupled radio-frequency hyperthermia system was implemented for heating a phantom and swine muscle tissue, which can be used for both 7.0T and 3.0T MRI. To determine the effect of flip angle correction on T1-based MR thermometry, proton resonance frequency, apparent T1, actual flip angle, and T1 images were obtained. For this purpose, three types of imaging sequences are used, namely, T1-weighted fast field echo with variable flip angle method, dual repetition time method, and variable flip angle method with radio-frequency field nonuniformity correction. Results: Signal-to-noise ratio of the proton resonance frequency shift-based temperature images obtained at 7.0T was five-fold higher than that at 3.0T. The T1 value increases with increasing temperature at both 3.0T and 7.0T. However, temperature measurement using apparent T1-based MR thermometry results in bias and error because B1 varies with temperature. After correcting for the effect of B1 changes, our experimental results confirmed that the calculated T1 increases with increasing temperature both at 3.0T and 7.0T. Conclusion: This study suggests that the temperature-induced flip angle variations need to be considered for accurate temperature measurements in T1-based MR thermometry.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Transferring single flux quanta across a Josephson junction at an exactly determined rate has made highly precise voltage measurements possible. Making use of self-shunted Nb-based SINIS junctions, programmable fast-switching DC voltage standards with output voltages of up to 10 V were produced. This development is now extended from fundamental DC measurements to the precise determination of AC voltages with arbitrary waveforms. Integrated RSFQ circuits will help to replace expensive semiconductor devices for frequency control and signal coding. Easy-to-handle AC and inexpensive quantum voltmeters of fundamental accuracy would be of interest to industry. In analogy to the development in the flux regime, metallic nanocircuits comprising small-area tunnel junctions and providing the coherent transport of single electrons might play an important role in quantum current metrology. By precise counting of single charges these circuits allow prototypes of quantum standards for electric current and capacitance to be realised. Replacing single electron devices by single Cooper pair circuits, the charge transfer rates and thus the quantum currents could be significantly increased. Recently, the principles of the gate-controlled transfer of individual Cooper pairs in superconducting A1 devices in different electromagnetic environments were demonstrated. The characteristics of these quantum coherent circuits can be improved by replacing the small aluminum tunnel Junctions by niobium junctions. Due to the higher value of the superconducting energy gap ($\Delta_{Nb}$ ＝ $7\Delta_{Al}$), the characteristic energy and the frequency scales for Nb devices are substantially extended as compared to A1 devices. Although the fabrication of small Nb junctions presents a real challenge, the Nb-based metrological devices will be faster and more accurate in operation. Moreover, the Nb-based Cooper pair electrometer could be coupled to an Nb single Cooper pair qubit which can be beneficial for both, the stability of the qubit and its readout with a large signal-to-noise ratio..

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권2B호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 기존 매개변수적 수문시계열 예측모형을 보완하고자 Singular Spectrum Analysis(SSA)와 Linear Recurrent Formula를 결합한 모형을 제안하였다. SSA는 주로 시계열에 내재해 있는 구성성분을 추출하기 위한 목적으로 많이 이용되고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구에서는 엘니뇨 및 라니냐 등의 기상현상과 수문사상의 상관성 분석에 주로 적용되고 있는 SSA와 시계열 예측을 위해서 Linear Recurrence Formula를 결합한 예측 모형을 월단위의 수위와 유입량 시계열 자료를 대상으로 적용성 및 타당성을 검토해 보았다. 모형을 통해 수문시계열을 모의한 결과 전체적인 통계적인 특성 및 시각적인 검토에서 실측자료와 매우 유사한 모의가 가능하였으며 실측 자료를 바탕으로 Blind Forecasting을 실시한 결과 2가지 예에서 모두 1년 정도의 예측구간에서 합리적인 결과를 제시하여 주었다. 따라서 단기예측을 수문모형으로서 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.417-426
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• 2002

반응셀이 장치된 유도결합플라스마 사중극자 질량분석기를 이용하여 자연적으로 존재하는 6개의 칼슘 동위원소의 검출특성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 동적반응셀 (dynamic reaction cell, DRC)장치를 이용한 실험에서 최적의 신호 대 잡음비를 얻기 위한 실험조건을 조사하였다. 본 실험을 통해서 반응기체로서 0.7 mL/min의 $NH_3$를 사용하고 rejection parameter (RPq)값을 0.6으로 사용함으로써, Ca의 질량위치인 m/z 40, 42, 43, 44, 46 그리고 m/z 48의 위치에서 잠재적인 간섭이온인 $Ar^+$, ${CO_2}^+$, ${NO_2}^+$, $CNO^+$ 등이 효과적으로 제거됨을 확인하였다. 검출한계는 동위원소 $^{40}Ca$, $^{42}Ca$, $^{43}Ca$, $^{44}Ca$, 및 $^{48}Ca$에 대해서 각각 1, 29, 169, 34, and 15 pg/g으로 얻을 수 있었다. 이러한 실험조건 하에서 국제비교분석을 위해서 영국의 LGC (Laboratory of the Government Chemistry, Queens Road, Teddington, England)로부터 공급된 합성식품분해물질 중의 Ca을 동위원소희석법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 동위원소희석법에 의한 측정의 불확도는 ISO/GUM과 EURACHEM지침서에 따라 평가하였다. 측정된 시료중의 Ca의 농도와 불확도는 ($66.4{\pm}1.2$) mg/kg이었다. 또한 본 실험방법의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 농도가 인증된 표준시료 NRCC (National Research Council of Canada)의 SLRS-3 (riverine water CRM)과 NIST (National Institute of Science and Technology)의 SRM1643d (trace element in water)를 분석하였다.