• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.3-24
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• 2017

The level of ICT in the country affects economic performance as a basic infrastructure that has a significant impact on the competitiveness of the country. With the proliferation of globalization, ICT-related economic activities such as electronic trade are becoming more active, and the importance of ICT in the country is increasing. This study sought to analyze the impact of ICT level on the economic performance of the nation by subdividing it into three dimensions: accessibility, usage, and utilization skill. In particular, we sought to find ways to effectively resolve the digital divide between developed and developing countries by analyzing the difference in economic impact of ICT level. Furthermore, we tried to verify whether the government regulation and firm's nature of competitive advantage in the international markets play a moderating role in the economic impacts of ICT in the country. As a result of panel analysis with data collected from ITU, WEF and World bank national ICT level has consistently significant influence on economic growth in terms of access and usage. In addition, it was confirmed that the competitive advantage of companies in developed countries and the government regulation in developing countries have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between ICT level and economic growth.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.77-123
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• 2011

Recently, Southeast Asian people, its food, natural sceneries and so on have been increasingly exposed to Korean people through mass media and multi-cultural events. At the same time, Koreans can frequently encounter Southeast Asians in their everyday lives. Thus, specific images and discourses of Southeast Asia has been established in our society, which creates a new social trend called 'Southeast Asia phenomena'. In short, 'Southeast Asia phenomena' means a totality of Korean people's experience of Southeast Asian and their perception on the region. On the one hand, 'Southeast Asia phenomena' is a result of inflow of Southeast Asians and their culture into Korea. On the other hand, it is also a consequence of Korean people's understanding of Southeast Asia from their trip to Southeast Asia or from their interactions with Southeast Asian people. This article aims to analyze the origin and diffusion of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' in Korea in the context of Southeast Asia focusing on 4 topics, that is, migrant workers, overseas investments, retirement migration, study-abroad categorized as human movement. This article is also about a country-by-country comparative analysis both at the macro level and the micro level. At the macro level, overseas investments and trade, human exchanges, positive perception to Koreans which considered to be the structural causes become a strong mechanism playing a important bridge role between Korea and Southeast Asia. So these create the high probability of the emergence of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' At the micro level which is more direct causes of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena', the economic cause is the most important common cause for 4 Southeast Asian Phenomena. Additionally, Korean wave is also remarkable common cause creating 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' even it is not the origin in the context of Southeast Asia. The diffusion of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' is different by the topics and the elements contributing to create the favorable situation for the diffusion are not only overseas investments and trade, human exchanges at the macro level but also policy elements at the micro level. The relative differences of the causes of 'Southeast Asian Phenomena' in the country-by-country analysis are found. Regarding overseas investments in Vietnam and Cambodia, the economic degree of freedom in Cambodia is higher than in Vietnam. Even Korean Wave has had the longer history in Vietnam, but the favorable perspectives on Korean Wave are stronger in Cambodia. For migrant workers from Vietnam and Indonesia, the economic causes in Vietnam are more significant than in Indonesia. The impact of Korean Wave is stronger in Vietnam than in Indonesia. In case of study-abroad, the social-cultural elements and policy elements are more diverse in Malaysia than in Korea. For the Korean retirees who immigrate to the Philippines and Malaysia, the economic causes in the Philippines is more significant in Malaysia.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.65-77
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze factors in country risk between Cambodia and Vietnam. OECD and the Export-Import Ban of Korea assess country risk of Cambodia more highly than Vietnam. As results of the parametric tests for evaluation factors on the basis of country risk classification, the economic growth rate, the foreign trade index, and the foreign exchange reserves among the economic risks with the corruption index as the political and social risk have statistically significant effect on the difference between country risks of two countries. However, discriminant factor analysis indicates that the economic growth rate, the foreign exchange reserves, and the corruption index are key variables, which represent the difference between country risks of Cambodia and Vietnam. Consequently, the government of Cambodia needs to try to root out the corruption and to expand trade through increasing export for lowering the country risk to the level of Vietnam. Vietnam would also need to focus on attaining the sustainable high economic growth rate and increasing the foreign exchange reserves.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.107-130
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• 2023

This study examines the economic effects of a developed country's minimum quality standards (MQS) and mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) between countries. Based on the results of such analysis, it also considers the optimal MRA strategy for South Korea. For this purpose, the paper constructs a simple three-country model in which the representative firms in each country supply differentiated goods to the developed country market. The analysis results are as follows: First, the rise in the MQS of a developed country intensifies the competition level, reduces the profits of all firms, and raises the developed country's consumer surplus. In addition, if one of the firms exits the market due to the MQS, competition is relaxed, and the profits of the remaining firms increase. Second, countries subject to MQS can improve their social welfare through the MRAs; thus, it is essential to utilize them strategically. In the case of South Korea, the optimal situation is to have an MRA with the developed country or for all three countries not to have any MRA.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-112
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• 1992

The purpose of the present study was to investigate methodological and theoretical problems in measuring the acquisition of national identity of in-country and over-seas Korean adolescents. The subjects consisted of 344 in-country and 89 over-seas (total 433) adolescents. 14 to 26 years of age. Data were collected with the use of two questionnaires. The Cognition of National Characteristics(CNC) and The Measure of National Belongings(MNB). As statistical measures. F-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. The results are disclosed as follows; 1) The concept of national identity organized not only cognition of the national characteristics in multi-dimension which is related each other, but also a sense of belonging. 2) Two measuring methods(CNC and MNB) for this study are closely related. 3) Overseas Korean adolescents performed more than in-country Korean adolescents in 5 sub-national characteristics(language, social norm, history of the nation, & breaking with ideological thinking) except the consanguinity, of CNC and MNB. Crisis hypothesis was supposed as alternative factor to explain that overseas Korean adolescents cognified about the national characteristics and feel a sense of belonging more than the in-country respondents. 4) Some demographic variables, such as age of the respondents, place of birth, level of understanding Korean language, are contributed to acquiring national identity.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.65-72
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• 2016

Purpose - This study is to examine the effect of Korean Wave (Hallyu) towards consumer purchase intention of Korean Product in Indonesia. In addition, this study also investigates the image of Korea whether it can give an impact on Indonesian consumers' intention to purchase Korean Products. Research design, data, and methodology - A total of 227 respondents from Indonesian consumers were collected using online surveys. The results from this survey were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify each of the factors. Multiple regression and process analysis (designed by Andrew F. Hayes) were conducted to test the hypotheses. Results - This research found that 'Korean Wave', 'Ethnocentrism', and 'Country-of-Origin Image' significantly affected consumer purchase intention towards Korean Products in Indonesia, while 'Country Image' on the purchase intention was not significant affected the purchase intention. Conclusions - Study findings provide useful information for business practitioners and government to develop and maintain the use of Korean Wave in the business and marketing fields. By only referring to the image of country, it will be difficult for the consumers to decide whether they want to purchase the products or not. In other words, the favorable image of Korea, usually represented by high level of industrialization and economy, is more likely to be enhanced by favorable image of product and Korean cultural wave.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.285-304
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were finding out some methods about development of oversea agriculture in Korea. It is a tough task that faces us now. China is a big agricultural country, most agricultural investment country and the nearest located in Korea. So this study researches on the quality of farmers and characters of rural human resources in China. In China, agriculture industry is the basic industry among national economy developments. The majority of populations in China are living in rural region. Agriculture, villages and farmers are main issues in China. From this point, An analysis of Chinese farmers' characters and qualities; general conditions of farmers' knowledge of science and technology, their education level, quality of minds and sprit, and rural public health service situation in China. The result of this study is following; First, Chinese farmers' factors that low education level, big cultural differences between cities and country sides affect the development of China's agriculture as obstruction factors. Second, Practice conditions of farmers' science knowledge and technology are low level, output of higher rural human resources, low quality of minds and sprit and problems of agricultural extension service. It is negative influenced of agriculture and farmers economic development in China. Third, unsociable culture of the peasantry influences Chinese farming in the negative ways. Also, conventional notions of family are getting weaker, it makes connection of the kinship weaken. But, Chinese think that this kind of kinship is the most important thing in their life. Fourth, in the case of situations that the farmer's sanitation and health, low level of the medical service is getting worse than before relatively. And there are a lot of discordances between a planned childbirth policy and personal recognitions. Also, lacking of nourishment makes labor productivity falling tendencies. The medical industry falls short of the standard as compared to the number of farming people. Fifth, in the peasantry's consciousness of the legal system, this causes difficulties to farmers in the market. Shortage of the legal knowledge exerts a bad influence upon rural economy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.123-129
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• 2020

Intra-industry trade (IIT) has played an important role in international trade of Vietnam as a result of rapid growth of the country. This article investigates the level of IIT between Vietnam and 11 trading partners in Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) over the period 2000-2014. Although there have been a large number of empirical researches contributed to the determinants of IIT, most of them only pay attention on developed countries where the trade flows are similar due to similar demand structure and production technology. Until now, there is no study on intra-industry trade between Vietnam and countries in TPP that Vietnam recently signed a trade agreement in early 2016. IIT is measured by the Grubel-Lloyd index. The index shows that the extent of intra-industry trade between Vietnam and the trading countries is not high due to the level of economic development and the market size. The determinants of IIT are examined using a panel regression model. In the empirical analysis, the results indicate that Vietnam's intra-industry trade is positively correlated with country size, while it is negatively correlated with income dissimilarity, the trade openness, and geographical distance. This study contributes to the new theoretical trade theory on the evidence of developing country's IIT.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.103-113
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• 2018

Objectives: The study aimed to compare the indicators of infrastructure of the whole country with those of Busan through National Medical Care Psychiatric (hospital level) Quality Assesment and to provide the basic evidence for presenting vision and strategies of mental health policy. Methods: National Medical Care Psychiatric (hospital level) Quality Assesment Data was used from 2011 to 2015. A total of 8 indicators were analyzed including facility and workforce. Results: The median value of the capacity per ward was decreasing with years both whole country and Busan. The number of beds out of total inpatient occupancy was improved over the years. There was no clear change in the number of inpatients per toilet in the hospitalized ward, but the indicator was decreasing obviously. Therefore, the median value of whole country and Busan was same with 10.2 in 2015. Conclusions: We confirmed that indicators for infrastructure were improving in a generally positive change over the years. The infrastructure is related to the patient-centered treatment environment, and the workforce is related to the quality of care. Therefore, the structural area should be continuously evaluated and improved.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.409-417
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• 2022

This research uses a panel data set of selected developed and emerging economies to investigate the relationship between firm value and the Islamic label. A low-debt company is a proxy for excellent governance, and good governance has a significant positive impact on a company's valuation. We can claim that the Islamic label may also be a proxy for excellent governance and will significantly impact a company's economic value because it reflects low debt Sharia-compliant companies. To explore this relationship, cross-country data from non-financial enterprises in Pakistan, the United States, Malaysia, and Indonesia was acquired from 2010 to 2015. The study's findings indicate that the Islamic label has a positive significant impact on the firm's worth in the whole sample, including all countries. With the exception of the United States, we have also collected the same information at the country level. We also discovered that the corporate governance index at the firm level has a positive significant impact on firm value. The findings show that the Islamic label reflects good governance and hence can be used as a proxy for good governance. The analysis differentiates between Islamic labeled and conventional enterprises in developed and emerging nations, adding to our understanding of who contributes to enhanced corporate financial performance.