• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.464-475
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• 2023

In this study, based on an analysis of two DNA barcode markers (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b genes), we performed species identification and monitored labeling compliance for 50 commercial pufferfish products sold in on-line markets in Korea. Using these barcode sequences as a query for species identification and phylogenetic analysis, we screened the GenBank database. A total of seven pufferfish species (Takifugu chinensis, T. pseudommus, T. xanthopterus, T. alboplumbeus, T. porphyreus, T. vermicularis, and Lagocephalus cheesemanii) were identified and we detected 35 products (70%) that were non-compliant with the corresponding label information. Moreover, the labels on 12 commercial products contained only the general common name (i.e., pufferfish), although not the scientific or Korean names for the 21 edible pufferfish species. Furthermore, the proportion of mislabeled highly processed products (n = 9, 81.8%) was higher than that of simply processed products (n = 26, 66.7%). With respect to the country of origin, the percentage of mislabeled Chinese products (n = 8, 80%) was higher than that of Korean products (n = 26, 66.7%). In addition, the market and dialect names of different pufferfish species were labeled only as Jolbok or Milbok, whereas two non-edible pufferfish species (T. vermicularis and T. pseudommus) were used in six commercial pufferfish products described as JolboK and Gumbok on their labels, which could be attributable to the complex classification system used for pufferfish. These monitoring results highlight the necessity to develop genetic methods that can be used to identify the 21 edible pufferfish species, as well as the need for regulatory monitoring of commercial pufferfish products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.496-507
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• 2023

This study investigated species identification and labeling compliance of 48 shrimp products sold in the Korean online markets. Species identification was conducted using the standard DNA barcoding method, using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. The obtained sequences were compared with those deposited in the NCBI GenBank and BOLD Systems databases. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis was performed to further verify the identified shrimp species. Consequently, 16 shrimp species were identified, including Penaeus vannamei, Pandalus borealis, Palaemon gravieri, Leptochela gracilis, Penaeus monodon, Pleoticus muelleri, Metapenaeopsis dalei, Euphausia pacifica, Lebbeus groenlandicus, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Argis lar, Metanephrops thomsoni, Metapenaeopsis barbata, Alpheus japonicus, Penaeus chinensis, and Mierspenaeopsis hardwickii. The most prevalent species was Penaeus vannamei, found in 45.8% of the analyzed products. A significant mislabeling rate of 72.9% was found; however, upon excluding generic names such as shrimp, the mislabeling rate reduced to 10.4%. The mislabeling rate was higher in highly-processed products (89.3%) compared with that in minimally-processed products (50%). No correlation was found between the country of origin and mislabeling rate. The results of this study provide crucial data for future monitoring of shrimp products and improving the labeling of shrimp species in Korea.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 2014

This study investigates the effect of organic certification of apples on consumer preference in China as a way to support the expanded export of Korean apples to China. A choice experiment was designed to analyze the apple consumption in China. A total of 298 Chinese consumers answered the survey, and multinomial logit models were used to analyze the results. Organic certification was identified as an important determinant of consumer preference for apples in China, affecting both the evaluation and choice of country of origin. The results also indicated that Korean organic certification significantly increased the probability of Chinese consumers choosing Korean apples. Thus, organic certification by the Korean government should be strengthened to promote apple exports to China, plus the results of this study may provide useful information to promote agricultural product exports and improve the organic certification system.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.57
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• pp.137-168
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to search for the main content system and Confucian meaning of "Yu Shu;虞書" of "The Book of Documents; 書經". This research covers two things: first, the form of The Book of Documents and the main content system of "Yu Shu". The Book of Documents consists of 4 main dynasties' Shu in ancient chinese history; "Yu Shu" 5 chapters, "Xia Shu; 夏書" 4 chapters, "Shang Shu; 商書" 17 chapters, and "Zhou Shu; 周書" 32 chapters, for a total 58 chapters. This book is organized in the form of six formalities(六體) or ten examples(十例). Second, the Confucian value of The Book of Documents and philosophical meaning of Yu Shu. Yu Shu shows a benign rule(仁政), confucianism ideal politic, as an historic example of a benevolent administration. By this research, we recognize that the tradition of abdication in the confucian society and the way of selecting people are theoretical foundation of politics based on people, rule by virtue and, by extension, a dynastic revolution. In addition, governing a country and rule the world that is treated in Yu Shu are a theory of leadership and moral training as a background of "Da Xue"(大學; Great Learning). Furthermore, Xiao(孝;filial piety) emphasized on this book is the main virtue of leaders and core value of practical action among the human relation. by extension, we recognize that the "Yu Shu" is the origin of "Xiao Jing; 孝經".

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.567-576
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• 2022

Seafarers are exposed to various unpredictable maritime risks due to the spatial specificity of the working environment of the sea; thus, sufficient compensation for injured crewmembers is needed. However, Korea does not provide such compensation. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the Maritime Labor Act and the Industrial Accident Insurance Act of Germany, an advanced European social insurance country, and derive implications compared to Korea. First, we investigated how compensations are managed by a public institution in Germany and by shipowners in Korea. Second, regarding the contents of accident compensation, Germany does not only provide continuous treatment and care through various support systems, but also operates various programs to enable a return to ship work. In contrast, Korea has a temporary compensation system that allows shipowners to avoid liability for accident compensation, which is disadvantageous to shipwrecked seafarers. Finally, in Germany, workers' compensation insurance is public, judged considering the origin of work, whereas in Korea, it is determined by shipowners or insurance companies. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a public institution in charge of crew accident compensation to ensure proper compensation for crewmembers in Korea and to improve the Seafarers Act or system to provide compensation for additional medical care, disability pension, and rehabilitation benefits.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study is to help improve the management of traditional Korean medical(TKM) clinics and the policies for supporting them, by conducting a survey of the practitioners of TKM. Methods Stratified sampling was conducted based on regional location, and 700 samples were selected in a random manner from the membership list. The questionnaire was delivered and returned by mail. The survey was conducted between 20 July and 31 August 2010. A total of 177 questionnaires (recovery rate: 25.28%) were recovered and analyzed for the study. Results 1. The the survey indicate that the overall size of TKM clinics has fallen compared with previous survey, while the average number of beds per clinic has remained unchanged at 7.9. The sale of medicine as a proportion of total monthly sales has increased. 2. There has been no change in the composition of clinical staff as there are three nursing assistants. Although the average daily number of patients to clinics has remained at around 33.90 compared with ten years ago, the number of patients requiring seeking acupuncture treatment has increased while the number of those treated with medication has decreased. 3. Clinicians in TKM have indicated their preference for a binary system that separates TKM from western medicine (57.4%). The respondents do not favor the separation of dispensary from medical practice (81.5%), marks of origin for medicinal herbs (68.9%), disclosure of the prescriptions (67.2%), and the overseas expansion of Korean medical services (70.4%). However, they indicated that they are very much in favor of being granted the authority to employ and give orders to medical technicians (96.0%). 4. The respondents selected Korea as the country that maintains a proper academic system for traditional medicine (45.5%), and are not in favor of opening Korea's traditional medicine market under an Free Trade Agreement(FTA) with China (72.7%). Conclusion The overall status of the management of TKM clinics has declined compared with the preceding decade. There has been only a slight change in clinicians' opinion of the related policies and regulatory issues.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.574-590
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• 2021

International efforts to prevent illegally logged wood are expanding around the world. The "Legal Wood Trade Promotion System" was enacted in Korea in 2019 to strengthen the legal import and distribution of commercial wood in Korea. Since then, this system has promoted and ensured that the imported wood and wood products are legal with respect to the country of origin, wood species, and harvested area. As verification methods, DNA analysis technology and anatomical analysis using a microscope are mainly used in conjunction. Therefore, in this study, wood species of plywood were identified by analyzing the anatomical characteristics of various wood products for the first time. Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) and larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere) plywoods (7, 9 ply) were obtained from four companies that supply plywood in Korea. After cutting each company's plywood to a size of about 1 cm³, the layers from top to bottom were separated into single layers, and three sections were observed using an optical microscope. The results revealed that the plywood was composed of a mixture of softwood and hardwood wood species, pine wood species, poplar wood species, or a mixture of larch and pine wood species. Identification of wood species using microscopy is important and can enable the scientific analysis and verification of various wood products, including plywood, imported from countries where the likelihood of indiscriminate distribution of illegal wood and illegal logging is high.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.41-59
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• 2023

This study aimed at analyzing the educational needs of home economics teachers for food literacy cultivation education in secondary school home economics. A total of 192 home economics teachers were surveyed about their perceptions of importance and performance of food literacy education content categories and elements, and their priorities were identified. Among the 38 content elements presented, home economics teachers recognized that the current performance level was significantly lower than that of the importance over 34 content elements. Based on the Borich educational needs assessment and the Locus for Focus Model, we identified five content elements with 'very high' educational needs ('food security/food sovereignty', 'reducing food-related waste', 'food waste management and recycling', 'food-related waste recycling', and 'country of origin information'), and four content elements with 'high' educational needs ('genetically modified food', 'ethical food consumption', 'food additives', and 'eco-friendly agricultural products'). These results indicate that dietary education in secondary school home economics should emphasize both the production and disposal of food. The findings of this study suggest implications for the needs for a new dietary education in secondary school home economics that allows students to learn all stages of food system. These results can also be used as a basis for dietary education for cultivating food literacy in secondary school home economics education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.5 s.95
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• pp.78-86
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• 2005

Marek(말액) is the headgear, which is a form of hempen hoods[Geon(건)] and the origin of it is Pa(파) of band form. A history book of an old Chinese country Post-Han $\ll$ History of HouHan (후한서)$\gg$ had recorded that a soldier wore a red band around his head that was called Pa(파). In the Han dynasty(한대), Pa had been transformed into Chaek(책) or a kind of a hemp rap(건) while e headgear had still remained as the band form and called Marek from e Tang era(당). The literatures of the Tang era had referred the red Marek of soldiers, and other literatures of the later period had recorded that of the previous headgears of the band form were related with Marek. Since the Tang era, white or yellow Marek except red one fer soldiers had been were by soldiers, musicians, dancers and singers in Yuan(원) and Ming(명) of China. The colors was recorded in red on documents mostly, this red implicated soldiers for symbol of terror. This fart was documented in an old history book $\ll$The history of 25 Eras(이십오사)$\gg$, On the other side, a wall painting in Princess Jeonghyo(정효공주)'s tomb of the Parhae(발해) period described the portraits of twelve persons, and among them, two Siwui(시위) put on the red Marek. Quoted from the record of a history book of the Tang era system , a history book of Three Kingdoms(삼국시대) of ancient Korea $\ll$Samguksaki(삼국사기)$\gg$ described that four dancers of Kogryo(고구려) wore Marek on their heads with the costumes of Koguryo, one of those Kingdoms. In consideration that the book of $\ll$Tongjun$\gg$ was the literature of the Tang era so that Marek mentioned in this book was followed by their name, the Marek of Koguryo dancers shown in the history book $\ll$Samguksaki(삼국사기)$\gg$ might be a kind of Koguryo style hemp cap[Geon(건)]. The Marek of Parhae had succeeded to the headgear of Koguryo and the identity was on Koguryo.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.101-109
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• 2005

As a circumstantial-existance character (the human character who takes action after grasping circumstances and fears things with reason) the Japanese were more interested in the active doctrines of Wang Yang-ming than other speculative studies. All of people were inhumanely incorporated into the rigorous class system under pressure in the samurai society. In the atmosphere of the society a natural phenomenon was understood as the ksana of change, and instead of the whole, the part was mainly described with emphasis on the reality. Therefore nature came near to the man after being reduced and then was symbolized in the Interior space. Also the classification of spaces, that is to say, the settlement of borders by the social position was shown in the great interior space like a labyrinth. As a self-existance character(the human style who carves out for and does not have a regard other's feeling), however, the Korean were much influenced by the Taoist Idea as they tried to be similar to nature in nature itself. Therefore the idea of Asaniskrota was in their origin. There was a tendency for space to be extended toward the outdoor in Korea, since the Korean people who are speculative and like to be natural tried to be close to nature. Therefore the division of spaces according to class and sexuality and the settlement of borders were already shown in outside by Che-Na-Num(Divided-Mass:Koren's own style). These are closely related with that houses were built after a village settle down in Korea while built before a village settle down in Japan. Architectural space consists of the interior and the exterior. The layout and (on of architectural space has a great variety of characters by region and culture. In other words, it can be understood which has a priority between the interior and the exterior in developing the layout and the form of architectural space. Belonging to the culture area of Chinese characters with Korea, Japan has maintained its own Identity. It has an identity in the layout and form of architectural space as well. Therefore, the architecture and architectural theories of the two countries were compared and analyzed with priority given to the traditional architecture, also the backgrounds of architecture and architectural theories of two countries were examined in this study. This study shows that each country has different characters in how to introduce nature, how to expand space and how to compose windows, including the view of nature and the cult of space. As a result, the space in Korean architecture has relatively the exterior-oriented character but in Japan architecture spatial character is interior-oriented. The interior-oriented character can be relevant to the word 'reduction' and the exterior-oriented character to 'extension' after all. Also it can be thought that each character has a great relation with climate and idea of people in power.