• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2015

Safety' can be used in a variety of ways and may also have different meanings when used in theoretical field and routinely used. In this paper, the 'safety' means that human injury, fire or physical accident condition does not occur while used by the end-user. The meaning of safety may be different by era and culture. Even in contemporary era, the meaning can be used differently by country, region and culture. As the rights of consumers are increasingly reinforced, we can expect the acceptable risk or safety level can rise higher. In this paper, the R-map of Japan and the European risk assessment guidelines (RAPEX) were reviewed considering domestic incidents database status and its applicability. Because it is difficult to make a model based on a R-map, a revised model was developed mainly based on European Assessment Model with a combination of the important characteristics of Japan model R-map. Also utilizing this revised model, the availability as a new risk assessment model was confirmed by comparing the test results for the same scenarios to the other risk assessment model (RAPEX/RAG).

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.373-385
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• 2021

The objective of the study is to empirically investigate the impact of bank capital on the lending behavior of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2007 to 2019. Lending behavior is captured by two dimensions, including the quantity (loan growth) and quality (credit risk) of loans. Instead of investigating loan growth and credit risk separately, we combine these two aspects in our study and further develop the interaction term between capital buffers and credit risk to capture the asymmetric impact. We apply the dynamic model (regressed by the generalized method of moments) and the static models (regressed using the fixed effects, random effects, and the pooled regression approach) to perform regressions. The results show that banks with higher capital ratios tend to expand lending more, while the risk of credit portfolios is controlled at lower levels at these banks. Further analysis reveals that credit risk mitigates some aspects of the relationship between bank capital and loan expansion. The patterns remain robust across alternative measures and econometric techniques. The study provides insightful policy implications for bank managers and regulators in the process of upgrading capital resources to ensure the safety and soundness of the banking industry in an emerging country.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.841-850
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• 2021

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between bank capital, efficiency, and risk in Islamic banks. We use data from 129 Islamic banks in the world, retrieved from various data sources. We retrieved specific banking data from Moody's Analytics BankFocus and Thomson Reuters Eikon, while data at the country level was obtained from the World Bank website. This study uses various estimates both Pooled OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and Random Effect (RE). However, to overcome the issue of serial correlation which could cause bias in the results of the study, we used fixed-effect (FE) cluster estimates. The research results confirm the previous findings that bank capital positively affects bank stability (natural logarithm of Z-Score) and negatively affects credit risk (loan loss provision to total liabilities). The findings also show that efficiency has the same effect. The interaction test of bank capital and efficiency shows that efficiency encourages banks to reduce risk, including when bank capital is relatively lower. This finding is expected to have implications for the authorities to boost bank efficiency in addition to establishing several regulations related to capital. The efficiency implemented by the bank will encourage banks to act prudently so that the bank can maintain its performance through risk mitigation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 2013

This paper presents the Part 1 of the Questionnaire Survey on Marine Safety and VTS in the Philippine Coastal Waters. This part deals with respondents profiles; experiences onboard and ashore; familiar areas; and their subjective perception of marine risks- by factors and by areas. The subjects are chosen from different regions nationwide with connection and/or with maritime background. There are 202 responses returned and these are put into a database for analysis made through Excel programs and statistics references. The result of the nationwide responses show that 97 % of respondents have shipboard experiences onboard of different ships' types and sizes; and 88 % are directly involved in the navigation of ships. Risk Perception levels - by factors and by familiar areas - show a higher risk degree in the 3rd level ('Sometimes Increases Risks') and 4th level ('Often Increases Risk') in each respondents' response indices. The study finds that the most risky factor is the "Violation of Rules and Regulations" which has a high risk at 5th level (Very Often Increases Risk), and for the over-all familiar areas, the Manila Bay area (NCR region) garners the most risky perception, also, at the 5th level. It is, therefore, recommended by this paper to conduct a comprehensive review of the rules and regulations viable in each locality; strengthening the maritime traffic systems, structures and educating the stake-holders specifically in Manila Bay area and other busy waterways of the country. The ultimate goal of this paper is to gather information, analyze these data and develop a set of tools and techniques to be utilized as a guide in the improvement and development of maritime traffic safety in the country.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-64
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines South Korea's potential status as a carbon leakage country, and the level of risk posed by the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) for Korean industries. The economic effects of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to protect energy-intensive Korean industries in the process of achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030 through the Korean ETS are also analyzed. Design/methodology - First, using the Korean Input-Output (IO) table, this paper calculates the balance of emissions embodied in trade (BEET) and the pollution terms of trade (PTT) to determine Korean industries' carbon leakage status. Analyses of the risk level posed by carbon reduction policy implementation in international trade are conducted for some sectors by applying the EU criteria. Second, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, three BCA scenarios, exemption regulations (EXE), reimbursement (REB), and tariff reduction (TAR) to protect the energy-intensive industries under the Korean ETS are addressed. Compared to the baseline scenario of achieving carbon reduction targets by 2030, the effects of BCAs on welfare, carbon leakage, outputs, and trading are analyzed. Findings - As Korea's industrial structure has been transitioning from a carbon importing to a carbon leaking country. The results indicate that some industrial sectors could face the risk of losing international competitiveness due to the Korean ETS. South Korea's industries are basically exposed to risk of carbon leakage because most industries have a trade intensity higher than 30%. This could be interpreted as disproving vulnerability to carbon leakage. Although the petroleum and coal sector is not in carbon leakage, according to BEET and PTT, the Korean ETS exposes this sector to a high risk of carbon leakage. Non-metallic minerals and iron and steel sectors are also exposed to a high risk of carbon leakage due to the increased burden of carbon reduction costs embodied in the Korean ETS, despite relatively low levels of trade intensity. BCAs are demonstrated to have an influential role in protecting energy-intensive industries while achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030. The EXE scenario has the greatest impact on mitigation of welfare losses and carbon leakage, and the TAF scenario causes a disturbance in the international trade market because of the pricing adjustment system. In reality, the EXE scenario, which implies completely exempting energy-intensive industries, could be difficult to implement due to various practical constraints, such as equity and reduction targets and other industries; therefore, the REB scenario presents the most realistic approach and appears to have an effect that could compensate for the burden of economic activities and emissions regulations in these industries. Originality/value - This paper confirms the vulnerability of the Korean industrial the risk of carbon leakage, demonstrating that some industrial sectors could be exposed to losing international competitiveness by implementing carbon reduction policies such as the Korean ETS. The contribution of this paper is the identification of proposed approaches to protect Korean industries in the process of achieving the 2030 reduction target by analyzing the effects of BCA scenarios using a CGE model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7235-7239
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• 2014

Cervical cancer, the third commonest cancer in women worldwide, can be prevented through early detection by cervical screening (Pap smear). The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes and practice of cervical cancer screening among female undergraduate university students from 25 low, middle income and emerging economy countries. Using anonymous questionnaires, data were collected from 9,194 female undergraduate university students aged 18-26 years (mean age 20.9, SD=2.0) from 26 universities in 25 countries across Asia, Africa and the Americas. Overall, 11.6% of the female students indicated that they had conducted one or more times a cervical (Pap) smear test; 8.3% among 18-20 year-olds and 15.6% among 21-26 year-old students. There was considerable country variation on having had a cervical (Pap) smear test among 21-26 year-old female university students, ranging from 59.2% in Colombia and 50.9% in Barbados to 0% in India and 1.0% in Tunesia. Logistic regression showed that cervical cancer screening importance or positive attitude were highly associated with the cervical screening practice. Moreover, risky sexual behaviour and tobacco use, two cervical cancer risk factors, were associated with screening. Cervical cancer screening practices were found to be inadequate and e fforts should be made to develop programmes that can increase the uptake of cervical cancer screening.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 2011

Objectives: Although compensation for occupational injuries and diseases is guaranteed in almost all nations, countries vary greatly with respect to how they organize workers' compensation systems. In this paper, we focus on three aspects of workers' compensation insurance in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries - types of systems, employers' funding mechanisms, and coverage for injured workers - and their impacts on the actual frequencies of occupational injuries and diseases. Methods: We estimated a panel data fixed effect model with cross-country OECD and International Labor Organization data. We controlled for country fixed effects, relevant aggregate variables, and dummy variables representing the occupational accidents data source. Results: First, the use of a private insurance system is found to lower the occupational accidents. Second, the use of risk-based pricing for the payment of employer raises the occupational injuries and diseases. Finally, the wider the coverage of injured workers is, the less frequent the workplace accidents are. Conclusion: Private insurance system, fixed flat rate employers' funding mechanism, and higher coverage of compensation scheme are significantly and positively correlated with lower level of occupational accidents compared with the public insurance system, risk-based funding system, and lower coverage of compensation scheme.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.4331-4354
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• 2020

Nepal is a sensitive and disaster-prone country where safety and security risk are of high concern for travelers. Digital technologies can play a vital role in addressing safety and security issues in the country. This research work proposes a Digital tourism security system design for addressing the safety and security issues in tourism industry of Nepal. The study uses Design science research methodology to identify artifacts, interactions, information flow and dependencies between them which are then mapped with existing prevalent technology to provide design solutions. Data is obtained from interview of tourist and experts as a primary source and technical documents/draft, software documentations, surveys as secondary source. Generalized information model, Use cases model, Network architecture model, Layered taxonomy model and Digital tourism technology reference model are the outcomes of the study. The work is very important as it talks specifically about implementation and integration of digital technologies in tourism security governance at federal, provincial, municipal and rural level. The research supplements as a knowledge document for design and implementation of digital tourism security system in practice. As there is very less work on digital systems in tourism security of Nepal, this work is a pioneer and first of its kind.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.265-285
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• 2020

The inbound tourism market is recognized as a vital sector of the tourism industry today, but it is highly volatile due to each country's economic, social, and cultural variables. The causes of volatility vary according to the inbound country, and we intend to revitalize the stabilized tourism industry by minimizing risks. In this study, the portfolio theory was applied to derive the optimal combination for each country to achieve the minimum risk level's maximum growth rate. The number of inbound travelers and the average expenditure per person was simultaneously applied. As a result of the analysis, the best mix by country based on the number of inbound travelers was the UK, the United States, Germany, China, and Japan. Based on average spending, each country's best combinations were Thailand, Middle East, Singapore, Japan, Russia, Hong Kong, and Germany. It is expected to be able to establish a plan to operate the Korean inbound tourism market strategically.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.125-136
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• 2019

This study investigated checked risk level before bid, actual risk level after award, contingency, and cost growth rate in the 124 international construction projects executed by Korean major companies. This study conducted comparative analysis by product type using rank analysis, ANOVA and correlation analysis. As a result, plant and civil projects have worse risk level than architecture projects not only in before bid but also in after award. Especially, country risk is the worst risk in both plant and civil projects, followed by project risk and capability risk. Also, although plant and civil projects reflect more contingency than architecture projects, contingency is not correlated with the checked risk level before bid. Lastly, the cost growth rate is correlated with the actual risk level in all product types. This study is expected to support in planning better practical risk management for international construction projects.