• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제32권1B호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 Diffserv 기반의 네트워크, 특히 그 중에서도 트리구조를 가지는 네트워크에서의 지연시간에 대해서 연구하였다. 이러한 네트워크에서의 지연시간 최대치를 구하는 수식을 구하였고, 특히 기존에 알려진 바와는 달리 트리구조의 네트워크에서는 네트워크 utilization과는 상관없이 최대치가 항상 존재함을 보였다. 지연시간 최대치의 특성은 다음과 같이 표현된다. 네트워크 utilization이 큰 경우 네트워크내의 최대 hop count의 제곱에 비례하며, 네트워크 utilization이 작은 경우는 최대 hop count에 비례한다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 실제 Metro Ethernet Network과 같은 대규모 네트워크의 경우에서 DiffServ를 이용하여 실시간 트래픽 전송이 가능하다는 것을 보였다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.81-97
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• 2007

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Cnidii Rhizoma herbal-acupuncture solution(CR-HAS) at Joksamni($ST_{36}$) on arthritis induced by Collagen II in mice. Methods : The author performed several experimental items. The severity of arthritis, changes of mouse weight, size of the spleen and the degree of stenosis, changes of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II, changes of immunocyte count, histological changes of the CIA mouse joint were analyzed. Results: 1. In the CR-HA, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, the degree of joint edema was significantly decreased. 2. In the CR-HA, weight, spleen size and stenosis rate was low and maintained as the normal group was. 3. In the CR-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the CR-HA, on changes of immunocyte count were maintained to the levels of normal group. 5. In histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that CR-HA at the $ST_{36}$ has an important role to control the immune reactions and suppress inflammatory response on the collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis. This study can be a significant supporting evidence that CR-HA will be chosen to be the principal therapy for clinical practice of the rheumatoid arthritis in the future.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.459-465
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• 2004

The use of hemofiltration has been proposed to reduce excessive body fluid and inflammatory mediators produced during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants and children. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of hemofiltration in adult cardiac surgery using (CPB). Twenty adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to control group without hemofiltration (n=10) or hemofilter group with hemofiltration during CPB (n=lO). CBC and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, endothelin-l (ET-1), and cortisol were measured at before the initiation and immediately after the termination of CPB (Pre-CPB and End-CPB, respectively). Clinical data were assessed at postoperative period. In hemofilter group hematocrit was significantly higher (30.04±2.63％ vs 23.30±2.71％, P=0.0014) whereas total leukocyte count was lower than in control group (7.71±1.78×10³/㎣ vs 16.01 ±3.12x10³/㎣, P=0.021) at End-CPB. Increased rate of IL-6 (311.56±97.31％ vs 825.45±102.56％, P=0.012) and D-dimer levels (154.55±89.04％ vs 308.33±157.64％, P=0.026) at End-CPB were significantly less in hemofilter group than in control group. Postoperative blood transfusion in hemofilter group was low compared with that of control group (741.00±38.07 ml vs 1,137.50±169.82 ml, P=0.037). There were no significant differences between two groups in platelet count, ET -1, cortisol, pulmonary index, mechanical ventilation, postoperative blood loss, ICU-stay and hospitalization. Hemofiltration technique applied in the present study provided partly beneficial effect in adult cardiac surgery.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a 4-week aromatherapy on pain and inflammation in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: A quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group, pretest-posttest non-synchronized design was used. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, independent samples t-test, and Fisher's exact test were used. Results: After a 4-week aromatherapy, tender joint count (M=5.67 to 4.17), swollen joint count (M=4.13 to 2.54), and patient's assessment of pain (M=43.33 to 31.08) decreased significantly for the aromatherapy participants compared to the control group. But there was no significant difference between the groups in erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Conclusion: These findings suggest that aromatherapy could decrease joint pain, tenderness, and swelling in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but some modifications in aromatherapy intervention and research method will be required to examine the effects of aromatherapy on inflammatory level in this population.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.162-171
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• 1992

The hematologic effect by low-concentration and repeated exposure to mixed organic solvent remains obscure. This study was performed to evaluate the hematologic effect by mixed organic solvent exposure, especially on the type of anemia by mean corpuscular volume(MCV) and red blood cell distribution width(RDW). The subject were 64 organic solvent workers(male 4, female 60) and 78 general workers(male 18, female 60) who showed anemic tendency in worker's health examination which carried out by Pusan Paik Hospital from January to December, 1988. The author gained some hematologic findings(hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCHC, platelet count, ESR, RDW) from auto-analysis method by coulter counter S plus IV, and compared the type of anemia by MCV and RDW. In the pilot study for estimating the prevalence of anemia according to the type of b, the prevalence rate was higher in organic solvent workers than in public officials as 10.9% and 4.1% respectively. There were statistical significance in the value of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCHC, platelet count, ESR, RDW between the two study groups with more severe anemic tendency in organic solvent workers. The type of anemia in organic solvent workers was microcytic and anisocytic with the mean value of $68.28{\pm}8.3fL$ of MCV and $19.1{\pm}4.0%$ of RDW.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.403-411
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• 2018

This study takes strawberry-fruits as the test material and discusses the effect of Burkholderia contaminans B-1 on preventing postharvest diseases and inducing resistance-related substances in strawberry-fruits. Soaking and wound inoculating is performed to analyze the inhibitory effects of different treatment solutions on the gray mold of postharvest strawberry-fruits. The count of antagonistic bacteria colonies in the wound is found, and the dynamic growth of antagonistic bacteria and the pathogenic fungus is observed by electron microscopy. The results indicated that, either by soaking/wound-inoculating, the fermentation and suspension of antagonistic bacteria significantly reduced the incidence of postharvest diseases of strawberry-fruits. With wound inoculation, the inhibition rate of antagonist fermentation and suspension ($1{\times}10^{10}cfu/ml$) respectively reached 77.4% and 66.7%. It also led to a significant increase in the activity of resistance-related enzymes, i.e., phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and chalcone isomerase (CHI). On 1 d and 2 d post-treatment, the activity of 4CL was respectively 3.78 and 6.1 times of the control, and on 5 d, the activity of PAL was increased by 4.47 times the control. The treatment of antagonistic bacteria delayed the peaking of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) activity and promoted the accumulation of lignin and total phenols. The antagonistic bacteria could be well colonized in the wounds. On 4-5 d post-inoculation, the count of colonies was $10^8$ times of that upon inoculation. Electronmicroscopy indicated that the antagonistic bacteria delayed the germination of pathogenic spores in the wounds, and inhibited further elongations of the mycelia.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.147-156
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of herbal acupuncture with Ginseng Radix for the treatment to intestinal disease in the rat with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis. Methods : All animals were subjected to the injection of saline $(300{\mu}{\ell},\;500{\mu}{\ell})$ for a study control or TNBS $(300{\mu}{\ell},\;500{\mu}{\ell})$ into the lumen of the colon, 8cm proximal to the anus through the intestine. Ginseng Radix herbal acupuncture ($20mg/m{\ell},\;0.4m{\ell}$) were injected to the both $Hapgok(LI_4)$ acupoints at 2nd injection of TNBS in rats. Thus, the body weight, RBC count, WBC count, total protein, IgG levels and IgM levels were observed to study the effects of Ginseng Radix herbal acupuncture. Results : Ginseng Radix herbal acupuncture on $Hapgok(LI_4)$ for TNBS-induced colitis inhibited the body weight loss rate but did not affect RBC and WBC counts. Furthermore, it inhibited the reduction of total protein concentration and serum IgG and IgM levels in TNBS induced colitis were recovered. Conclusions : Herbal acupuncture with Ginseng Radix helps recover the TNBS-induced colonic damage and may be an important method for treatment of the colitis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1531-1533
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• 2016

Background: Polycythaemia rubra vera (PV) is a Philadelphia chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by increased red cell production, independent of the mechanisms that regulate normal erythropoiesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinico-epidemiological profile of Pakistani patients with PV. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross sectional study, 26 patients with PV were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2014. They were diagnosed based on WHO criteria. Results: The mean age was $53.4{\pm}9.31years$ (range 36-72) and the male to female ratio was 2:1. Overall 30.7% of patients were asymptomatic. In symptomatic patients, major complaints were headache (30.8%), abdominal discomfort (23.1%), blurred vision (15.3%), pruritus (11.5%) and vascular incidents (11.5%). Physical examination revealed plethoric face and splenomegaly as predominant findings, detected in 34.6% and 30.7%, respectively, with the mean splenic span of $15.9{\pm}2.04cm$. The mean hemoglobin was $18.1{\pm}1.9g/dl$ with the mean hematocrit of $55.6{\pm}8.3%$. The mean total leukocyte count was $12.8{\pm}7.1{\times}10^9/l$ and the platelet count $511{\pm}341.9{\times}10^9/l$. Mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate was $3.5{\pm}1.22mm/hr$. Serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum creatinine and uric acid were $552.7{\pm}309.2$, $0.8{\pm}0.17$ and $6.60{\pm}1.89$ respectively. Conclusions: PV in Pakistani patients, unlike in the West, is seen in a moderately young population. The disease is frequently seen in male gender and primarily patients present with symptoms related to hyperviscosity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제81권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2018

Background: Non-conversion of sputum smear and culture prolongs the infectivity of the patient and has been associated with unfavorable outcomes. We aimed to evaluate factors associated with persistent sputum positivity at the end of two months of treatment of new case pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods: Data of 87 human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients with culture-positive drug-susceptible pulmonary TB admitted to local university hospital between September 2015 and September 2016 were reviewed. Factors associated with sputum smear and/or culture positivity at the end of the second month of treatment were analyzed. Results: Twenty-two patients (25.3%) remained smear and/or culture-positive. Male sex, lower body mass index (BMI), unemployment, alcohol abuse, higher number of lobes involved and cavities on chest X-rays, shorter time to detection (TTD) on liquid cultures, higher respiratory sample smear grading and colony count in solid cultures, higher C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and anemia were all significantly associated with persistent sputum positivity. However, in the logistic regression analysis only male sex, lower BMI, alcohol abuse, higher radiological involvement, cavitation, higher smear grading, higher colony count in solid cultures and shorter TTD were determined as independent factors associated with persistent sputum positivity at the end of 2 months of treatment. Conclusion: In conclusion, higher sputum smear and culture grading at diagnosis, shorter TTD, higher number of lobes involved, cavitation, male sex, alcohol abuse, and lower BMI were independently associated with persistent sputum positivity. These factors should be sought when distinguishing which patients will remain infectious longer and possibly have worse outcomes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3009-3013
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• 2012

Background: The clinical course of individual chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is highly variable and clinical staging systems do not help us to predict if and at what rate there will be disease progression in an individual patient diagnosed with early stage disease. Recently, several important observations related to other prognostic factors including lymphocyte doubling time (LDT), ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin (${\beta}_2$-MG), and percent of smudge cell in peripheral blood smears, cytogenetic and molecular analysis have been made. The aim of this study was to evaluate a range of prognostic factors in our CLL patients. Design and methods: Seventy patients with CLL were enrolled. Prognostic factors of disease including Binet staging, LDT, ${\beta}_2$-MG, ESR, LDH, percent of smudge cell in peripheral blood smear, absolute lymphocyte count, and conventional cytogenetic (CC) analysis were evaluated at diagnosis, and the patients were followed up to determine their outcome. We compared factors with each other and with Binet staging and prognosis. Results: Enrolled patients aged 37-85 years at diagnosis or during follow up. There was no relationship between serum LDH level (P=0.3), ESR (P=0.11), percent of smudge cells in peripheral blood smear (P=0.94), and absolute lymphocyte count (P=0.18) with the stage of disease and prognosis, but the ${\beta}_2$ macroglobulin level (p<0.0001), LDT (p<0.001) had direct and significant relation with staging and outcome. In 19% of patients cytogenetic alteration were seen. Conclusion: The detection of cytogenetic alteration only using the CC method is not sufficient and we need to use FISH, but because FISH study is an expensive method not available in all areas, instead we believe that ${\beta}_2$ MG can be applied in its place as a good prognostic factor for CLL at diagnosis and during follow up. We suggest to add it to Binet staging for prognostic subgrouping of CLL.