• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2008

The basis of the economic evaluation of vaccination is the balance between the use of the resources (input) and the improvements that result from the vaccination (output). Techniques used for economic evaluation of vaccination are cost analysis, cost-minimization analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis and cost-benefit analysis. Cost analysis seeks to characterize the costs of a given vaccination program. Cost-effective analysis is to helps policy-makers decide on the best use of allocated resources, whether cost-benefit analysis is to helps policy-makers decide on the overall allocation of resources. Cost-utility analysis is a specific form of cost-effective analysis in which outcomes are reduced to a common denominator such as the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) or disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Many economic analyses have been conducted on vaccines in the world, but there have been a little studies on economic evaluation on vaccines in Korea. This paper reviewed the methodology used to economic evaluation on vaccines and immunizations and addressed some examples of the methods.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2020

건설안전사고 발생을 근본적으로 축소하기 위해 설계단계 설계안전성 검토를 도입해 시행하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 안전을 고려한 설계를 위해 선정된 공법이 안전사고를 줄일 수 있으나 공기와 공사비에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 여러 측면의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 추락재해 요인을 내포하고 있는 건물외벽 마감재 바탕 구조물 시공공법을 안전을 고려해 선정한 후 공기와 공사비 측면에서 비교분석하였다. 그 결과 안전뿐만 아니라 공기나 공사비 측면에서도 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 설계단계 설계안전성 검토에 의해 선정된 공법이 프로젝트 전체에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• 서비스연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.60-69
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 페르소나(perrsona) 방식의 소비자분석 데이터 서비스에 대한 효과성 검증을 위하여 www.ethno-mining.com 의 소비자분석 서비스 활용사례를 중심으로 하는 연구를 진행하였다. 사례는 강원디자인진흥원의 '작은기업 디자인 애로해결 지원사업'을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 진행은 www.ethno-mining.com 시스템의 페르소나 방식의 소비자분석 데이터, 관련 이론에 대한 고찰, 유사한 서비스에 대한 비교, 서비스의 이용 만족도와 효과성을 측정하기 위한 질의서 개발과 설문진행, 결과를 분석하고 검정하는 방식으로 진행되었다. 강원디자인진흥원의 '작은기업 디자인 애로해결 지원사업'에 참여자를 중심으로 검정한 결과에서 페르소나 방식의 소비자분석 데이터는 이용 만족도에서 긍정적인 반응을 얻었고, 기업의 R&D에 미치는 서비스 효과성을 측정한 회귀분석에서도 R&D 진행시 시간단축, 비용절감 및 개발자간의 원활한 소통, 소비자분석에 대한 전문성 확보, R&D의 전반적 품질 향상으로 기업에게 실질적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권20호
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• pp.8993-9004
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• 2014

Background: The incidence rate and the treatment costs of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are high, especially in Thailand. Previous studies indicated that early detection by a surveillance program could help by down-staging. This study aimed to compare the costs and health outcomes associated with the introduction of a HCC surveillance program with no program and to estimate the budget impact if the HCC surveillance program were implemented. Materials and Methods: A cost utility analysis using a decision tree and Markov models was used to compare costs and outcomes during the lifetime period based on a societal perspective between alternative HCC surveillance strategies with no program. Costs included direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect costs. Health outcomes were measured as life years (LYs), and quality adjusted life years (QALYs). The results were presented in terms of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in Thai THB per QALY gained. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were applied to investigate parameter uncertainties. Budget impact analysis (BIA) was performed based on the governmental perspective. Results: Semi-annual ultrasonography (US) and semi-annual ultrasonography plus alpha-fetoprotein (US plus AFP) as the first screening for HCC surveillance would be cost-effective options at the willingness to pay (WTP) threshold of 160,000 THB per QALY gained compared with no surveillance program (ICER=118,796 and ICER=123,451 THB/QALY), respectively. The semi-annual US plus AFP yielded more net monetary benefit, but caused a substantially higher budget (237 to 502 million THB) than semi-annual US (81 to 201 million THB) during the next ten fiscal years. Conclusions: Our results suggested that a semi-annual US program should be used as the first screening for HCC surveillance and included in the benefit package of Thai health insurance schemes for both chronic hepatitis B males and females aged between 40-50 years. In addition, policy makers considered the program could be feasible, but additional evidence is needed to support the whole prevention system before the implementation of a strategic plan.

• 소프트웨어공학소사이어티 논문지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2011

국가 방위를 위한 무기체계의 획득은 다른 분야와 비교할 때 상대적으로 비용이 과다히 소모되고, 획득자원의 시험과정 등이 매우 위험하며 획득결과의 품질이 매우 중요하다. 이러한 무기체계 획득의 특성으로 인해서 모의실험이 필수적으로 이루어지고 있으며, 이를 시뮬레이션 기반 획득(SBA, Simulation Based Acquisition) 이라고 한다. 그런데, 모의실험을 위한 모델개발 및 이의 실행분석이 갖는 비용이 무시할 수 없는 수준이기 때문에 모의실험이 갖는 효과도에 대한 분석에 대한 연구필요성이 제기되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 효과도 분석에 요구되는 4가지의 지표를 제시하고, 이 지표들이 기존 연구에 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지에 대한 사례분석을 수행하였다. 비록 기존 연구들이 이러한 지표를 고려하지 않았지만, 본 논문에서 명시하고 있는 효과도에 대한 고찰을 통해 모의실험의 국방 획득 과정에서의 필요성을 확인 할 수 있다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2008년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.159-165
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• 2008

For deciding the profitability and feasibility of the construction project, the schematic estimation has to not only link the design decision-making but also estimate the cost with reliability. The Object-based schematic estimation system was developed for easily linking with design-making and supports to evaluate the design alternatives in the design development stage but didn't consider the cost estimated by object supplementary and parameter work item. This research presents the Integrated Object-Parameter Schematic Estimation Model in the design development stage that can lead to more accurately estimate the cost through analyzing historical data from the high-storied office buildings. For the development of the proposed model for schematic estimation, after analyzing and classifying the work items from the Bills of Quantities(BOQs) and drawings of historical data, this research proposed the methods of estimating cost in accordance with attributes of each work item using regression analysis. In addition, a case study is performed for the effectiveness as comparing the proposed model with the previous estimating model.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2006

As has been expected, economic factors are a major consideration in almost every decision in building design process. Assuming that improving a lighting system, existing or proposed, will reduce operating cost, what preliminary economic guidelines can be established to determine whether any proposed investment appears cost effective? In such a case a reasonable technique to compare system costs is by life-cycle costing. Stated simply, a life-cycle cost represents the total cost of a system over its entire life cycle, that is, the sum of first cost and all future costs. This paper aims to exemplify the benefit of daylighting in term of economic consideration. Four different electric lighting system designs are proposed and a lighting control system that is continuously operating according to the level of daylight in the space has been adapted. The accumulated performance of electric and daylighting is figured out to declare the effective depth of daylight in the space. The analysis on the saving amount of lighting energy due to daylight has been undertaken in answer to the question, that is, several projects are being considered, which is the most desirable from the cost-effectiveness viewpoint. The result shows clearly that although denser layout of lighting fixtures might be more effective to interface to the level of daylight ceaselessly changeable, its economic benefit may not meet the expected criterion the reason of increased initial investment and maintenance cost for the fixtures and control hardware.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2011

Objectives: Screening for colorectal cancer is considered cost effective, but is underutilized in the U.S. Information on the efficiency of "tailored interventions" to promote colorectal cancer screening in primary care settings is limited. The paper reports the results of a cost effectiveness analysis that compared a survey-only control group to a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) web-based intervention (screen for life) and to a tailored interactive computer-based intervention. Methods: A randomized controlled trial of people 50 and over, was conducted to test the interventions. The sample was 1224 partcipants 50-70 years of age, recruited from Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, a large multi-specialty clinic in Houston, Texas. Screening status was obtained by medical chart review after a 12-month follow-up period. An "intention to treat" analysis and micro costing from the patient and provider perspectives were used to estimate the costs and effects. Analysis of statistical uncertainty was conducted using nonparametric bootstrapping. Results: The estimated cost of implementing the web-based intervention was $40 per person and the cost of the tailored intervention was $45 per person. The additional cost per person screened for the web-based intervention compared to no intervention was $2602 and the tailored intervention was no more effective than the web-based strategy. Conclusions: The tailored intervention was less cost-effective than the web-based intervention for colorectal cancer screening promotion. The web-based intervention was less cost-effective than previous studies of in-reach colorectal cancer screening promotion. Researchers need to continue developing and evaluating the effectiveness and costeffectiveness of interventions to increase colorectal cancer screening.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2018

Background: In South Korea, 22.3% of women ${\geq}50years$ of age and 37% of women ${\geq}70years$ of age visit the doctor to obtain treatment for osteoporosis. According to the analysis of the National Health Insurance Services claim data between 2008 and 2012, the number and incidence of hip and vertebral fractures increased during the same period. Denosumab, a newly marketed medicine in Korea, is the first RANK inhibitor. Methods: A cost-utility analysis was conducted from a societal perspective to prove the superiority of denosumab to alendronate. A Markov cohort model was used to investigate the cost-effectiveness of denosumab. A 6-month cycle length was used in the model, and all patients were individually followed up through the model, from their age at treatment initiation to their time of death or until 100 years of age. The model consisted of eight health states: well; hip fracture; vertebral fracture; wrist fracture; other osteoporotic fracture; post-hip fracture; post-vertebral fracture; and dead. All patients began in the well-health state. In this model, 5% discounted rate, two-year maximum offset time, and persistence were adopted. Results: The total lifetime costs for alendronate and denosumab were USD 5,587 and USD 6,534, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for denosumab versus alendronate was USD 20,600/QALY. Given the ICER threshold in Korea, the results indicated that denosumab was remarkably superior to alendronate. Conclusion: Denosumab is a cost-effective alternative to the oral anti-osteoporotic treatment, alendronate, in South Korea.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.49-77
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• 1977

Weapon systems are curcial instruments for the security of a nation and critical elements for the victory in a war. Since modern weapon systems tend to be capital-intensive with high precision and quality, they become more and more complex and diversified; their acquisition costs become huge; and their technological obsolescence becomes accelerated. Therefore, the systematic management of weapon acquisition process would be one of the most important defense tasks at the national level. To analyze such problems and find solutions, this paper has studied various aspects related to the efficient management of weapon system acquisition. After brief summarization of the general characteristics of weapon systems, their effectiveness, and developmental trend, the paper discusses the defense management policies and techniques for the weapon systems. Specifically, four alternative acquisition methods such as indigenous R & D, foreign purchase, co-production and joint-production are discussed and analyzed by systems approach. The systems analysis procedure to evaluate and select weapon acquisition method is as follows; 1) to analyze the merits and demerits of the alternative methods, 2) to screen unrealistic alternatives through the consideration of significant factors such as political, economic, military, technological, and social constraints, 3) to evaluate and select an optimal one among the remaining acquisition methods after the cost-effectivenss analysis. For the base of cost-effectivess analysis, cost analysis model as well as effectiveness analysis model of each acquisition method are developed.