• 산경연구논집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

Purpose: This study predicted cost asymmetry as a determinant of investment efficiency, and empirically analyzed the relationship between cost stickiness and investment efficiency. Research design, data and methodology: Using a sample of 4,382 Korean firm-year observations over 2011-2017 period, I examined the relationship between cost stickiness and investment efficiency. Asymmetrical cost behavior is measured as model of Homburg and Nasev (2008) and model of Park, Koo, and Pae (2012). Investment efficiency is measured as Chen, Hope, Li, and Wang (2011)'s model. Results: Firms with cost stickiness are less efficient in their investment than firms with non-cost stickiness. In other words, cost stickiness is an empirical result that supports the previous research on cost decision-making from perspective of managers pursuing private benefits due to information asymmetry. Conclusions: By showing that the manager's decision-making on the cost behavior affects the investment efficiency corresponding to capital management, the implications for the mechanism for efficient capital management are provided. Through the empirical results, it was shown that the cost stickiness is a product of opportunistic cost decision-making due to information asymmetry, and it is to present evidence that expands the meaning of the causes of asymmetric cost behavior.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2022

Purpose - This research intends to find out whether R&D cost stickiness shows differentiated aspects depending on exports in Korea. A cost behavior that indicates a lower rate of costs decrease when sales decrease than the rate of costs increase when sales increase is called cost stickiness. This sticky cost behavior is caused by considering the adjusting costs. This study aims to empirically verify that R&D cost stickiness is greater in export firms than in non-export firms. We also investigate the effect of exports on R&D cost stickiness is nonlinear. Design/methodology - We obtain data for the analysis from Kis-Value and TS2000 from 2012 to 2020. This study tests for R&D cost stickiness of exports using the cost stickiness model developed by Anderson et al. (2003) that is used in a lot of prior literature. To explore the nonlinear behavior of R&D cost stickiness we include a quadratic term of exports in our model. Findings - The results of our analysis are as follows. First, we observed that R&D costs of export firms are more sticky than that of non-export firms. Our result indicated that export firms are less likely to reduce R&D costs in decreasing sales periods in preparation for future sales recovery. Second, our empirical evidence shows that export firms view R&D costs much favorably. However, we hypothesize that the effect of export intensity on R&D costs may not necessarily be linear. Our result shows the effect of exports intensity on R&D stickiness is thus nonlinear, forming a reverse U-shaped curve. When export intensity exceeds a certain threshold, the growth rate of R&D costs appears to be viewed negatively. Firms with relatively high export intensity do not support R&D costs, viewing them as taking away firms' resources from other more productive costs. On the contrary, those with export intensity under the threshold view R&D costs as beneficial and therefore promote further R&D costs when revenue decreases. Originality/value - The results of this research can contribute academically to the expansion of empirical research on R&D cost stickiness. R&D cost stickiness varies by industry. As a result of our research, the managers of export firms recognize the importance of R&D to lead innovation. We expected that this research contributes to further studies on R&D costs and cost stickiness. Second, this research has implications from a business perspectives. Our findings of export firms' R&D stickiness suggest that export firms' managers should consider keeping the stickiness of R&D when revenue decreases because it is essential for exporting firms to maintain their R&D stickiness to secure long-term competitiveness. R&D stickiness can be used on a practical basis to emphasize the need for continuous investment in exporting firms' R&D activities.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.539-557
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 상장제조기업을 대상으로 다각화 수준이 비대칭적 원가행태에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보는데 있다. 구체적으로 다각화 수준이 높은 기업이 그렇지 않은 기업에 비해 비대칭적 원가행태가 더욱 커지는지를 분석하고, 특히 관련 다각화 기업에서 비대칭적 원가행태가 더욱 크게 나타나는지를 분석하고자 한다. 2000년부터 2009년까지 계속 상장된 244개 기업, 1,508개 기업-년 자료를 바탕으로 다중회귀분석을 통해 실증분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 선행연구의 결과와 동일하게 상장제조기업의 경우 비대칭적인 원가행태가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 매출액 증가에 대한 판매비와 일반관리비의 증가에 비해 매출액 감소에 대한 판매비와 일반관리비 감소 비율이 작은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 비대칭적인 원가행태는 다각화 수준이 높은 기업에서 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 다각화 수준이 높을 경우 유휴자원의 대체적 사용, 미래 매출액 증가에 따른 기회비용 등을 고려하여 매출액이 감소하더라도 유휴자원을 줄이는 즉각적인 의사결정이 이루어지지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 다각화를 관련다각화와 비관련다각화로 구분하였을 경우 관련다각화 수준이 높은 기업에서 비대칭적인 원가행태가 더욱 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 관련 다각화 수준이 높은 기업의 경우 매출액 감소로 인한 유휴자원을 비슷한 형태로 운영되는 다른 사업부에서 활용할 가능성이 높으므로 즉각적인 유휴자원의 처분은 이루어지지 않아 비탄력적인 원가행태가 더욱 커지는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2016

Purpose - If control-ownership disparity is large, managers will not actively reduce costs; rather, they will maintain unutilized resources or possess surplus resources even when sales decrease with the purpose of increasing personal utility from status, power, compensation, and prestige. These managers' utility maximizing tendencies cause cost stickiness. We examine whether asymmetric behavior related to costs becomes stronger when there is a large disparity between ownership and control rights. Research design, data, and methodology - We construct a regression model to examine the relationship between control-ownership disparity and cost stickiness. STICKY, a dependent variable representing cost stickiness is a value found using the method of Weiss (2010), and Disparity is an interest variable that shows control-ownership disparity. Results - This study is based from the unique situations in Korea, in which high control-ownership disparity is common in firms. Large control-ownership disparity was found to increase cost stickiness of corporations. Conclusions - The results of this study imply that controlling shareholders may be regarded as a threat to the interests of minority shareholders and corporate values especially when controlling shareholders have significant influence over managers or the power to make managerial decisions as owners of a corporation.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.196-219
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• 2021

Purpose - We attempted to empirically verify the effects of managerial attributes on cost stickiness in exporters. Exporters are often affected not only by external factors such as exchange rate but also by internal factors such as managerial attributes regarding their business activities. Because cost stickiness is the product of a manager's decision-making, it has been considered that managerial attributes have a great influence on the behavior. Therefore, our study was intended to find out whether cost stickiness shows differentiated aspects depending on managerial attributes in exporters. Design/methodology - We considered two managerial attributes: CEO power and managerial overconfidence. First, CEO power was measured as CEO pay slice. In addition, managerial overconfidence was measured based on three methodologies presented by previous studies. To measure cost stickiness, we used multiple methodologies presented by prior research. Findings - The results of our empirical analysis are as follows. First, in export firms, the greater CEO power is, the greater cost stickiness is. This result suggested that export managers with great influence little respond to temporary sales decrease promptly, little reduce related production costs flexibly in preparation for future sales recovery, but leave room to endure costs for idle resources. Second, the greater managerial overconfidence is, the greater cost stickiness is. This result indicated that export managers with great overconfidence on their decision-making often view the prospect for sales recovery positively; therefore, they little respond to temporary sales decrease immediately, little reduce related production costs flexibly for future sales recovery, but leave room to endure costs for idle resources. Third, export managers with great influence in their businesses and great overconfidence in their decision-making tend to show relatively great cost stickiness. The results proposed that the combination of the two factors functions to make cost stickiness greater. Originality/value - Our study is differentiated from extant studies in that we provided empirical evidence of the effects of managerial attributes on their business activities in exporters. Specifically, we verified the effects of managerial attributes on cost stickiness in Korean exporters. The results of our study are expected to contribute to providing useful information for exporters and start-ups.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.100-107
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• 2018

본 연구는 기업의 국제다각화가 하방경직적인 원가행태에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 기업의 활동수준을 나타내는 척도로서 매출액이 증가할 때의 원가증가율보다 매출액이 감소할 때의 원가감소율이 낮게 나타나는 원가행태를 하방경직적인 원가행태라고 부른다. 이러한 원가행태는 경영자의 조정비용을 고려한 의사결정으로 인해 발생하는데 국제다각화 기업의 경우, 발생액 상쇄가설에 따라 경영자의 조정비용에 대한 재량적 의사결정 판단개입이 줄어들 것이라고 판단하였다. 실증분석 결과, 국제다각화 기업이 그렇지 않은 기업보다 원가의 하방경직성이 완화되었음이 관찰되었다. 본 연구는 기업의 국제다각화가 경영자의 원가에 관련된 의사결정에 유의한 영향을 줄 수 있는 가를 검증함으로서 자본시장과 학계에 공헌할 것으로 기대된다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2021

This study aims to examine whether there are some differences in the cost stickiness of R&D expenses of IT companies before and after the COVID-19 crisis. Before COVID-19, IT companies did not reduce R&D expenses even if sales decreased, resulting in cost stickiness. As a result, it appears that during the COVID-19, IT companies adjust R&D expenses in proportion to changes in sales. This is interpreted as a reduction in R&D investment, which takes a long time to create results, in case of a decrease in sales due to uncertainty in future management performance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, during the COVID-19 risk period, IT companies, like other companies, reduced R&D expenses as sales decreased, resulting in reduced cost stickiness. This study differs from existing literature in that it examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the R&D expenditure behavior of companies in the IT industry.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 전기 매출액 변동이 연구개발비 및 각 세부항목에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검증을 실시하고 전기매출액 변동 시 경영진들이 어떠한 의사결정을 수행하는지를 분석하는 것이다. 분석을 실시하기 위하여 선행연구에서 주로 사용되었던 Anderson et al.(2003)의 1기간 모형뿐만 아니라 보다 심도 깊은 분석을 실시하기 위하여 Banker et al.(2014)의 2기간 모형을 이용하여 연구개발비 및 각 세부항목에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 1기간 모형에서는 모형의 한계로 인하여 감가상각비, 기타에서만 하방경직적 원가행태를 확인할 수 있었다. 보다 심층적인 분석을 위하여 2기간 모형으로 분석한 결과 전기 매출액이 증가하는 경우 인건비, 기타 항목에서 하방경직적인 원가행태를 나타내었으나 총 연구개발비는 역 하방경직적인 원가행태를 나타내었다. 전기 매출액이 감소하는 경우 위탁용역비에서 하방경직적인 원가행태가 나타났다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 수행되지 않았던 연구개발비 및 세부항목에 대하여 전기 매출액 변동이 원가행태에 미치는 영향을 분석하였기에 그 의의가 있다. 더 나아가 추후 연구에서 매출별, 산업별로 보다 구체적인 연구를 할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.397-415
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• 2021

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the cost behavior of firms, taking into account both high R&D intensity and situations in which R&D activities are likely to be performed efficiently. Design/methodology/approach - During the sample period from 2002 to 2019, regression analysis is conducted on the manufacturing firms with December fiscal year listed on KOSDAQ. The degree of R&D expenditure was measured by R&D intensity. The efficient R&D situation is measured as the decline stage firms in the KOSDAQ market, which are relatively smaller than the KOSPI market. Findings - Firms in the decline phase and high R&D intensity showed the cost stickiness. Because these firms anticipate an optimistic future, they do little to cut current costs even if their current sales decrease. Research implications or Originality - Firstly, it is confirmed that both the extent of R&D expenditure and the situation in which R&D will be effectively performed are important in the study of cost behavior. Secondly, we present a new perspective on strategy research that favors the use of cost advantage strategy related to cost anti-stickiness for the decline firms.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.25-38
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• 2022

본 연구는 2013년부터 2019년까지 몽골 비상장기업을 대상으로 원가행태를 살펴보고, 원가행태와 이익조정 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 이익조정이 의심되는 기업은 이익이 0에 근접하여 적자회피를 위해 상향의 이익조정이 의심되는 경우와 적자 폭이 매우 커 Big-Bath가 의심되는 경우로 구분하여 이익조정이 원가행태에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 몽골의 비상장기업에서는 영업비용과 판매관리비는 하방경직적인 원가행태를 나타내었다. 둘째, 이익조정 구간에 따라 원가행태가 상이하게 나타났다. 이익이 0보다 약간 큰 구간에서는 영업비용, 판매관리비 모두 하방탄력적인 원가행태를 보여 상향의 이익조정 유인이 있음을 발견하였다. 셋째, 적자가 매우 큰 폭의 손실을 보고하는 구간에서는 영업비용과 판매관리비 하방경직적인 원가행태가 강화됨을 보여 Big-Bath 유인이 있음을 확인하였다. 즉, 이익조정 유인에 따라 원가행태가 상이함을 알 수 있다. 본 연구는 실증자료를 이용하여 최초로 몽골 비상장기업의 원가행태를 분석하여 경영자의 관리적 의사결정을 파악하였고, 적자기업의 이익조정 유인을 적자회피와 Big-Bath로 구분하여 원가행태와의 관계를 실증적으로 검증하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 몽골 비상장기업에 대한 연구가 전무한 상태를 고려했을 때 이에 대한 이해도를 높여 몽골기업에 대한 연구 초석이 된다는 점에서 의미가 있을 것이다.