• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.377-398
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• 1999

Calcium fluoride, created by topical fluoride application, is the reservoir for fluoride ion regulated by pH in the oral environment. Therefore, the amount and the maintenance of calcium fluoride have an important role in preventing dental caries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the generation of calcium fluoride and the acid resistance of tooth enamel. The bovine anterior permanent teeth were prepared (n=276), and divided into following groups : no treatment (control) fluoride application alone, laser irradiation alone, laser irradiation after fluoride application, and fluoride application after laser irradiation. And each group was subdivided based on the application time of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) (5 min and 30 min) and the irradiation energy of Nd:YAG laser ($20J/cm^2\;and\;40J/cm^2$). In case of fluoride application, each group was divided according to KOH treatment. Twenty three treatment conditions were made for this experiment and twelve specimens were assigned to each treatment condition. In each treatment condition, ten specimens were used for chemical analysis and two specimens were observed under SEM. In groups without treating KOH, fluoride content and the depth of enamel dissolved were measured using enamel biopsy technique. In groups with treating KOH, the amount of calcium fluoride was measured by the treatment with 1 M KOH for 24 hours and enamel biopsy was performed after KOH treatment. The results were analyzed by the fluoride content and the depth of enamel dissolved by enamel biopsy, amount and thickness of calcium fluoride, and the surface structures of enamel. The results are as follows: 1. In groups without treating KOH, the fluoride content of removed enamel showed a positive relationship with the energy density of laser when the laser irradiated before fluoride application 2. In groups without treating KOH, the depth of enamel dissolved decreased more with the combined laser and fluoride treatment than with laser or fluoride treatment, except for the case of $20J/cm^2$ laser irradiation after 5 minute fluoride application (p<0.05). 3. The amount of calcium fluoride did not increased by laser treatment with no statistical significance(p>0.05). 4. The particle size of calcium fluoride increased in case of fluoride treatment after laser irradiation, compared with fluoride application alone. In case of laser treatment after fluoride application, the particle size of calcium fluoride increased and some of the particles fused as well. 5. There were no significant differences in the fluoride content of dissolved enamel between groups without treating KOH and control group, except for the case of laser irradiation after treatment of APF for 30 minutes (p>0.05). 6. In groups with treating KOH, depth of removed enamel in the groups of combined treatment with laser and fluoride was shallower than that in fluoride application groups (p<0.05). 7. In groups without treating KOH, the relationship between fluoride content and the depth of enamel dissolved showed more negative (Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.6281) than in groups with treating KOH (Spearman correlation coefficient: -0.3792). The greater amount of calcium fluoride could be found in case where there was a significant differences of the depth of enamel dissolved between groups with and without treating KOH. From these results, it can be concluded that laser seems to be a little effects on the amount of calcium fluoride formation, but has some effect on the lowering the solubility of calcium fluoride. As the combined treatment of laser and fluoride application showed more effective acid-resistant property, more extended recall period for fluoride application can be achieved with this combined treatment in the clinic.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1225-1235
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effects of feeding fermented cassava leaf meal (FCLM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat sensory evaluation of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 160 Cobb-500 chickens were used during the phases of growing (21 days of age; initial weight 0.39±0.025 kg/bird) and finishing (35 days of age; initial weight 1.023±0.164 kg/bird). The whole experiment lasted for four weeks. The FCLM was included in starter and finishing diets at 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg inclusion levels. Total feed intake (TFI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio, and nutrient digestibility were recorded. Sensory evaluation of breast meat was used to determine the eating quality of the meat prepared using roasting and boiling methods. Results: The TFI and WG decreased (p<0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of FCLM in the diets of growing chickens. Crude protein digestibility for chickens fed 0 and 50 g/kg FCLM was higher (p<0.05) than for chickens subjected to a diet with 150 g/kg FCLM. During the finishing phase, TFI increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing inclusion level of FCLM in chicken diets, while WG decreased (p<0.05) with inclusion level of FCLM. Treatment diets had no effect (p>0.05) on the eating qualities of breast meat. However, juiciness was significant (p<0.05) for the cooking method and treatment interaction. At 50 g/kg inclusion level, boiled meat had a higher (p<0.05) juiciness score than roasted meat. Tenderness, on the other hand, was significant (p<0.05) for the interaction of gender and treatment. Females considered the boiled meat to be more tender than the males at 150 g/kg inclusion level. Using principal component analysis, a positive correlation was observed between teeth adhesion and fibrousness, flavour and juiciness, and springiness and tenderness. Conclusion: From the study, it can be concluded that FCLM can be used as an ingredient in the diets of broiler chickens. Inclusion level of 50 g/kg can be used in chicken diets during the growing phase, whereas in the finishing phase, inclusion level of 150 g/kg FCLM can be used. The FCLM did not affect the eating quality of breast meat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 1973

The primary purpose of this research paper is to study the nutrition intake status of high school students and their physical growth and development. Further, it made an attempt to find and define nutritional problems and assist in their growth and development through proper nutritional management. One hundred students in both sexes, first year grade in senior high school were provided with questionnaires. For six days the respondents filled out the questionnaires. They were asked to keep record of what they ate each meal. Their nutritional intake were analyzed in accordance with what they ate. Findings, conducted on percentage, CR test, t test, and F test, were as follows: 1. For the living circumstance a) Average numbers of brother and sister in sampled family were four. b) Seventy to eighty percent of the students were brought up by mother's milk at their infants and approximately 40% of students were weaned at the age of 7 to 18 months. c) Fifty percent of the respondents revealed irregulity in their meal time. d) Monthly average expenditure for daily food reached $20{\sim}40%$ out of total income. e) The most favorite foods reflect as follows: The most favorite main dish is boiled rice and side dish beaf. Fruits. juice, milk, ice cream are more popular snack among whole students. 2. Nutrition survey a) Calory sad nutrients were found to be below the recommended level, especially in calcium, vitamins A, $B_2$ and C. b) The total calory intake were composed of 73% from carbohydrate, 14% from protein and 13% from fat in the case of boys. The girls were 65%, 14%, 21% respectively. c) Both boys and girls in their animal protein intake averaged about 33% out of total protein intake. d) Meat consumption of the majority respondents were proportionate in $10{\sim}20%$ in their total food consumption. 3. The result of statistical analysis were as follows: a) Statistical significant differences in the relationship between the calory intake and physical growth index were observed at the level of p<0.05. b) Statistical significant differences in the relationship between the protein intake and physical growth index were observed at the level of p<0.05. c) Statistical significant differences in the relationship between meal time and physical growth index were observed at the level of 0.02<0.05. d) No statistical significant differences in the relationship among calory, protein intake and school records as well as intelligence were found. The experiment indicated that there is a direct relationship between nutrition and the physical growth and development, whereas There seems to be an indirect relationship between nutrition and intelligence.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1923-1932
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated visual marbling level (VML) influence on pork loin physicochemical traits, consumer palatability responses, VML liking, purchase intent, and their relationships. Methods: For each of five slaughtering dates, at 24-h postmortem, nine paired Duroc castrated male boneless Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were categorized into low (LM, score 1 to 2, n = 3), medium (MM, score 3 to 4, n = 3), and high (HM, score 5 to 6, n = 3) VML. Meat physicochemical quality traits and consumer responses (n = 389) on palatability and VML liking, and purchase intent were evaluated. The experiment was in randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple mean comparisons, and correlation coefficients were determined. Results: VML correspond to crude fat (r = 0.91, p<0.01), but both were reversely related to moisture content (r = -0.75 and -0.91, p<0.01, respectively). As VML increased, ash (p<0.05) and protein (p = 0.072) decreased, pH and $b^{\star}$ increased (p<0.05), but drip, cooking (p<0.05) and thawing (p = 0.088) losses decreased. Among treatments, muscle fiber diameter, sarcomere length, total and insoluble collagen contents, $L^{\star}$, and $a^{\star}$ did not differ (p>0.05). Compared to the others, HM had lower collagen solubility percentage (p<0.05), but similar (p>0.05) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). No differences (p>0.05) were found in juiciness, overall flavor, oiliness, and overall acceptability, but HM was more tender (p<0.05) than the others. Based on VML, consumers preferred MM to HM (p<0.05), while LM was similar to MM and HM (p>0.05). Corresponding to VML preference (r = 0.45, p<0.01), consumers (83%) would (p<0.01) definitely and probably buy MM, over LM (74%), and HM (68%), respectively. Conclusion: Increasing VML in pork LD altered its chemical composition, slightly increased pH, and improved water holding capacity, thereby improving its tenderness acceptability. Marbling might reduce chewing resistance, as lower collagen solubility in HM did not impact tenderness acceptability and WBSF. While HM was rated as most tender, consumers visually preferred and would purchase MM.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.112-124
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• 2005

Background: PWV is determined by dividing the distance by the time taken for the pulses traveling between two measuring sites, used as a marker of arterial stiffness and an important indicator for cardiovascular disease. Methods: A PWV measurement system, which offers a non-invasive, simple method of measurement, and simultaneous recording of six signlas(ECG, PCG and four pulse waves from carotid, femoral, radial and dorsalis pedis arteries) was developed. Seventeen healthy subjects with a mean age of 33 years(22 to 52) without any cardiovascular disease were participated for the experiment. Two observers(A and B) performed two consecutive measurements from the same subject in a random order. For the evaluation of stability and accuracy of the PWV measurement system, reproducibility of PWV from between-observer were also evaluated. Results: PWV $values(Mean{\pm}SD)$ measured by A were $7.07{\pm}1.48m/s$, $8.43{\pm}1.14m/s$ , $8.09{\pm}0.98m/s$ for aorta, arm, and leg, respectively. The values obtained from B were $6.76{\pm}1.00m/s$, $7.97{\pm}0.80m/s$, and $7.97{\pm}0.72m/s$ for aorta, arm, and leg, respectively. Between-observer $differences(mean{\pm}SEM)$ from the aorta, arm and leg were $0.14{\pm}0.15m/s$, $0.18{\pm}0.10m/s$ and $0.07{\pm}0.10m/s$. Reproducibility coefficients(2SD) from the aorta, arm, and leg were 0.62m/s, 0.84m/s and 0.86m/s. Correlation coefficients were significantly higher in aortic PWV, 0.93, compared to the coefficients for arm and leg. Coefficient of variance which reflects the reproducibility of the system ranged from $4.4{\sim}5.8%$ in all regional PWV. , Conclusion: Reproducibility of PWV in the study shows that the developed system has reliable and reproducible characteristics. The PWV measurement system used for the study offers comfortable and simple operation and provides accurate analysis and results with high reproducibility. Results of the PWV measurement system could contribute to various clinical applications in the future.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.345-357
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to find out how the Father Class, which is being practiced at a hospital located in Seoul, influences on fathers' level of knowledge and confidence of postpartal mother and newborn care. Research design was quasi-experimental study using non equivalent experiment and control group. The data, questionaires, were collected from Sep. 13, 2001 to Oct. 31, 2001 through e-mail, telephone and mail, after discharge from S hospital located in Seoul, where the experimental group was educated at the Father Class and control group didn't take part in the class. The objects were the fathers who have the first baby through normal delivery or C-sec delivery including experimental group 48 persons and control group 52 persons. Four instruments were the revised ones of Lee Mi Kyoung's(1990) and Kwak Yon Hee's tool based on the resources of direct interviews of fathers and one expert, professor. The reliability of four instruments were Cronbach's $\alpha$ scores .85 -93. Data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 program using $x^2$-test, and t-test and, One- way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation, etc. The results of this study are as follows; 1.The two groups were confirmed as a homogeneous group by showing no significant difference statistically at the level of 5%. 2.The results of proving the hypothesis are followings: 1)The first hypothesis, "the fathers who participated in the Father Class will have the higher level of knowledge about postpartal mother care than the fathers who didn't" was accepted by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 2)The second hypothesis, "the fathers who took part in the class will have the higher confidence in postpartal mother care than the fathers who didn't", was supported by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 3) The third hypothesis, "the fathers who attended the class will have the better knowledge about taking care of newborn than the others", was accepted by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 4)The fourth hypothesis, "the fathers who participated in the class will have the higher confidence in newborn care than others," was supported by significant difference statistically (p=0.000). 3.The further analysis showed whether they participated in Prenatal Birth Preparing Class influenced on the father's level of knowledge and confidence in postpartal mother and newborn care. In conclusion, the Father Class is the effective nursing intervention strategy that can help new fathers attain father and husband roles by enhancing the level of confidence in and knowledge of the postpartal mother and newborn care.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2001

Background: Inactivation in p53 tumor suppressor gene through a point mutation and deletion is one of the most frequent genetic changes found in human cancer, with 50% of an incidence. This high rate of mutation mostly suggests that the gene plays a central role in the development of cancer and the mutations detected so far were found in exons 5 to 8. Mutation of p53 locus produced accumulation of abnormal p53 protein, and negative regulation of cell proliferation and transcriptional activation as a suppressor of transformation were lost. In addition, inhibition of its normal cellular function of wild-type by mutant is an important step in tumorigenesis. Method: 4 colon cancer cell lines (SNU C1, C2A, C4, C5) were examined for mutation in exons 5 to 8 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene by PCR-SSCP analysis and expression pattern by western blotting and immunoprecipitation. p53-mediated transactivation ability were examined by CAT assay and base substitution of p53 in SNU C2A cell were detected by DNA sequencing. Results: 1) SNU C2A cell and SNU C5 cell were detected mobility shifts each in exon 5 and exon 7 of p53 gene by the PCR-SSCP method, implicating being of p53 mutation. 2) 3 colon cancer cell lines (SNU C1, SNU C2A, SNU C5) expressed wild type and mutant type p53 protein. 3) In northern blot experiment, SNU C2A and SNU C5 cell expressed high level of p53 mRNA. 4) Results of p53-mediated transactivation in colon cancer cell lines by CAT assay represented only SNU C2A cell has transcriptional activity. 5) DNA sequencing in SNU C2A cell showed missense mutation in codon 179 of one allele, histidine to arginine and wild type p53 in the other allele. Conclusion: Colon cancer cell lines showed correlation with mutation in p53 gene and accumulation of abnormal p53 protein. Colon cancer cell SNU C2A retained p53-mediated transactivation as heterozygous p53 with one mutant allele in 179 codon and the other wild-type allele.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2007

It has been reported that Back-Tension played a significant role in archery (Lee & Bondit, 2005; Kim, 2007) but there are a few researches related Back-Tension in Korea recently. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate archery back tension technique for the second ranked archer in the World and to find ways to improve performance. A subject(height: 185cm, mass: 82kg, years: 21yrs, careers: 12yrs) who is a number of national team and the second ranked archer in the World authorized by FITA (Federation Internationale de Trial Arc) was perticipated in this experiment. When shooting 60 shots($12{\times}5$), shooting motions were recorded with 7 infrared cameras and 2 ultrahigh-speed cameras. A QTM and an Auto Track were used to acquire raw data. The sampling rates of both cameras were 200 Hz. and 1000 Hz. respectively and data were filtered using a fourth order Butterworth low pass filtering with a cutoff-frequency of 30Hz. The parameters were calculated with Matlab6.5 and analyzed with SPSS11.0. After Pearson's correlations between 8 parameters were analyzed, 5 parameters from 13parameters that affected records were analyzed with multiple regression analysis (Enter order: x1, x2, x3, x4, x5). The results were as follows: 1. Comparing between parameters according to scores, the patterns of horizontal and vertical angular velocity(av.) of scapular relative angle was different between 8 score and 9 or 10 scores. 2. The correlations of parameters that affected records were a horizontal av.(x1, p=.032<.05) and a vertical av.(x3, p=.033<.05) of scapular from release to delivery in KB back-tension (anchoring-delivery). 3. The decision coefficients(R2) of above two parameters and three parameters selected by experts that may affect record, that is, an absolute trunk angle(x4) from in KKC back-tension (anchoring-release) and a horizontal relative scapular angle(x2) and an absolute trunk angle(x5) from release to delivery in KB back-tension were 7.7%(x1), 0.1%(x2), 8.5%(x3), 0.7%(x4) and 0.9%(x5) in sequence. 4. The multiple regression equation was a y= -1.16E-2 x1 + 0.109 x2 + 3.437E-2 x3 + 6.139E-2 x4 + 0.117 x5 + 3.420 In conclusion, a total contribution was low, that is, R2(17.9%) suggested that on the one hand, Lim's motion may not depend on a certain factor because his postural factors affected shooting motion are some stable on the other hand, unknown factors may exist(e.g. psychological, physiological factors etc.). Further study of EMG patterns of muscles and anatomic consideration related to shoulder girdle and scapular bones may help to identify mechanism of Back-Tension.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2010

Seaweeds have been recognized as a health food, having anti-obesity, anti-constipation and anticoagulation activities, and the use of seaweeds in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries have recently significantly increased. In this study, methanol extracts were prepared from 35 different seaweeds (17 phaeophyta, 11 rhodophyta and 7 chlorophyta), and thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were determined in order to develop safe and novel anticoagulation agents from natural products. In TT experiments, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, Ishige foliacea, I. okamurai, Sargassum confusum and S. yamade showed strong thrombin inhibition activity among the 35 different seaweeds. In PT experiments, the inhibitions of prothrombin were identified in the selected seaweeds from TT experiment, with the exception of S. yamade. In aPTT experiments, the seaweeds with blood coagulation inhibition factors were E. cava, E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, I. foliacea, I. okamurai, S. confusum and Hixikia fusiforme Okamura. Further anticoagulation assay with the selected 8 seaweeds suggested that S. confusum is most effective in antithrombosis, and E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, and I. foliacea have high potential as antithrombosis agents. Based on components-activity correlation analysis, flavonoids are considered as active anticoagulation components of seaweeds These results suggest that edible seaweeds, especially S. confusum, have potential as safe and novel anticoagulants, and S. yamade and H. fusiforme Okamura could be used as a thrombin-specific and coagulation factor-specific inhibitors.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2003

Leaks in underground pipelines can cause social, environmental and economical problems. One of relevant countermeasures against leaks is to find and repair of leak points of the pipes. Leak noise is a good source to identify the location of leak points of the pipelines. Although there have been several methods to detect the leak location with leak noise, such as listening rods, hydrophones or ground microphones, they have not been so efficient tools. In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) sensors and accelermeters are used to detect leak locations which could provide all easier and move efficient method. Filtering, signal processing and algorithm of raw input data from sensors for the detection of leak location are described. A 120m-long pipeline system for experiment is installed and the results with the system show that the algorithm with the AE sensors and accelerometers offers accurate pinpointing of leaks. Theoretical analysis of sound wave propagation speed of water in underground pipes, which is critically important in leak locating, is also described.