• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2023

Smoking is one of the three major risk factors for vascular disease along with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. It is true that smoking has a negative effect on the circulatory system, and the frequency of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease is significantly increased in smokers. Many epidemiological studies report that smokers have an approximately two-fold increased risk of coronary artery disease compared to non-smokers. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between cerebral blood flow change and depression index after acute smoking. Cerebral blood flow tests were performed before and after smoking in 8 subjects. Changes in blood flow after smoking were correlated with the depression score and negatively correlated with the depression score. In particular, there was a strong correlation with changes in blood flow in anterior cerebral artery. It is well known that changes in blood flow after smoking have a negative effect. In addition, considering the study that smoking aggravates the symptoms of depression, it was found that smoking and depression are factors that negatively affect each other.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.248-258
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the associations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with coronary artery diseases (CAD) in women patients with chest pain. Method: BMI, WC, and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) were measured for 162 women patients with chest pain whose mean age was $54.9{\pm}9.2$ years. CAD was diagnosed by coronary angiography. Results: In comparing BMI and WC, WC was found to be more strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors. For example, correlations with the high density lipoprotein cholesterol were r=-.266, p=.001 (WC) vs. r=-.131, p=.104 (BMI), and for homocystein, r=.378, p<.001 (WC) vs. r=.150, p=.068 (BMI). Obstructive CAD develops more frequently in women patients with abdominal obesity than in patients without abdominal obesity. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that WC is a better index of adiposity than BMI.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 2017

Tomatoes are rich in nutrients and have many beneficial advantages on human health. Four cherry tomato supplementation diets (CTSDs) were prepared from the juice and cake of fresh and processed (heat-treated) cherry tomatoes. Rats were fed CTSDs for 28 days and the changes in health indices in the serum were analyzed. CTSDs significantly decreased (P < 0.05) food efficiency ratio compared with the control. CTSD feeding significantly increased (P < 0.05) the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level compared with the control, which resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in coronary artery risk index and atherogenic index. Furthermore, CTSD feeding increased serum serotonin level. These results indicate that CTSD shows antihyperlipidemic effect.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.48
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• pp.312.1-312.10
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• 2018

Background: Obesity is related to several comorbidities and mortality, but its relationship with acute kidney injury (AKI) and long-term mortality remain undetermined in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: Data from 3,018 patients (age ${\geq}18$ years) who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery from two tertiary referral centers were retrospectively reviewed between 2004 and 2015. Obesity was defined using the body mass index, according to the World Health Organization's recommendation. The odds and hazard ratios in post-surgical, AKI, and all-cause mortality were calculated after adjustment for multiple covariates. Patients were followed for $90{\pm}40.9$ months (maximum: 13 years). Results: Among the cohort, 37.4%, 2.4%, 21.1%, 35.1%, and 4.0% of patients were classified as normal weight, underweight, overweight-at-risk, obese I, and obese II, respectively. Post-surgical AKI developed in 799 patients (26.5%). Patients in the obese groups (overweight-at-risk to obese II) had a higher risk of AKI than did those in the normal-weight group. During the follow-up period, 787 patients (26.1%) died. Underweight patients had a higher risk of mortality than did normal-weight patients, whereas overweight-at-risk, obese I, and obese II patients showed better survival rates. Conclusion: After coronary artery bypass graft surgery, obese patients encountered a high risk of AKI, and underweight patients exhibited a low chance of survival. Awareness of both obese and underweight statuses should be raised in these patients.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.248-258
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to investigate factors influencing the Framingham risk score-Coronary heart disease (FRS-CHD) according to gender and body mass index (BMI) of adults who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3). Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with secondary analysis with KNHANES V-3. The FRS-CHD scores were measured with ages, sex, blood pressure, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, smoking, and diabetes mellitus. With demographic characteristics, family history of ischemic heart disease, types (intensity) and days of physical activities, perceived stress, drinking, menopause (in female), and BMI scores were measured. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regressions. Results: FRS-CHD was significantly associated with types (intensity) and days of physical activities, educational level, occupation, and marital status, explaining 19.1~76.8% of the variance in men. FRS-CHD was significantly associated with types (intensity) and days of physical activities, menopause, and education level, explaining 55.0~59.5% of the variance in women. Conclusion: Factors influencing FRS-CHD were significantly different according to gender and BMI. To reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, it is necessary to develop gender-specific physical activity programs according to BMI.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2008

Objectives: The objective of this study was held for prevention of coronary artery disease and improvement of health of local community residents by classifying the obesity types of their waist circumference and BMI, and appraising the coronary artery disease risk factors(CRF). Methods: We analyzed the data on the 1,914 adult cases (1,156 male and 758 female) during Nov, 2006 to Mar. 2007 on a general hospital in Daegu city, Korea. The obesity types in this research were classified into normal group, seeming obesity group, abdominal obesity group and obesity group. Also, CRF was classified by normal, mild, moderate, and severe, and each class was given the index from 0 to 3. The coronary artery disease risk factors index(CRFI) was defined as the sum of index, and we defined that if the sum is higher, higher chance of coronary artery disease risk exist. Results: According to the research, by the age group, normal group has higher percentage in age 30 to 40, and obesity group and abdominal obesity group has higher percentage in age 50 to 60. CRFI is increased by order of normal group, seeming obesity group, abdominal obesity group, and obesity group on both male and female groups, and male shows higher index than female on all four groups. CRFI will be influenced by order of obesity group, seeming obesity group, and abdominal obesity group on male, and obesity group, abdominal obesity group, and seeming obesity group on female according to the result of multiple regression between obesity type and CRFI. Conclusion: According to the result from our research, we have to have keen attention to not only seeming obesity group and obesity group, but also abdominal obesity group which has normal waist circumference influence to CRFI. So, those kinds of indexes have to be controled by controling their weight. Also, we believe that health behaviour can improve and CRF can be prevented by the early health care and early health education to those with no abnormal indication on clinical indicator but with abnormal BMI and waist circumference.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.47-55
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the outcome for CABG according to whether hospitals provided heart related surgeries. The 2011 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and inpatient quality indicator principles from the Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) were used for analysis. Hospitals were divided into three groups according to the surgeries they provided. The length of stay and in-hospital deaths were adjusted for the differences in risks. ANOVA was performed to examine the differences for the risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rate and risk-adjusted length of stay among the three groups. The analysis results showed that hospitals providing CABG, PTCA, and PHS had lower risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates or similar risk-adjusted lengths of stay compared to those of hospitals providing only CABG. However, the three groups did not have statistically significant differences in outcome indicators. Another study will be needed with a larger sample.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1055-1064
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• 2020

Objective: To assess the incremental prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in comparison to a clinical risk model (Framingham risk score, FRS) and coronary artery calcium score (CACS) for future cardiac events in ischemic stroke patients without chest pain. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 1418 patients with acute stroke who had no previous cardiac disease and underwent CCTA, including CACS. Stenosis degree and plaque types (high-risk, non-calcified, mixed, or calcified plaques) were assessed as CCTA variables. High-risk plaque was defined when at least two of the following characteristics were observed: low-density plaque, positive remodeling, spotty calcification, or napkin-ring sign. We compared the incremental prognostic value of CCTA for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) over CACS and FRS. Results: The prevalence of any plaque and obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) (stenosis ≥ 50%) were 70.7% and 30.2%, respectively. During the median follow-up period of 48 months, 108 patients (7.6%) experienced MACE. Increasing FRS, CACS, and stenosis degree were positively associated with MACE (all p < 0.05). Patients with high-risk plaque type showed the highest incidence of MACE, followed by non-calcified, mixed, and calcified plaque, respectively (log-rank p < 0.001). Among the prediction models for MACE, adding stenosis degree to FRS showed better discrimination and risk reclassification compared to FRS or the FRS + CACS model (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, incorporating plaque type in the prediction model significantly improved reclassification (integrated discrimination improvement, 0.08; p = 0.023) and showed the highest discrimination index (C-statistics, 0.85). However, the addition of CACS on CCTA with FRS did not add to the prediction ability for MACE (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of stenosis degree and plaque type using CCTA provided additional prognostic value over CACS and FRS to risk stratify stroke patients without prior history of CAD better.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1005-1014
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of coronary computed tomography angiography of coronary artery disease for the purpose fo health screening according to gender and age. In addition the association between hematological factors (Glucose, total cholesterol, visceral fat, body mass index, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL)) and coronary artery disease is investigated. A retrospective analysis of coronary computed tomography angiography with 299 subjects showed that the detection rate of coronary artery disease was higher in men over 50 years of age and it was statistically significant. In particular, the prevalence rate of men (37.9%) was about 2 times higher than that of women (17.0%). Glucose and HDL as hematological factors associated with coronary artery disease were statistically significant. The prevention and management of coronary artery disease seems to require the control of glucose and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Although it is not statistically significant with other hematological factors, the need for management of coronary artery disease was identified. the coronary computed tomography angiography of coronary artery has higher radiation doses than other CT scans. Therefore, for the purpose of screening, coronary computed tomography angiography should be considered in consideration of the sex and age of the examinee, and detection of coronary artery disease through other non-invasive tests should be prioritized over coronary computed tomography angiography.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.866-873
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• 2008

Purpose: The study was done to compare quality of life by gender, and to identify factors which explain quality of life in individuals with coronary artery disease. Methods: For the survey, 91 individuals (53 men and 38 women) agreed to participate in the study. Cardiovascular risk factors, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, health behavior as well as quality of life, were measured. Descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation and hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS WIN 12.0 were used to analyze the data. Results: Significant gender differences were found for education, smoking status, chronic disease, perceived health status, and quality of life within sub-dimensions. Hierarchical regression analysis showed gender (men), age, perceived health status, cardiovascular risk scores, and health behaviors together explained 40.2% (adjusted $R^2$) of variance in quality of life. Conclusion: As the factors explaining quality of me in individuals with coronary artery disease have been identified as gender (men), age, perceived health status, and health behaviors, health promotion programs designed for this population should focus on these factors for effective behavioral modification, and consequent improvement in quality of life.