• 한국어병학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.25-39
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• 2017

A total number of 668 apparently healthy fish were obtained from farm to study the effect of two heavy metals in a form of (Copper sulfate and Mercuric chloride) on some hematological and biochemical parameters of blood. The $LC_{50}$ /96 hr. of Cu and Hg were estimated and fish exposed to $\text\tiny{^1/_2}$ $LC_{50}$ for 7 days and for $1/_{10}$ $LC_{50}$ for 8 weeks from each product separately. Results showed decrease in RBCs count, PCV% and Hb in acute and chronic mercury while a significant increase was shown in acute and chronic copper toxicity, total leucocytic count showed decrease in acute mercury toxicity and increase in the chronic case, while in copper toxicity non-significant decrease in acute and significant decrease in chronic toxicity was noticed. Elevated serum urea and creatinine in both acute and chronic mercury and copper toxicity was detected. No changes in total bilirubin in the acute mercury and chronic copper toxicity while significant increase in chronic mercury and acute copper. Elevation of serum AST and ALT in some days of acute toxicity of mercury and copper while in chronic mercury toxicity a significant elevation of both serums AST and ALT were detected .while in chronic copper toxicity serum AST was fluctuated and ALT showed no significant changes. CK study revealed significant decrease in acute mercury with fluctuation in the chronic toxicity while in copper toxicity it showed fluctuation in acute and significant decrease in chronic toxicity. Glucose value decreased in acute and chronic mercury toxicity while in copper toxicity it showed significant increase in the acute and increase followed by significant decrease in the chronic copper toxicity.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1978

Short-term acute toxicity of mercury, cadmium and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii, and to oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was determinedby static bioassays from 20 May to 27 June in 1977. During the observations of the opening rate of the shell mercury was the most sensitive toxicant of the three toxic substances to the test animals and caused them to close their shellvalves together after being exposed to a mercury solution for an hour during the test. Opening rate to cadmium and copper increased gradually at the higher concentration. the 96hr-LC50 values for the test animals are 4.84mg/l for mercury and 1.86mg/l for cadmium, while the 72hr-LC50 value for copper is 0.31mg/l. the death rate of oysters for cadmium showed lower than that of the mercury and copper test solutions. The 96hr-LC50 values of mercury, copper and cadmium were 1.1mg/l, 2.54mg/l and 19.5mg/l, respectively. For oysters mercury was the most toxic substance, and cadmium was the least toxic one. the medium lethal time (LT 50) value decreased gradually at higher concentration of heavy metals. The LT 50 of 2mg/l was found within 96 hours ofr copper, 104 hours for mercury and 121 hours for cadmium. The lethal threshold concentrations for 7 days were found to be about 1mg/l for mercury and copper, and 2mg/l for cadmium.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.265-268
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• 2004

Larva of Carassius auratus and Pungtungia herzi were exposed to mercury ($HgCl_2$), lead ($PbCl_2$) and copper ($CuSO_4$) to determine acute toxicity. The toxicity tests were conducted triplicate and the $LC_{50}$ values (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) were determined for two species. Data obtained from the toxicity tests were evaluated using the probit analysis. Although sensitivities of two species to mercury were relatively similar, C. auratus was more susceptible than P. herzi to the exposure of lead but P. herzi was more sensitive than C. auratus on copper. The sensitivity on three metals tested may be ranked in the following order from highest to lowest toxicity on larval stage of these fish: mercury > copper > lead. It is suggested that acute toxic test at the larval stage of C. auratus and P. herzi, indigenous species in Asia area, is an important part of the ecotoxicological assessment of some heavy metals.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 1979

남해안산 방어와 돌돔에 대한 수은, 구리 및 카드뮴의 중금속독성 실험을 1978년 7월 18일$\~$27일간 정수식으로 실험실에서 실시하였다. 실험결과 24시간 반수치사농도(24hr-LC50)는 방어에 있어서는 수은이 0.10mg/l, 카드뮴 0.82mg/l, 구리 1.03 mg/l였고, 돌돔에 있어서는 수은 1.61mg/l, 구리 1.73mg/l를 나타냄으로서 중금속별 독성 순위는 방어는 수은, 카드뮴 구리이고 돌돔은 수은-구리-카드뮴 순이며 도종류 공히 수은 독성이 가장 강함을 구명하였다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.115-134
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• 2017

A total number of 668 apparently healthy fish were obtained from farm to study the effect of two heavy metals (Copper and Mercury) on histopathology of liver, kidney, spleen, gills and muscles also residues in muscles. The $LC_{50}$/96 hr. of Cu and Hg were estimated and fish exposed to 1/2 $LC_{50}$ for 7 days and for 1/10 $LC_{50}$ for 8 weeks from each product separately. Histopathological findings in acute and chronic mercuric chloride toxicity revealed degeneration and necrosis in the glomeruli, interstitium tissue and epithelium lining renal tubules. The tubular epithelium became necrotic at several places. Eosinophilic hyaline droplets is exist in the cytoplasm of the necrosed cells. Degenerative changes and hyperactivity in melanomachrophage center was seen in the spleen together with some necrotic areas. Necrosis and aggregation of melanomachrophage were seen in the hepatic cells, Hepatic cells showed vacuolar degeneration in the hepatic cells. Gills showed loss in the lamellae of the filaments associated with edema, inflammatory cells infiltration and haemorrhages in the arch. The sarcoplasm of the bundles of the skeletal muscle showed granular degeneration and focal inflammatory cells infiltration between the hyalinized bundles. Mercury residues obtained from these studies in the acute toxicity were 0.22 ppm/gm in the 2nd day, 0.411 ppm/gm in the $5^{th}$ day ended with 0.96 ppm/gm in the $7^{th}$ day. In chronic toxicity it was 1.1320, 1.7140, 2.3620 and 3.5640 ppm/gm respectively from the $2^{nd}$ to the $8^{th}$ week of exposure. In acute and chronic copper toxicity, there was degenerative changes in renal tubules. Melanophores aggregation in the wall of the blood vessels of the spleen and depletion of some of the melanophores in the melanomachrophage were seen together with necrosis in some areas. Congested Mvs (Micro vessels) and vacuolation of hepatocytes were observed. Some areas of hemorrhage and melanophores vacuolar degeneration in the liver were seen. There was mitosis in some areas with displesia of hepatopancreatic cells and eosinophilic granular cells aggregation. Zymogen granules disappeared and there were dyplastic hepatocytes. Congestion in the blood vessels of the gill filaments, associated with massive number of granular eosinophilic cells infiltration were seen in the base of the filaments. There were sever vacuolization and hyalinization in the skeletal muscle bundles. Detection of residues of copper sulfate revealed increase of the amount of copper measured in ppm/gm comparing to the normal control starting from 0.60 ppm/g in the $2^{nd}$ day, 0.67 ppm/g in the $5^{th}$ day and 0.67 ppm/g in the $7^{th}$ day. Result obtained in chronic copper sulfate toxicity revealed gradual increase of the amount of copper which ranged from 0.18 ppm/g at the $2^{nd}$ week to 0.21 ppm/g in the $8^{th}$ week of exposure.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 1994

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( mercury, cadmium lead, chromium and copper ), organophosphours insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and parathion ), and other chemicals( arsenic, cyanide, and phenol ) to Daphnia magna was analyzed. Acute toxicity of heavy metals, organophosphours insecticides and other chemicals on Daphnia magna, LC$_{50}$ was showed 0.07-0.73mg/1, 0.22-1.94mg/t and 1.73-39.92mg/1 respectively. Daphnia magna to most of toxic chemicals was sensitive and then it seems to be useful except phenol in toxic test of water. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high LC$_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high LC$_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low LC$_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, lead, chromium, EPN, and parathion were included in Group 1; Mercury and copper in Group 2; Arsenic and cadmium in Group 3; Cyanide 2,4- D, and phenol in Group 4.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.113-117
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• 1979

백합에 대한 수은, 구리 및 카드뮴의 독성정도를 구명하기 위하여 $1978.6.28\~7.15$간 정수식으로 실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 수은 및 구리 용액에는 농도가 커질수록 점액을 분비하는 개체가 많아졌으나 카드뮴용액과 정상해수에 투입한 백합은 점액을 방출하지 않았다. 1mg/l 농도의 수조에서 15시간후에 분비한 점액은 수은에서는 $42.9\%$, 구리에서는 $14.3\%$ 나타냄으로서 수은이 구리보다 혐기도가 더 컸다. 농도와 사망률과의 관계에서 96시간후에 반치사농도(96hr-LC50)는 수은 0.67mg/l, 구리 7.04mg/l, 카드뮴 7.10mg/l, 로서 독성의 순위는 수은-구리-카드뮴이었다. 또한 각수조에서 $50\%$의 폐사를 일으키는데 소요한 시간(Lethal Tim 50)은 일반적으로 농도가 클수록 L. T.50값이 작아짐으로서 일정 농도에서는 노출시간이 반응을 유발시키는 자극이 되고 있으며 실제 중금속의 40mg/l에서 L.T.50값은 수은 55.8시간, 구리 104.8시간, 카드뮴 111.9시간으로서 동일농도에서는 수은-구리-카드뮴순으로 사망이 일어 났음을 밝혔다.

• 한국도시환경학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2018

북미, 유럽 뿐 아니라 우리나라에서도 유해물질 관리제도가 도입되는 등 매년 크게 증가하는 화학물질의 생산, 유통으로 인한 독성 피해에 대응하고 있다. 유해물질의 생물독성을 평가하는 방법은 널리 소개되어 왔으나, 모델링을 위한 정량적이고 신속한 정보가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 발광 미생물인 Vibrio fischeri를 이용하여 아연, 구리, 크롬, 카드뮴, 수은, 납 등 중금속 6종에 대한 독성 평가를 실시하고, 독성 모델링을 통해 생존율을 재현하였다. 발광 미생물의 활성 정도 및 중금속에 의한 독성은 photomultiplier가 내장된 감광 장치를 이용하여 상대발광도를 측정, 독성의 영향을 판단하였다. 30분 내 저해율이 20% 미만에 이르는 농도 및 $EC_{50}$ 등을 통해 독성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 생물 독성은 수은, 납, 구리, 크롬, 아연, 카드뮴 순으로 나타났다. 시간별 $EC_{50}$의 추세선을 통해 얻은 $EC_{{50},{\infty}}$는 독성 모델링의 주요 파라미터와 선형 관계가 높았다. 실험결과로부터 DAM, TDM 모델링에 필요한 주요 파라미터를 얻었으며, 재현된 독성 영향은 아연, 구리, 크롬, 카드뮴 등에서 오차율 평균 10.2%이었다. Vibrio fischeri를 및 감광 장치를 이용한 미생물 독성 측정 방법은 짧은 시간에서 $EC_{{50},{\infty}}$ 및 독성 모델링 구현에 필요한 주요한 인자들을 신속하게 얻을 있어 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.46-58
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• 1995

Acute toxicity of heavy metals( Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Copper ), Organophosphorus insecticides( EPN, 2, 4- D, and Parathion ), and other chemicals( Arsenic, Cyanide, and Phenol) to Daphnia magna, and Vibrio fischeri was analysed. Daphnia magna to most toxic chemicals was most sensitive among test organisms alld then Daphnia magna seems to be more useful in toxic test of water. Daphnia magna was more sensitive to heavy metals than insecticides and other chemicals. The sensitivity of Visrio JircAeri to heavy metals was not so different from that to insecticides and the sensitivity to other chemicals was low. Visrio JircAeri appears to be more sensitive to toxic chemicals than Photobacterium phosphoreum, which was compared as recorded values of P.phosphoreum. Toxic chemicals were classified as Group 1 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity according to the increase of concentration, Group 2 which had a high $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, Group 3 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the high increase rate of toxicity, and Group 4 which had a low $EC_{50}$ or $LC_{50}$ value and the low increase rate of toxicity. To Daphnia magna, Lead, Chromium EPN, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Mercury and Copper in Group 2 : Arsonic and Cadmium in Group 3 : Cyanide, 2, 4-B, and Phenol in Group 4. To Visrio JircAeri, Lead, Chromiurl 2, 4- D, and Parathion were included in Group 1 : Merecury, Cadmium and Arsenic in Group 2 : Cyanide in Group 3 : EPN, Copper, and Phenol in Group 4.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1999년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.121.2-121
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• 1999

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