• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.315-332
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• 2023

PURPOSE. This study aimed to investigate whether the accuracy of intraoral scanners is influenced by different scanning strategies in an in vitro setting, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 standard. The following PICOS approach was used: population, tooth impressions; intervention, the use of intraoral scanners with scanning strategies different from the manufacturer's instructions; control, the use of intraoral scanners following the manufacturers' requirements; outcome, accuracy of intraoral scanners; type of studies, in vitro. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various databases including Embase, SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were based on in vitro studies that reported the accuracy of digital impressions using intraoral scanners. Analysis was performed using Review Manager software (version 5.3.5; Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). Global comparisons were made using a standardized mean difference based on random-effect models, with a significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS. The meta-analysis included 15 articles. Digital impression accuracy significantly improved under dry conditions (P < 0.001). Moreover, trueness and precision were enhanced when artificial landmarks were used (P ≤ 0.02) and when an S-shaped pattern was followed (P ≤ 0.01). However, the type of light used did not have a significant impact on the accuracy of the digital intraoral scanners (P ≥ 0.16). CONCLUSION. The accuracy of digital intraoral scanners can be enhanced by employing scanning processes using artificial landmarks and digital impressions under dry conditions.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the presence of a space maintainer affects the accuracy of an intraoral scanner. Materials and Methods: The maxillary primary first molar typodont tooth was removed from the primary dentition typodont model and a band and loop type space maintainer was delivered. After the model was connected to a dental phantom, intraoral scan was performed using TRIOS 4 (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). The scan was repeated with the same technique without the space maintainer. Each scan was performed 10 times. All scan files into a GOM inspect 2018 software and evaluated the accuracy. The accuracy was evaluated on trueness and precision, and calculated using the root mean square value. Result: When there was a space maintainer in the oral cavity, the trueness value was 0.10±0.02 mm and the precision value was 0.15±0.03 mm. In the absence of the space maintainer, the trueness value was 0.12±0.03 mm and the precision value was 0.16±0.04 mm. There were no significant differences depending on the presence of a space maintainer (P>0.05). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the accuracy of the intraoral scanner was not influenced by the presence of space maintainer.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2024

This study aimed to assess the accuracy of tooth widths, intermolar widths, and arch lengths acquired through two intraoral scanners, including iTero Element Plus Series (Align Technology, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and Trios 4 (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark), specifically on mixed dentition. A total of 30 subjects were divided into 2 groups, each undergoing both alginate impressions and intraoral scanning using either the iTero or Trios scanner. The plaster models were measured with a caliper, while the digital models were measured virtually. In the iTero group, all tooth width measurements exhibited differences compared to the plaster values, except for maxillary left lateral incisors (p = 0.179), mandibular right (p = 0.285), and left (p = 0.073) central incisors. The Trios group did not display significant differences in any of the tooth width measurements. Intermolar width comparisons for both groups indicated differences, except for mandibular primary canine to primary canine values (p = 0.426) in the iTero group. Regarding arch length, the mandibular anterior, maxillary right, and left arch lengths in the iTero group demonstrated larger caliper values than those of iTero. Conversely, in the Trios group, all parameters showed smaller caliper values, especially in upper anterior, maxillary right, mandibular right, and mandibular left arch lengths with significance (p = 0.027, 0.007, 0.003, and 0.047, respectively). Despite the differences between the two groups, digital models might be clinically suitable alternatives for plaster models. Pediatric dentists should carefully assess these differences, as a comprehensive evaluation would result in precise orthodontic treatment planning and favorable outcomes for young patients with mixed dentition.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.158-166
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• 2018

Contrary to urban development, urban regeneration is a process of land development through conservation, restoration, and management. In particular, ecologically based urban regeneration is an attempt to improve the quality of life in an area, establish a stable settlement space, and revitalize the local economy by considering the ecological environment. In this regard, the objectives of this study were to establish theoretical concepts and analyze the successful foreign cases of ecologically based urban regeneration, and propose a direction of socio-economic regeneration along with the physical-environmental regeneration of urban areas in Korea. The study results suggest the following. First, strategies must be developed to coordinate public transportation, such as buses and subways, by considering the importance of bicycle riders, along with the sustainable-commuting system. Second, both the importance of planning parks and trails around water systems in various scales while maintaining the existing natural environment as well as using natural elements, such as electric vehicles and wind-power generation systems, were emphasized. Third, urban regeneration for increased energy efficiency requires specific architectural planning and facilities. Fourth, education and research for easy access by the public, as well as public-private partnership, will be needed in the regeneration process.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.71-92
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• 2016

Service design is a process and methodology for innovating or creating service. This study analyzed library case that applied service design method to library service innovation and creation. The object of this case studies include 7 library such as Copenhagen's municipal library, State Library of Victoria, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Georgia institute of technology library, North carolina state university library. This study analyzed separately to service design requirements, stake-holders, period, process, tools, result and main feature. The implications obtained through this case study are as follows: (1) The design of the library service are focused on user-centered services, future service creation. (2) The service design for library is designed by the collaboration of all stake-holder. (3) From the point of view of period, the service design is continuous, and it has a nature of the project. (4) The service design in library focus on user experience, processes and prototypes development and application. (5) The service design in library are applied to the new tool such as blue print, customer journey map, touch-point, shadow, persona. (6) The purpose of the service design in library is improved and created services, and is has holistic approach.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.468-475
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• 1988

The cloned B. subtilis cdd gene encoding cytidine/2'deoxycytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5) was expressed in the cdd deficient B. subtilis mutant ED40. The gene was isolted from the cdd complementing plasmid pSO21, and inserted into the EcoR1/Pvu1 sites of pGB215-110 ΔB, which is a temperature sensitivie E. coli-B. subtilis shuttle vector. In the transformed B. subtilis ED4O harboring the resulting plasmid pSO100, cdd was expressed at several hundred fold elevated levels, and the cytidine deaminase activity in E. coli containing pSO100 was twice the level in B. subtilis/pSO0100. The Km value for cytidine of the partially purified enzyme is 1.88$\times$10$^{-4}$M at pH 7.0 and the V$_{max}$ = 11.1 $\mu$mol/min/mg of protein. The enzyme was completely inhibited by 0.1M mercaptoethanol and HgCl$_2$. The inhibition by p-chrolomercurybenzoic acid showed a Ki = 5 uM. These results suggest that sulfhydryl reagents block an active site thiol group, and/or disturb the formation of the tetrameic holoenzyme.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.276-285
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of emotional labor on casino dealers' burnout and depression. Burnout is a big problem which thwarts their professionalism and effectualness and the effectiveness of the service they provide. Depression is a core factor which affects one's mental health. To analyze the effects of emotional labor on casino workers' burnout and depression, we conducted a survey of 606 casino dealers of H resort and analyzed the results. Burnout was measured in terms of the client-related burnout and work-related burnout by the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The research findings are as follows. First, the level of emotional labor (3.50) was higher than the mid-point on the 4 point Likert scale, and the work-related burnout (3.86) and client-related burnout (3.91) were higher than the mid-point on the 5 point Likert scale. Second, emotional labor was correlated to their depression and burnout. Third, emotional labor showed a significant difference according to gender, while burnout showed significant differences according to age, position and term of service. Fourth, emotional labor had an effect on the casino dealers' burnout and depression. We discussed the implications of these findings and possible strategies to alleviate this situation, for example, the passing of a law and development of an employee assistance program (EAP) to prevent their burnout and reduce their depression.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of several self-adhesive resin cements bonded to dentin surfaces with different wet conditions. Three self-adhesive resin cements: Rely-X Unicem (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN. USA). Embrace Wetbond (Pulpdent. Oakland. MA. USA). Maxcem (Kerr. Orange. CA. USA) were used. Extracted sixty human molars were used. Each self-adhesive resin cement was adhered to the dentin specimens (two rectangular sticks from each molar) in different wet conditions. Tensile bond strength were measured using universal testing machine (EZ Test. Shimadzu corporation. Kyoto. Japan) at a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min. After the testing. bonding failures of specimens were observed by Operative microscope (OPMI pro, Carl Zeiss. Oberkochen, Germany). T-test was used to evaluate the effect of dentin surface wetness. One-way ANOVA test was used to evaluate the tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements in the same condition. Scheffe's test was used for statistical analyzing at the 95% level of confidence. The result showed that wetness of dentin surface didn't affect tensile bond strength of self-adhesive resin cements and Maxcem showed the lowest tensile bond strength.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2013

It is commonplace to refer to the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland as a distinctive and homogenous welfare regime. As far as social housing is concerned, however, the institutional heritage of the respective countries significantly frames the ways in which social housing is understood, regulated and subsidized, and, in turn, how housing regimes respond to the general challenges to the national welfare states. The paper presents a historical institutionalist approach to understanding the diversity of regime responses in the modern era characterized by increasing marketization, welfare criticism and internationalization. The aim is to provide outside readers a theoretically guided empirical insight into Scandinavian social housing policy. The paper first lines up the core of the inbuilt argument of historical institutionalism in housing policy. Secondly, it briefly introduces the distinctive ideal typical features of the five housing regimes, which reveals the first internal distinction between the universal policies of Sweden and Denmark selective policies of Iceland and Finland. The Norwegian case constitutes a transitional model from general to selective during the past quarter of a decade. The third section then concentrates on the differences between Denmark, Sweden and Norway in which social housing is, our was originally, embedded in a universal welfare policy targeting the general level of housing quality for the entire population. Differences stand out, however, between finance, ownership, regulation and governance. The historical institutional argument is, that these differences frame the way in which actors operating on the respective policy arenas can and do respond to challenges. Here, in this section we lose Norway, which de facto has come to operate in a residual manner, due to contemporary effects of the long historical heritage of home ownership. The fourth section then discusses the recent challenges of welfare criticism, internationalization and marketization to the universal models in Denmark and Sweden. Here, it is argued that the institutional differences between the Swedish model of municipal ownership and the Danish model of independent cooperative social housing associations provides different sources of resistance to the prospective dismantlement of social housing as we know it. The fifth section presents the recent Danish reform of the governance model of social housing policy in which the housing associations are conceived of as 'dialogue partners' in the local housing policy, expected to create solutions to, rather than produce problems in social housing areas. The reform testifies to the strategic ability of the Danish social housing associations to employ their historically grounded institutional relative independence of the public system.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2009

At the present study, it was aimed to explore the states of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella spp. isolates from 3,850 pigs (2,732 ileocecocolic lymphnodes and 1,118 cecal contents) and 1,764 cattle (965 cecal lymphnodes and 799 cecal contents) slaughtered in Busan province from December 2000 to November 2001. Among 5,614 samples, 457 of Salmonella spp. were isolated from pig lymphnodes (13.5%), pig cecal contents (4.4%), cattle lymphnodes (3.5%) and cattle cecal contents (0.5%). Salmonella spp. were showed different isolation ratio, that was 10.8% in summer, 9.0% in autumn, 8.4% in spring and 5.0% in winter. As a result of serotyping, B group (65.4%) were identified as the most common in pigs and cattle, in order of $C_1$ (14.0%), $D_1$ (5.5%), $C_2$ (4.2%), $E_1$ (4.2%) and L (3.5%). 34 serotypes were found, among them, Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) (21.0%) was the most common serotype from pigs and cattle. The major serotypes were in order of S. Derby (15.3%), S. Schwarzengrund (14.7%), S. Typhimurium var Copenhagen (9.2%), S. Mbandaka (5.7%), S. Enteritidis (5.5%) and S. Ruiru (3.5%). The most common serotype was S. Typhimurium in pigs, and S. Ruiru in cattle. S. Ruiru was firstly isolated from pigs and cattle in Korea. In antimicrobial susceptibility test, all the isolates were demonstrated susceptibility to norfloxacin and ofloxacin. But the isolates were showed resistance other antibiotics in order of doxycycline (68.3%), tetracycline (67.8%), penicillin (54.5%) and streptomycin (52.5%). S. Typhimurium were exhibited resistance to ampicillin (34.8%), chloramphenicol (36.2%), streptomycin (94.9%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (34.8%) and tetracycline (97.8%). There were 53 strains (38.4%) which had multi drug resistant (MDR) isolates, resistant to more than 6 antimicrobial agents. The most common resistance patterns of MDR isolates were ampicillin, chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, doxycycline, nalidixic acid, penicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and tetracycline (ACCbDNaPSSuT).