• Anxiety and mood
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2018

Objective : High-risk pregnant women are exposed to the physical and emotional crisis associate with the condition of high-risk pregnancy, making these women emotionally unstable, exhibiting such conditions as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to examine what effects the temperament and character of high-risk pregnant women had on their depression, anxiety, and maternal-fetal attachment. Methods : A hundred and five high-risk pregnant women were recruited in the maternity ward of the Keimyung University medical center. All subjects were administered a sociodemographic and obstetric questionnaire, Temperament and Character Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II, State Trait Anxiety Inventory-State, and Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. Results : First, higher scores on the harm-avoidance scale and lower scores on the self-directedness scale were associated with higher depression scores. Second, higher scores on the harm-avoidance and reward-dependence scale were associated with higher anxiety scores. Lastly, higher scores on the cooperativeness scale were associated with higher maternal-fetal attachment scores. Conclusion : Temperament and character in high-risk pregnant women were associated with the degree of depression, anxiety, maternal-fetal attachment. Based on these findings, it is suggested that examining temperament and character in advance and screening for vulnerability in pregnant women can help to prevent emotional problems for high-risk pregnant women.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the emotional characteristics of the Sasang constitution with the Core Seven Emotions Inventory (CSEI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Methods: A total of 224 participants were assessed with a Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool (SCAT) for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis, and completed the Core Seven Emotions Inventory (CSEI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results: 1. From the results of the CSEI, Soeumin showed a significantly higher fear (恐) score than the Soyangin. 2. From the results of the TCI, Soeumin showed a significantly higher harm avoidance (HA) score than Taeeumin and Soyangin. Moreover, the Soyangin showed a significantly higher reward dependence (RD) score than Taeeumin and Soeumin. 3. In the correlation tests of the CSEI sub-scales, there was negative correlation between joy (喜) and other emotions, which are thoughts (思), depression (憂), sorrow (悲) and fear (恐). There were positive correlations between the emotions except joy (喜). 4. In the correlation tests of the TCI sub-scales, there was negative correlation between HA and persistence (P), and HA and SD. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between RD and cooperativeness (C) and between P and self-directedness (SD). 5. In the correlation tests of the TCI and CSEI, joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with HA and a positive correlation with P and with SD. Anger (怒) showed a negative correlation with C and other emotions except joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with RD. Conclusions: The differences of psychological characteristics in Sasang Constitution were shown with CSEI and TCI from this study.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2020

Objectives : This study investigate to identify the stability of temperament and personality characteristics of patients including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. Methods : The number of subjects was 102, of which 33 were PTSD patients and 69 were non-PTSD patients. To demonstrate the change in individual temperament and personality characteristics, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were administered repeatedly on the subjects. Repeated measures ANOVA and simple main effects analysis were conducted. Results : When analysed by dividing the subjects into PTSD groups and non-PTSD groups, the differences between the primary and secondary tests did not appear in the non-PTSD groups, but the differences between the primary and secondary tests were significant in Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), Self-Directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (C). In addition, it was noted that the time and group interaction effects of HA, RD, SD and C were significant, and that the main effects of time of HA, RD, SD and C were significant. Conclusions : This study is meaningful in that in the course of experience and recovery of traumatic events, we have clinically confirmed that changes in the temperament, known as stable variables, are possible.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2022

Objectives: The combination of Harm-Avoidance (HA) and Self-Directedness (SD) of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) has been reported pivotal for mental health; however its clinical usefulness in integrative medicine has not sufficiently reported. The purpose of this study was to illustrate multi-phasic mental health of subjective satisfaction with life, emotional well-being, and psychopathology, following the HA-SD profile groups. Methods: A total of 527 Korean university students reported HA and SD scores as to render their HA-SD profile, and multi-phasic mental health characteristics using Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) with composite well-being scales of SC (Sum of Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness score) and HI (Happiness Index, subtraction of Negative Affect (NA) score from Positive Affect (PA) score) as standardized. Pearson's correlation was used to report correlation coefficient, and the ANCOVA with age and sex as covariates, to show significant differences in mental health and well-being between the HA-SD profile groups. Results: The HA-SD profile groups showed distinctive multi-phasic mental health characteristics; health related scores of SWLS, PA, SC and HI decreased following the order of hS (low HA and high SD), HS (high HA and high SD), hs (low HA and low SD) and Hs (high HA and low SD) profile groups; however the non-health related scores of NA and BDI showed contrasting order. Conclusions: The HA-SD profile was found to be clinically useful for examining multi-phasic mental health and well-being status, and the TCI may be an imperative personality inventory for integrative medicine.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.438-447
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of specialized thematic science club activities on the students' scientific attitudes. The subjects of this study were ninety students from two high schools in Korea. The study group consisted of forty experimental groups and forty six science clubs with no special topics. The mean, standard deviation, t-value, and significance were compared with the corresponding sample t-test. First, specialized thematic science club activities showed positive effects on students' scientific attitude. Although the average scores of the scientific attitudes of the experiment group and the control group were improved before the operation of the club, the increase of the experimental group which operated the specialized topic was larger than that of the control group and there was a statistically significant difference. In the analysis of sub-elements of scientific attitude, the increase of the experimental group was larger than that of the control group. There were no statistically significant results in the control group, but the experimental group showed significant differences in openness, creativity, and cooperativeness among the subordinate factors of scientific attitude. Second, to investigate the effects of the specialized thematic science club activities on the scientific attitude in school, family, and social situations solving the problems of daily life as well as solving the science problems, there was no significant difference within the group, but there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental group with the specialized topic and the home and school situation. This result indicated that the scientific attitudes required to solve problems in the home and school have improved positively.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.351-360
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• 2011

1. Objective: This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of each Sasang constitutional type using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). 2. Methods: A total of 135 healthy subjects (age 19-30) participated in this study, consisting of 35 Soyang-type, 66 Taeeum-type, 30 Soeum-type, and 4 Taeyang-type subjects. A Sasang Constitutional Medicine specialist determined each subject's Sasang constitutional type based on the Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD) and comprehensive constitutional assessment. The subjects were also asked to complete the TCI. 3. Results: Among the four temperament dimensions, the Soyang- and Taeeum-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Soeum-type subjects in Novelty Seeking (NS). The Soeum-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Taeum- and Soyang-type subjects in Harm Avoidance (HA) (Soeum type > Taeeum type > Soyang type). The Soyang-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Soeum-type subjects in Reward Dependence (RD). The Soyang- and Taeeum-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Soeum-type subjects in Persistence (P). Among the three character dimensions, the Soyang-type subjects showed significantly higher score than the Taeeumand Soeum-type subjects in Self-Directedness (SD) (Soyang type > Taeeum type > Soeum type). The Soyang-type showed significantly higher scores than the Taeeum-type in Cooperativeness (C). 4. Conclusions: Differences in temperament and character were discovered across the Sasang constitutional types. The Sasang constitutional characteristics should be investigated in larger studies in the future. Similar studies could add to the growing knowledge of Sasang constitutional typology and contribute to a more accurate Sasang constitutional diagnosis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 1998

The Purpose of this study is to find out differences among the leader's traits on the hierarchy of Nurse managers in Nurse system of the hospital. In this study 152 managers over head nurse working in 6 University hospitals and 5 general hospitals were selected and the questionary paper answered by them was collected from 1st to 30th in September in 1997. The measuring instrument used in this study is the one integrated and classified by Stogdill (1981), which nurse professor and 2 students of the master's course translated and modified with myself. And its validity was verified through making a test on 130 nurses. The measuring instrument used in this study is made up of 4 items about physical characteristics, 3 items about social background, 4 items about intelligence and ability, 17 items about personaity, 6 items about task-related characteristics, 9 items about social characteristics and 8 items about general background in the triats of leader. And this instrument is made to be marked using five point Likert type. It's reliability is Cronbach's Alpha =.93. The data for study were analyzed through SPSS/PC+ The result of this study are as follows: 1. The order in importantly perceptible degree of the leader's traits showed like these: the intelligence and ability (M=4.683), the task-related characteristics (M=4.605), the personality (M=4.39), the social characteristics (M=4.327), the social back-ground (M=4.056), the physical characteristics (M=3.601). 2. The order in degree to percept the importance of 44 detailed items of the leader's traits showed like these: the judgement and decisiveness (M=4.967), the sense of responsibility (M=4.904), the activity and energy (M=4.796), the self-confidence (M=4.776), the creativity (M=4.748), the intelligence (M=4.743), the responsibility in the pursuit of objectives (M=4.743), the enthusiasm (M=4.717), the objectivity (M=4.704), the moral sense and ethical conduct (M=4.704), the ability to enlist cooperation (M=4.694), the strength of conviction (M =4.678), the enterprise (M=4.691), the administrative ability (M=4.678) and the cooperativeness (M=4.638) 3. As the result of analyzing the leader's trait differences on the hierarchy of nurse managers in six factors of the leader's traits, the social background showed the meaningful differences(F=4.983, P=0.008). 4. As the result of analyzing the leader's traits defferences made from the upper first to 15th rank among the detailed items of the leader's trait factors on the heirarchy of nurse managers, the meaningful defferences appeared in the following items: the objectivity(F=3.413, P=0.033), the creativity (F=3.550, P=0.031), the sense of responsibility(F=3.345, P=0.049), and the administrative ability (F=3.363, P=0.037). 5. As the result of analyzing the leader's trait factors in general background, only the social background of 6 leader's trait factors showed the meaningful differences according to the working place (F=4.057, P=0.008). The study shows that we should consider the above leader's trait factors in selecting nurse managers and that we should develop the educational program for hierarchy of nurse managers urgently.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.217-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out problems in obesity management through survey and analysis of the actual conditions from the view of a elementary schools school-nurses and to establish fundamental data for efficient obesity management. The subjects for this study were 313 numbers of elementary school-nurses in Kyung-Sang-Pook-Do. The data were collected through mail questionaries from November 1 to November 30, 1997. The major findings in this survey were as follows: 49.8% of the school-nurses who responded in the survey were in their 30s. The average career was 7.3years. The average service duration in their present school was 2.3 years, 55.6% of them were serving at schools which have less than ten classes total 77.2% of them were serving rural areas, 79.6% of them were serving at schools with fewer than 100 obese students. The total obesity prevalence rate was 11.4%, 13.3% were girls, 9.3% were boys. The measurement of height and weight is performed once a year for all surveyed students (91.7%), but obese students were measured as much five times (51.1%). The rate of obesity management planning was 74.1%, however the rates of evaluation and role assignment were 41. 2%, and 24.3%. 79.6% of the surveyed schools have health education classes for obesity, the rate compared (8.0 periods per year) to the whole of health education (79.1 periods per year) is 10.1%. 99.9% of the schools had counseling rooms for obesity (combined with nursing rooms) but they were used. The roote of individual counseling was 84.3%. The frequency counseling was six times a year for about 15 minutes. Obesity counseling records were kept 93.6% of the time and individual information cards were kept 98.7% of the time. The frequency of parents counseling was 42.8% and the survey shows that the main problem here was insufficient counseling facilities. The frequency of dietary guidance and exercise therapy was 84.3% and the dietary instructor was usually the school nurse at 51.7%. The frequency of obesity student exercise was 1-2 times a week and more-than-10-minutes at a time. They skip rope during the morning self-study class. The number on problem of exercise guidance at 56.2% was students' non-cooperativeness. School-nurses, 87.9%, answered that obesity management at school is necessary and 86.9% mentioned the shortage of obesity related information in present physical exercise books. From the plural responses of executing the obesity management, there are many similar problems: lack of knowledge and non-cooperation in parents at 41.9%, is predominant followed by of knowledge and non-cooperation in the children. The third problem is the lack of funds and facilities.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2010

Purpose: It is not always easy to determine the existence of tendon injuries when it comes to patients with finger lacerations. Thus, we tried to find the difference in effectiveness and in compliance of patients when we employed two different types of diagnosis, conventional gross confirmation and ultrasonographic confirmation. Methods: From December 2009 to March 2010, we enrolled 14 patients with finger tendon injury at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital. The median age of the patients was $35.9{\pm}14.4$, and the ratio of females to males was 1:2.5 We evaluated the compliance of each patient by measuring four different categories (level of cooperativeness in showing their wound and in following the instructions, level of movement of their fingers during the diagnosis and total number of attempts to diagnose) by using a score from 1 to 3 for each category, for a total possible score of 12 for each patient. We also measured the painfulness of each patient by using a score of 1 to 10 and the time required for each diagnosis. Results: The levels of patients' compliance was $8.9{\pm}2.1$ when diagnosed with gross confirmation and $9.8{\pm}2.1$ when diagnosed with ultrasonographic confirmation (p value=0.042). The pain score of the patients was $3.7{\pm}1.7$ with gross confirmation and $2.9{\pm}1.2$ with ultrasonographic confirmation (p value=0.020). The median duration of time in each test was $6.7{\pm}4.8$ minutes with gross confirmation and $10.5{\pm}4.2$ minutes with ultrasonography (p value=0.006). Conclusion: Comparing gross confirmation and ultrasonographic confirmation, gross confirmation is a better method than ultrasonography because of time efficiency. However, ultrasonographic confirmation has advantages over gross confirmation in pain scale and better compliance of patients. Emergency physicians generally employ gross confirmation rather than ultrasonography in determining the existence of tendon injury in patients. In patients with finger lacerations without bone injury, ultrasonography can be considered as a secondary diagnostic tool, especially when patients have much pain.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.165-182
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• 2016

This study examines the competitiveness and cooperativeness among the container ports in East Asia by analyzing their monthly dynamics in eight years (2008-2015). Time series data on container throughput divided into origin and destination (O/D), such as the top six Chinese ports and the transshipment (T/S) ports such as Hong Kong, Busan, and Singapore, are computed with two methods based on the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The first Granger causality test results show that Busan T/S has significant bilateral relations with three Chinese O/D ports; and significant unidirectional relations with three other O/D ports. Shenzhen port has significant bilateral relations with Singapore, and has a significant unidirectional relation with Hong Kong port. Co-integrating test results showed that Busan holds negative co-integration with all Chinese O/D ports. Impulse response function (IRF) results show an opposite direction between paired ports. The ratios of the impulse from T/S ports are significantly high to one another in the short-run, but its power declines as time passes. The ratio of the impulse from the Chinese ports to T/S ports is less significant in the short-run period, however, it becomes more significant as time passes. The significance of most shocks was high in the second period, but was diluted after the sixth period.