• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cool season grasses

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Studies on the Cultuer of Cool-Season Grasses in Forest (목초의 임간재배에 관한 연구)

  • 이종열
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.33-36
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    • 1985
  • This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of crown density of trees on the growth and yield of cool-season grasses in forest. The species used in this study was orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and 4 levels of tree crown density(O=full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) were treated. The experiment was performed at the experimental filed of the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon, during 1979 to 1950. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Maximum leaf area was obtained at 25% crown density of trees, followed by 0, 50 and 75%, regardless of cutting times. 2. Plant height tended to increase as the crown density of trees increased. However, there was no difference between 0% and 25% crown density of trees. 3. There was a negative correlation between plant height and leaf area of orchardgrass grown under pine trees. 4. The more dry matter yield of orchardgrass was obtained at 25% crown density of trees (p<0.05), follwed by 0, 50 and 75%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between 0% and 50% crown density of trees. Therefore it is suggested that the critical level of crown density of trees is 50% to culture of cool-season grasses in forest.

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Restoration of the Cut-slopes by Native Plant Seeding -Application on the Rock Exposed Cut-slopes at East Valley Country Club- (자생수목의 종자를 이용한 절개지의 복원 -THE EAST VALLEY C.C 사례를 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Jae-Jun;Lee, Jae-Keun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.70-79
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    • 2002
  • This study was conducted to develop environmental restoration methods for the ecological restoration of the rock exposed steep cut-slopes using native woody plants seeds by the hydro-seeding with artificial soil media. The main results are summarized as follows; 1. Quercus spp. seeded after seed treatment germinated over 80% and most of them grew well until one year. So, Quercus spp. can grow at the extremely dry rock exposed slopes revegetated by hydro-seeding with soil-fertilizer-seed mixed media. 2. The germinated seedlings grew well at the slopes oriented southeast. But in case of the survival ratio of the germinated seedlings, northwestward slopes was the best. 3. In case of the using pot seedlings of the Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, it shows more beautiful scenery than the area using cool-season grasses. 4. As the results of the experiment, Albizzia julibrissin, Quercus spp. and Lespedeza crytobotrya can be useful at the restoration and revegatation of the cut-slopes. 5. At the results of the seed mixture experiment, cool-season grasses covered the ground quickly, but slowly germinated Quercus spp. and Lespedeza crytobotrya formed under story vegetation. Also, Albizzia julibrissin formed upper story vegetation will be replaced by Quercus spp. slowly.

Seasonal changes in the reproductive performance in local cows receiving artificial insemination in the Pursat province of Cambodia

  • Tep, Bengthay;Morita, Yasuhiro;Matsuyama, Shuichi;Ohkura, Satoshi;Inoue, Naoko;Tsukamura, Hiroko;Uenoyama, Yoshihisa;Pheng, Vutha
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.33 no.12
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    • pp.1922-1929
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    • 2020
  • Objective: The present study aimed to survey seasonal changes in reproductive performance of local cows receiving artificial insemination (AI) in the Pursat province of Cambodia, a tropical country, to investigate if ambient conditions affect the reproductive performance of cows as to better understand the major problems regarding cattle production. Methods: The number of cows receiving AI, resultant number of calving, and calving rate were analyzed for those receiving the first AI from 2016 to 2017. The year was divided into three seasons: cool/dry (from November to February), hot/dry (from March to June), and wet (from July to October), based on the maximal temperature and rainfall in Pursat, to analyze the relationship between ambient conditions and the reproductive performance of cows. Body condition scores (BCS) and feeding schemes were also analyzed in these seasons. Results: The number of cows receiving AI was significantly higher in the cool/dry season than the wet season. The number of calving and calving rate were significantly higher in cows receiving AI in the cool/dry season compared with the hot/dry and wet seasons. The cows showed higher BCSs in the cool/dry season compared to the hot/dry and wet seasons probably due to the seasonal changes in the feeding schemes: these cows grazed on wild grasses in the cool/dry season but fed with a limited amount of grasses and straw in the hot/dry and wet seasons. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the low number of cows receiving AI, low number of calving, and low calving rate could be mainly due to poor body condition as a result of the poor feeding schemes during the hot/dry and wet seasons. The improvement of body condition by the refinement of feeding schemes may contribute to an increase in the reproductive performance in cows during the hot/dry and wet seasons in Cambodia.

Effects of alfalfa and alfalfa-grass mixtures with nitrogen fertilization on dry matter yield and forage nutritive value

  • McDonald, Iryna;Baral, Rudra;Min, Doohong
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.63 no.2
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    • pp.305-318
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    • 2021
  • Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important forage legume grown in Kansas, USA and its productivity with cool-season grasses however is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the dry matter yield (DMY) and forage nutritive value of alfalfa-grass mixtures compared to those of alfalfa and grasses grown in monoculture with and without nitrogen fertilization. Three different alfalfa varieties were planted (reduced-lignin alfalfa, Roundup Ready, and conventional alfalfa) and two kinds of cool-season grasses (smooth brome, Bromus inermis Leyss, and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb) were planted as a monoculture or in alfalfa-grass mixtures. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea) was applied at green-up at a rate of 56 kg/ha and after the second cutting at a rate of 56 kg/ha in 2016 and 2017, respectively. and control treatments received no nitrogen. DMY was significantly higher in monoculture alfalfa and alfalfa-grass mixtures than in grass monocultures. Between alfalfa monoculture and alfalfa-grass mixtures, no significant differences in DMY were found. For all treatments, nitrogen application significantly increased DMY compared to the control. In 2016 and 2017, the low-lignin alfalfa monoculture had the lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) and the grass monocultures had the highest ADF. In 2016 and 2017, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in smooth bromegrass and tall fescue was higher than in other species treatments. A low-lignin alfalfa monoculture had significantly lower NDF concentration compared to alfalfa-grass mixtures. When averaged over 2016 and 2017, relative feed value (RFV) was highest in low-lignin alfalfa and lowest in the grass monocultures. In both years, nitrogen fertilizer application did not affect nutritive values.

Evaluation of Host Resistance of 18 Warm-Season and 20 Cool-Season Turfgrass Species and Cultivars to Spodoptera depravata(Butler) (잔디밤나방에 대한 난지형 잔디와 한지형 잔디의 내충성 평가)

  • 박봉주
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.74-81
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    • 2003
  • The need for insect and mite resistant turfgrass cultivars arose because of problems associated with pesticide use. Representative cultivars and genotypes of 18 warm-season turfgrass [Zoysia japonica Steud., Z. japonica${\times}$Z. metrella hybrids, Z. japonica${\times}$Z. tenuifotia hybrids, Z. matrella (L.) Merr., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., C. dactylon${\times}$C. transvallensis hybrids, Paspalum notatum Flugge., P. vaginatum Swartz., Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) and Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] and 20 cool-season turfgrasses [Poa pratensis L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., F. rubra L., F. rubra var. commutata Gaud., F. ovina var. duriuscula L. Koch. Agrostis tenuis Sibth., A. palustris Huds., and Latium perenne L.] were evaluated for host resistance to feeding by the Spodoptera depravata (Butler) in the laboratory. Two experiments were set up in the laboratory using 8.5cm diameter${\times}$4.0cm deep plastic petri dishes as larvae feeding chambers. In experiment 1, one neonate larvae were place on the grass in each dish and the dishes were arranged with 5 replicates each within an environmental chamber maintained at $25^{\circ}C$ and 15h light: 9h dark Larval survival and larval weights at 7d and 14d, pupal weights, and days to pupation were compared among turfgrasses. In Experiment 2, 4cm sections of all grasses were oriented equidistant from each other in a pattern resembling the spokes of a wheel. Five one neonate larvae were introduced to the center of each dish. Dishes were immediately placed in an environmental chamber held at $25^{\circ}C$, 15h light: 9h dark Larvae were allowed to feed for 24h. Damage was rated from 0(no damage) to 9(completely consumed) were made for eachturfgrass. Resistance as antibiosis (high mortality, slowed growth, and least preference) was identified in Z. japonica${\times}$Z. tenuifolia hybirids ‘Emerald’, Z. japonica${\times}$Z. metrella hybirds ‘Miyako’ and Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.). Cool-season turfgrasses tested were susceptible to feeding by Spodoptera depravata (Butler).

The Environmental Effects of Agrochemical and Fertilizer Applied in Golf Courses in Korea (국내 골프 코스에서 시용되는 농약 및 비료의 환경적 영향)

  • 이상재;허근영;사공영보
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.87-104
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    • 2001
  • This Study was carried out to investigate on the environmental effects of golf courses and to find a solution to the negative effects in Korea. The results were ai follows. 1. There were 152 golf courses opened in December 2000. 113 golf courses were member-ship and 39 golf courses were public. Users (golfer) were over 12,000,000 in 2000. 2. Total area of golf courses was 0.8% as compared with total area of farmland in 1999. Total amount of agricultural chemicals used in golf courses was 0.3% of total amount of agricultural chemicals used in Korea. The remaining amount of agricultural chemicals in golf courses tested were almost below the permitted limits. 3. Recently, total amount of fertilizers in green decreased 5~7g/$m^2$/year as compared with the recommended. 4. The control by antagonistic microorganisms and the fertilizing of the organic matter or the organic fertilizer were effective to decrease the amount of agricultural chemicals used. To success the control of microorganisms, active antagonistic microorganisms had to be applied over the recommended dose eve교day. Though fertilizing of organic fertilizer, slow release fertilizer, was effective to suppress dollar spot, necrotic ring spot. fungicides were required as a supplementary means when disease symptom was very heavy. 5. Zoysiagrass was fertilized intensively from May to August. Cool-season grasses were fertilized intensively from March to May and September to October. The fall fertilizing of Zoysiagrass was carried out to the begining of October. The fall fertilizing of cool-season grasses were carried out to the end of November or the begining of December. The fertilizing amount of Zoysiagrass was 10g/$m^2$/year. The fertilizing amount of bentgrass was 25~27g/$m^2$/year.

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Comparison of Summer Turf Performance, Color, and Green Color Retention among Cool-Season Grasses Grown under USGA Soil System (USGA 지반구조에서 한지형 잔디의 여름 고온기 적응력, 색상 및 연중 녹색 유지기간 비교)

  • Kim Kyoung-Nam
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.33 no.5 s.112
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    • pp.83-93
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    • 2005
  • Research was initiated to investigate turf performance under USGA soil system. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was built with rootzone layer, intermediate layer, and drainage layer. Six turfgrass entries were comprised of 3 blends and 3 mixtures from cool-season grasses (CSG). Turfgrass color and quality ratings were best in spring and fall, especially early May to early July and late August to early November. Kentucky bluegrass (KB) consistently produced the greatest performance, while perennial ryegrass (PR) the poorest. Intermediate turf performance between KB and PR was observed with tall fescue (TF). Among CSG mixtures it increased with KB but decreased with PR. There were considerable variations in summer turf Performance. No summer drought injury was found in KB and TF. However, PR showed poor performance through summer as compared with others. Among mixtures, it decreased with PR. It was suggested that PR mix in less than $20\%$ in the mixtures to have an acceptable quality in summer. Cultural intensity also affected it. With lowering mowing height, KB of rhizomatous-type in growth habit kept good quality, while PR and TF with bunch-type in growth habit poor quality. Mowing quality was greatly different among CSG. KB produced clean-cut surface, but PR unclean one. If had an intermediate mowing quality between KB and PR. A great difference in green color retention was observed among CSG. The longest CSG was PR that kept green for 339 days, while the shortest one TF for 267 days. KB continued to keep green for 290 days. The mixtures kept green in color for 292 to 315 days, depending on turfgrass mixing intensity. The greater the PR in content, the longer the green color duration. These results demonstrate that KB was the best and PR the worst among CSG grown in USGA system under a domestic climate, in regards of turf quality, color, mowing quality, summer turf performance and green color duration. KB and TF are most adequate for high-maintenance and low-maintenance area, respectively. In case of mixtures for high-quality turf, it was desirable to use KB-based mixture with PR of below $20\%$ in seeding rate.

Technique Development of Wildgrasses for Hydroseeding Material (야생초 가공에 의한 종자분사공법 재료화 기술)

  • 주영규;김성균
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.161-166
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    • 1997
  • This study was performed to develope the method of wildgrass to process as hydroseeding material which is a most popular revegetation method for Slope areas through the control of soil eroison and stability by seeding grasses. The wildgrass material for the processing were harvested at Suwon, Kyungki-do and Wonju, Kangwon-do in 1994. The investigations were established in laboratory for pot and field experiment with seven treatments by harvesting date and place in 1995. Results indicated that wildgrass harvested field in open space or road side was able to be used as hydroseeding material by proper processing. It was possible to substitute wildgrass seed to conrrnercial turfgrass seed, and plant tissue to mulching fiber by drying and crushing process. Germination of wildgrass seed was relatively slower than control (20g /$m^2$ turfgrass seed) in early stage of 20 days, but surface revegetation rate was higher in 50 days at wildgrass plot than control applied by normal hydroseeding method. Mixture of 5g /$m^2$ of cool season turfgrass seed to wildgrass material increased the rate of early stage of germination and surface revegetation. The application of wildgrass as hydroseeding material showed more naturalistic scenery than rutine hydroseeding with imported cool season turfgrass seed. Key words: Rydroseeding, Turfgrass, Wildgrass, Revegetation.

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Study on the Revesetation Technology for the Ecological Restoration of the Decomposed Granite Roadside Slopes -The Application of the Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods(NTRM)- (마사토 비탈면의 생태복원 녹화기술 개발 연구 -자연표토복원공법의 적용사례를 중심으로-)

  • Kim, Nam-Choon;Kang, Jinhyoung;Lee, Joon-Woo;Nam, Sang-Jun;Lee, Wonhan
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.84-95
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    • 2001
  • This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration methods for the decomposed granite roadside cutslopes by Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods(NTRM). Four woody species, 3 shrub species, 4 native grasses, 8 wild flowers and 2 cool-season grasses were used. The experiment was conducted with the purpose of developing ecological restoration techniques by achieving following objectives for restoration by using native woody plants, shrubs, native plants and wild flowers; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of disturbed sites. The main results were summarized as follows. 1. Restoring naturalness to human-altered landscapes are important to protecting the worlds biodiversity. In this study, to restore or create an ecological community use as full a complement of native species as possible. Ecological restoration means returning a specific sites to its predisturbance condition. 2. Some species which are introduced first may inhibit the germination and growth of slower-growing species, or they may prevent the growth of other species whose propagules arrive later. In this study, cool season grasses was used small amount than native plants and woody species, because and Indigofera pseudo-tintoria grows well. Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass shows quick germination, but they could not inhibit the other species growing relatively slow. Pinus thunbergii used at Gonam near the ocean was suppressed by the other plants, so it can be concluded that using container seedlings is effective than seeding. 4. Ailanthus altissima, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhus chinensis Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria were germinated. In wild flowers, Coreopsis lanceolata, Dianthus sinensis, Coreopsis tinctoria, and Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus grew well and show enough plant height which will not suppressed by shrub and woody plants. After one year, native grasses such as Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii cover the slopes well. 5. 25 herbaceous plants such as Trifolium repens, Arthraxon hispidus, Barbarea orthocerae, Potentilla fragarioides, Lepidium apetalum, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Glycine soja, Rubus crataegifolius and 4 woody species such as Lespedeza maximowiczii, Robinia pseudoacacia, Symplocos Chinensis, Quercus acutissma were invaded. 6. Ecological restoration works by Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods for revegetation of the decomposed granite roadside cutslopes were successfully accomplished. It prevents surface water erosion and shows diverse vegetation structure. It will be successful to restore decomposed granite cutslopes.

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Effects of Capillary Water Interruption Layer on the Growth of Zoysiagrasses and Cool-season Turfgrasses in Reclaimed Land (염해지에서 모세관수 차단층 설치 유무에 따른 한국잔디 및 한지형 잔디류의 생육)

  • Kim, Jun-Beom;Yang, Geun-Mo;Choi, Joon-Soo
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.35-44
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    • 2009
  • This study was carried out to examine the growth performance of 4 species of cool-season grasses and 4 species of zoysiagrasses under salt injury in Seo-san reclaimed area. Grasses were grown on the plots with capillary water interruption layer (WCWIL) and without capillary water interruption layer (WOCWIL) soil systems. Cool-season grass and seeding-type zoysiagrass plots were seeded on 6 Jun, 2006. Vegetative zoysiagrass 'Junggi' was established by sprigging and 'Senock' and 'Millock' were plugged. Electric conductivities of irrigation water (ECw) ranged from 0.28 to $3.3\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Electric conductivities (ECe) of the soil with capillary water interruption layer and without capillary water interruption layer ranged from 0.55 to $9.4\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and from 1.84 to $9.4\;dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ respectively. Leaf color, turf quality, coverage rates, and growth rates were rated visually for 2 years. Zoysiagrass 'Junggi', creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass 'Senock' and 'Millock' showed acceptable growth at salty fairway condition, while Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass mixed with perennial ryegrass, and seeded zoysiagrass 'Zenith' showed establishment rates below 70%. These results will be useful when choosing turf grass species and cultivars for the golf courses in reclaimed land area.