• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose - Economic status at an early stage of life after one's retirement is often determined by the long-term sacrifice of one's earlier consumption tendencies. In general, the first and foremost way to secure income after retirement is through annuity savings. People sign up for personal annuity savings in order to guarantee a stable economic life upon retirement, and such actions may be heavily influenced by self-efficacy. Confidence in current economic activity is a source of rational decision-making. Inability to achieve self-control can lead to reckless spending and the eventual hindering of proper investment for the future. This paper examines how self-efficacy and self-control affect the intention and action of enrolling in an annuity savings plan in relation to one's level of financial literacy. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, this study investigates financial consumers over the age of 20. The data were collected from 511 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, for the one-dimensional test and to measure the convergent validity of each structure, we use the scale purification process. The results of the test and the confirmatory factor analysis ensure the focus of the validity of the single dimension for each structure. In addition, the validity of the measurement was guaranteed from the results of correlation analysis. Results - First, self-efficacy and self-control have positive effects on the purchasing intention of the personal annuity savings plan. Second, purchasing intention positively affects purchasing behavior. Lastly, self-control has a positive effect on purchasing intention among the low financial literacy group, whereas self-efficacy does not have this effect in the high financial literacy one. Conclusions - The time of product benefit is different with age. The younger group would be granted the savings after several decades once they enroll, whereas the older group would wait for a relatively shorter period of time. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to verify such a difference. However, this study has value through its confirmation that the roles of self-efficacy and self-control play a part in leading to the enrollment in annuity savings plans and by verifying different effects based on levels of financial literacy. Such results suggest a number of implications in a real life setting. First, banks need to put greater emphasis on the stability of annuity savings in general. Second, customers with relatively low levels of financial literacy are able to control their finances through annuity savings, but find self-efficacy difficult due to a lack of financial understanding. Therefore, such customers should be approached from an invest-effectiveness comparison method. Third, customers with high financial literacy tend to put more value in rational economic decision-making and behavior than in self-efficacy. Therefore, such customers should be approached by promoting the reliability of annuity savings and the excellence of the specific bank's annuity savings plan in comparison to those of other financial institutions.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2017

Purpose - Recently, domestic pharmaceutical market is growing steadily, but top-tier companies are concentrating on sales growth. In this market, SMEs, which account for more than 80% of the entire market, suffer from the problem of lower margins and increasing inventory costs. According to the government's policy changes related to pharmaceuticals, it is pointed out that the management of existing customers and the control of salespeople are important issues for pharmaceutical companies. This study investigates the effect of the control system on the salesperson in domestic pharmaceutical distribution channel on customer-oriented selling behaviors and sales performance. Research design, data, and methodology - To verify the proposed research model and test hypotheses, the authors selected 244 MR(medical representatives)'s responses which have currently relationship with doctors or pharmacists. This study carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. Results - The authors find out the following results: capacity control, activity control, and self control have positive effects on customer-oriented selling behaviors and customer-oriented selling behaviors have a positive effect on sales performance. In addition, we present alternative model to check the direct effect between the control systems and the sales performance, but control system factors except self control have no direct influence. Conclusions - First of all, competency control and activity control increases the customer-oriented selling behavior of the salesperson. This means that the salesperson's sales skill, negotiation skill, customer access skill, presentation ability, monitoring, direction and evaluation are important and it is also important to control activities to check the number of visits to customers, report preparation, and customer service etiquette. Second, the fact that self-control of salesperson affects the customer-oriented selling behavior suggests that self-control is not controlled by external factors but rather establishes short/long-term goals. Therefore, it is important for sales organization to create an environment in which members can induce persistent incentives for self-control. Finally, output control did not affect customer-oriented sales behavior, which is less likely to form confidence or motivation to MRs when output control is perceived as a means of monitoring, supervising, or controlling rather than providing information to salespeople.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8101-8105
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• 2016

Background: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Bahasa Malaysia (BM) version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Colorectal Cancer-specific Quality Of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-CR29). Materials and Methods: We studied 93 patients recruited from University Malaya and Universiti Kebangsaan Medical Centers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia using a self-administered method. Tools included QLQ-C30, QLQ-CR29 and Karnofsky Performance Scales (KPS). Statistical analyses included Cronbach's alpha, test-retest correlations, multi-traits scaling and known-groups comparisons. A p vaue ${\leq}0.05$ was considered significant. Results: The internal consistency coefficients for body image, urinary frequency, blood and mucus and stool frequency scales were acceptable (Cronbach's alpha ${\alpha}{\geq}0.65$). However, the coefficients were low for the blood and mucus and stool frequency scales in patients with a stoma bag (${\alpha}=0.46$). Test-retest correlation coefficients were moderate to high (range: r = 0.51 to 1.00) for most of the scales except anxiety, urinary frequency, buttock pain, hair loss, stoma care related problems, and dyspareunia (r ${\leq}0.49$). Convergent and discriminant validities were achieved in all scales. Patients with a stoma reported significantly higher symptoms of blood and mucus in the stool, flatulence, faecal incontinence, sore skin, and embarrassment due to the frequent need to change the stoma bag (p < 0.05) compared to patients without stoma. None of the scales distinguished between patients based on the KPS scores. There were no overlaps between scales in the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CR29 (r < 0.40). Conclusions: the BM version of the QLQ-CR29 indicated acceptable psychometric properties in most of the scales similar to original validation study. This questionnaire could be used to complement the QLQ-C30 in assessing HRQOL among BM speaking population with colorectal cancer.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

This study was conducted by empirically analyzing the relation between effects of positive emotional response of female customers, who have at some point consumed food at Korean restaurants in Busan, and behavioral intention according to their food service consumption propensity. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the questionnaire survey was performed from March $10^{th}$ to $25^{th}$, and frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and SEM (structure equation model) were conducted by using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS for 248 questionnaires. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis, five factors were confirmed. In a confirmatory factor analysis, the average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR) were confirmed as .508 to .665 and .905 to .946 respectively, which proved the convergent validity. In a hypothesis test, Hypothesis 1 was determined that the food service consumption propensity positively effects on emotional response. The results were as follows: the taste driven (${\beta}$=.325, t=3.907, p<.001), the health driven (${\beta}$=.190, t=2.688, p<.001), and the atmosphere driven (${\beta}$=.188, t=2.515, p<.001). Therefore, Hypothesis 1 was selected. Hypothesis 1 has determined that positive emotional response beneficially affects behavioral intention. As a result of an analysis, the standardized path coefficient was (${\beta}$=.496, t=6.388, p<.001), so Hypothesis 1 was selected. This result suggests that the taste driven factor has the biggest influence on emotional response in the food service consumption propensity for female customers, and food service business operators should strive to make a good restaurant atmosphere for customers to get positive emotional response (pleasure, comfort, satisfaction, and joy).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.323-331
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• 2017

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of self-esteem, depression, and social support on suicidal ideation in university students. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 220 university students from September to November 2015. The study instruments comprised self-esteem, depression, social support, and suicidal ideation. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression using SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. The result showed that the difference of suicidal ideation by general characteristics was significant in major satisfaction(F=5.222, p=.006). The significant factors influencing suicidal ideation of university students were self-esteem(${\beta}=-0.227$, p=.004), depression(${\beta}=0.211$, p=.006), social support(${\beta}=-0.140$, p=.045), and with the explanation power of 21.9%. To decrease suicidal ideation of university students, it is necessary to develop a program increasing the self-esteem and managing the depression. The interest and social support of them will help the healthy promotion of university students.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.107-118
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• 2019

Purpose - The present study examines the effect of service employees' experienced customer incivility through their emotional exhaustion. We identified service employees' emotion regulation ability as a boundary condition (i.e., moderating variable) that decreased the positive relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, we also investigated the negative relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their service performance via emotional exhaustion. Research design, data, and methodology - Drawing on AET (affective event theory) and COR (conservation of resources) theory, we developed three research hypotheses (i.e., mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation). Online panel survey data from 552 frontline employees at several service organizations (e.g., department stores, retail stores, hotels, restaurants, airlines, banking, insurance company, and etc) in South Korea were examined. To assess two types of validity (i.e., convergent and discriminant validity) and reliability of measurement model, we employed the CFA (confirmatory factor analysis) using M-plus 8.2 software. Internal consistency also was tested by Cronbach' α. In addition, we employed the SPSS PROCESS MACRO 2.16, which was recommended by Hayes (2013, 2015), to estimate mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation effects. Results - As predicted, the negative relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and their service performance was mediated by emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, service employees' emotion regulation ability also played a significant moderating role of the relationship between service employees' experienced customer incivility and emotional exhaustion, such that this relationship was less pronounced when service employees had a high level of their emotion regulation ability than when thir emotion regulation ability was low. Service employees' emotion regulation ability further moderated this mediation effect of service employees' experienced customer incivility on service performance through emotional exhaustion. These findings have theoretical implications for employees' experienced customer incivility and emotion regulation ability research and provide managerial implications for practitioners. Conclusions - This study empirically elaborated the previous model of service employees' experienced customer incivility and personal resource (e.g., emotion regulation ability) literature by presenting the findings that service employees' experienced customer incivility influences their service performance via emotional exhaustion and that emotion regulation ability effectively reduces this negative effect.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.479-488
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• 2016

This study developed an instrument to assess the effects of the bullying of nurses in the workplace and evaluated the developed instrument. A literature review and a field study were conducted to identify the concepts related to the bullying of nurses in the workplace. These attributes served as building blocks to produce a 28-item WPBN-CI. The content validity was used to determine the content and face validities, and the number of instrument items was reduced to 14. The final WPBN-CI instrument was evaluated using the SPSS 18.0 program with the data collected from October 21-28, 2013 from 458 nurses from general hospitals in the metropolitan area. The WPBN-CI consisted of 13 items covering three distinct factors (physical and psychological withdrawal, poor quality of patient care, and increasing distrust), with a total variance of 62.9%. The convergent and determinant validities for the WPBN-CI were 100% and 89.7%, respectively. The known-groups validity was proven through the mean difference in the level of depression. The satisfied criterion validity for the WPBN-CI was more than 0.70. The reliability of the WPBN-CI was demonstrated by its Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of 0.90. The WPBN-CI will identify in advance the results due to the bullying of nurses in the workplace and will help to find solutions to the problem and ensure program effectiveness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.94-104
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• 2015

Population and urban development along the coast is growing in South Korea, and particularly sea level rise is likely to increase the vulnerability of coastal areas. This study aims to investigate the sea level rise through Mann-Kendall(MK) test, ordinary linear regression(OR) and quantile regression analysis(QRA) with sea level data at the 20 tide stations along the coast of Korean Peninsula. First, statistically significant long-term trends were analysed using a non-parametric MK test and the test indicated statistically significant trends for 18 and 10 stations at the 5% significance level in the annual mean value of sea level and the annual maximum value of sea level, respectively. The QRA method showed better performance in terms of characterizing the degree of trend. QRA showed that an average annual rise in mean sea level is about 1-6 mm/year, and an average rise in maximum sea level is about 1-20 mm. It was found that upward convergent and upward divergent were a representative change given the nine-category distributional changes. We expect that in future work we will address nonstationarities with respect to sea level that were identified above, and develop a nonstationary frequency analysis with climate change scenarios.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.335-344
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of stress, social support, and self-esteem on depression in female students. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 249 females students from November to December 2015. The study instruments comprised stress, social support, self-esteem, and depression. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchial multiple linear regression using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Depression was closely related to school year(F=7.03, p<.001), health status(F=15.19, p<.001), major satisfaction(F=18.02, p<.001), and student activity(t=1.98, p=.049). The significant factors influencing depression were stress(${\beta}=.45$, p<.001), self-esteem(${\beta}=-.34$, p<.001), social support(${\beta}=-.14$, p=.004), major satisfaction(${\beta}=-.11$, p=.018). To decrease depression, it is necessary to develop a program coping with stress and increasing the self-esteem and social support. Thus, it will be able to enhance the mental health of female students.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.223-228
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• 2020

Objective of this study was to compared the amount of bacteria in the toothbrush according to the management method of the toothbrush in use and the acidity of intraoral bacteria. Toothbrushes in use in more than one month of 50 healthy adults were collected and the number of bacteria and pH of the toothbrushes were measured. When the number of brushings per day was 4, the pH 4.97 and the microbial numbers was the lowest at 42.16(104×CFU/ml). When the replacement period of the toothbrush was 1 month, the pH 5.35 and the microbial numbers was the lowest at 19.80(104×CFU/ml). When stored in the bathroom, the pH 4.78, and the microbial numbers was highest at 149.46(104×CFU/ml). As a result, in order to block the germs of the toothbrush, it is necessary to develop a method that can easily disinfect the contaminated toothbrush at home. In addition, I think that it is necessary to educate about the proper brush cleaning and storage method when teaching brushing.