• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1998년도 터널.암반역학위원회 박사학위 논문집
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• pp.153-204
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• 1998

Prediction of lining loads due to tunnelling is one of the major issues to be addressed in the design of a tunnel. The objective of this study is to investigate rational and realistic design loads on tunnel linings. factors influencing the lining load are summarized and discussed. The instruments for measuring the lining loads are reviewed and discussed because field measurements are often necessary to verify the design methods. Tunnel construction in the City of Edmonton has been very active for storm and sanitary purposes. Since the early 1970's, the city has also been developing an underground Light Rail Transit system. The load measurements obtained from these tunnels are compared with the results from the existing design methods. However, none of the existing methods are totally satisfactory, Therefore, there is some room for improvement in the prediction of lining loads. The convergence-confinement method is reviewed and applied to a case history of a tunnel in Edmonton. The convergence curves are obtained from 2-D finite element analyses using three different material models and theoretical equations. The limitation of the convergence-confinement method is discussed by comparing these curves with the field measurements. Three-dimensional finite element analyses are performed to gain a better understanding of stress and displacement behaviour near the tunnel face. An improved design method is proposed based on the review of existing design methods and the performance of numerical analyses. A specific method or combination of two different methods is suggested for the estimation of lining loads for different conditions of tunnelling. A method to determine the stress reduction factor is described. Typical values of dimensionless load factors nD/H for tunnels in Edmonton are obtained from parametric analyses. Finally, the loads calculated using the proposed method are compared with field measurements collected from various tunnels in terms of soil types and construction methods to verify the method. The proposed method gives a reasonable approximation of the lining loads. The proposed method is recommended as an approximate guideline for the design of tunnels, but the results should be confirmed by field measurements due to the uncertainties of the ground and lining properties and the construction procedures, This is the reason that in-situ monitoring should be an integral part of the design procedure.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.295-308
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• 2018

The excavation of twin tunnels is a process that destabilizes the ground. The stability of the tunnel lining, the control of ground displacements around the tunnel resulting from each excavation and the interaction between them must be controlled. This paper provides a new approach for replacing the costly 3D analyses with the equivalent 2D analyses that closely reflects the in-situ measurements when excavating twin tunnels. The modeling was performed in two dimensions using the FLAC2D finite difference code. The three-dimensional effect of excavation is taken into account through the deconfinement rate ${\lambda}$ of the soil surrounding the excavation by applying the convergence-confinement method. A comparison between settlements derived by the proposed 2D analysis and the settlements measured in a real project in Algeria shows an acceptable agreement. Also, this paper reports the investigation into the changes in deformations on tunnel linings and surface settlements which may be expected if the twin tunnels of T4 El-Harouche Skikda were constructed with a tunneling machine. Special attention was paid to the influence of the excavation phase shift distance between the two mechanized tunnel faces. It is revealed that the ground movements and the lining deformations during tunnel excavation depend on the distance between the tunnels' axis and the excavation phase shift.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2003

수렴-제한법은 수학적 모델 및 지반응답곡선을 통하여 터널안정조건을 평가하는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 수치적 모델에 의하여 수렴-제한법을 검토하였다. 이 방법은 수학적 모델을 위한 기본가정이 필요 없고, 일반 형태의 터널에 적용할 수 있다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 2차원 수치해석에서 사용되는 숏크리트 강성변화 및 하중분담율은 중요한 요소가 아니며, 지반응답곡선과 지보반응곡선은 상호의존적인 것으로 나타났다. 터널구조는 지반과 지보의 상호작용에 의하여 분석되어야 한다. 그러므로 합리적인 터널설계를 위해서 터널의 안정성은 지반응답곡선에 의한 정성적 판단과 수치해석에 의한 정량적 검토가 필요하다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2009

평면변형조건의 벽체에 작용하는 토압은 벽체의 형태에 따라 많은 연구가 수행되어 거의 통일된 방법이 설계에 사용되고 있다. 그러나, 일반적으로 지중연속벽(diaphragm wall)공법에 의해 시공되는 원형수직구 벽체에 작용하는 토압은 정지토압을 적용하여 설계하고 있어 안전측이지만 과다한 단면설계를 수행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 사질토지반에 설치된 원형수직구의 지반-구조물 상호작용에 의해 강성벽계에 작용하는 평형토압을 산정하기 위해 변형구속범의 적용을 제안하였다. 또한, 원통형벽체 모형실험을 통하여 벽체에 작용하는 토압분포를 확인하였다. 실험결과 토압은 주동토압보다 약 1.4배 크고 정지토압보다 0.8배 작았으며, 변형구속법에 의한 예측값과 전반적으로 잘 일치하였다.

• Journal of Information Display
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.92-95
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• 2009

Highly efficient blue and white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) with an exciton-confining structure were investigated in this study. Effective charge confinement was achieved by stacking two emitting layers with different charge-transporting properties, and blue PHOLEDs with a maximum luminance efficiency of 47.9 lm/W were developed by using iridium(III) bis(4,6-(difluorophenyl) pyridinato-N,C2')picolinate (FIrpic) as an electrophosphorescent dopant. Moreover, when the optimized green and red emitting layers were sandwiched between the two stacked blue emitting layers, white PHOLEDs (WOLEDs) with peak external and luminance efficiencies of 19.0% coupling technique.and 54.0 lm/W, respectively, were obtained without the use of any out-coupling technique.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.55-55
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• 2015

Today, engineers are facing new set of challenges that are quite different from the conventional ones. Information technologies are rapidly commoditizing while the paths beyond the current roadmaps became uncertain as various technologies have been pushed to their limits. Along with these changes in IT ecosystems, grand challenges such as global security, health, sustainability, and energy increasingly require trans-disciplinary solutions that go beyond the traditional arenas in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). Addressing these needs is shifting engineering education and research to a new paradigm where the emphasis is placed on the consilience for holistic and system level understanding and the convergence of technology with AHSD (arts, humanities, social science, and design). At the center of this evolutionary convergence, nanotechnologies are enabling novel functionalities such as bio-compatibility, flexibility, low power, and sustainability while on a mission to meet scalability and low cost for smart electronics, u-health, sensing networks, and self-sustainable energy systems. This talk introduces the efforts of convergence based on the emerging nano technology tool sets in the newly launched School of Integrated Technology and the Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology at Yonsei International Campus. While the conventional devices have largely depended upon the inherent material properties, the newer devices are enabled by nanoscale dimensions and structures in increasingly standardized and scalable fabrication platform. Localized surface plasmon resonance in 0 dimensional nano particles and structures leads to subwavelength confinement and enhanced near-field interactions enabling novel field of metal photonics for sensing and integrated photonic applications [1,2]. Unique properties offered by 1 dimensional nanowires and 2 dimensional materials and structures can enable novel electronic, photonic, nano-bio, and biomimetic applications [3-5]. These novel functionalities offered by the emerging nanotechnologies are continuously finding pathways to be part of smart systems to improve the overall quality of life.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집(II)
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• pp.1059-1064
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• 2002

The behavior of an opening and the performance of support system depend upon the load-deformation characteristics of ground and support as well as of the manner and of timing of support installation. The load-deformation characteristics of ground and support are derived by the interaction between ground and support. The interaction between ground and support is qualitatively illustrated by a ground response curve. The behavior of an opening and the performance of support system depend upon the load-deformation characteristics of ground and support as well as of the manner and of timing of support installation. The interaction between ground and support is qualitatively illustrated by a ground response curve. The convergence-confinement method don't need the basic assumptions for a mathematical model. Also This is applicable to general tunnel. Consequently the stability of tunnel must be qualitatively investigated by a ground response curve and quantitatively adjudged by a numerical analysis for the reasonable design of tunnel.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.733-738
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• 2016

We calculate optical properties of guided modes of a hybrid-guiding photonic crystal fiber. The design and modeling of such hybrid-guiding PCF is made by replacing air holes with inserts of high refractive index material layer by layer in order. The optical properties such as mode intensity profile, mode dispersion, optical birefringence, confinement loss, and chromatic dispersion during transition of the guiding mechanism are analyzed and discussed. The guided modes in the hybrid-guiding region are also compared with those of reference index-guiding and bandgap-guiding photonic crystal fibers.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2009

UAM(Umbrella Arch Method)의 효과 및 역학적 보강메커니즘에 대한 연구는 국내외에서 수치해석 및 실험 등을 통하여 상당한 진척이 이루어졌으나 실제 설계 및 적용에 있어서는 아직도 3차원 해석의 해석시간과 복잡성 등의 제약 때문에 UAM의 보강영역과 지반과의 환산물성을 이용하는 정량적이지 못한 2차원해석이 주로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 이유로 합리적, 이론적, 정량적이면서도 손쉽게 수행할 수 있는 설계 및 해석기법이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 UAM의 보강효과가 미치는 범위를 파악하고 그라우팅 전 후의 강관저변지반 물성변화를 파악하기 위하여 연직방향의 UAM 현장실험 및 실내시험을 수행하였다. 풍화토, 풍화암 지반에 UAM 적용시 그라우트의 주입에 의한 주변지반의 물성치 증가는 미미하며, 강관외부와 천공구경 사이의 공간 및 강관내부에 형성된 시멘트구근과 강관으 강성만이 지반보강 효과에 기여한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과와 내공변위제어법(CCM; Convergence Confinement Method) 개념을 바탕으로, 2차원 축대칭해석을 실시하여 막장효과, UAM효과와 지보재효과를 종단변위곡선(LDP)으로 나타내었다. 또한, 2차원 평면변형률 해석시 UAM의 지보효과를 내압의 크기로 변환하여 이를 고려하는 하중분담법을 제안하였다. 이 방법과 기존의 등가환산물성을 적용하는 해석을 비교한 결과, 지반조건, 터널의 심도 및 크기, 강관조건, 초기응력상태 등에 따라 차이가 있지만, 기존의 해석방법에서의 변위량이 새로운 방법에 비해 더 크게 발생하는 것으로 나타나, UAM의 종방향 빔 지지효과를 제대로 평가하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.75-75
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• 2015

Strong interactions between electromagnetic radiation and electrons at metallic interfaces or in metallic nanostructures lead to resonant oscillations called surface plasmon resonance with fascinating properties: light confinement in subwavelength dimensions and enhancement of optical near fields, just to name a few [1,2]. By utilizing the properties enabled by geometry dependent localization of surface plasmons, metal photonics or plasmonics offers a promise of enabling novel photonic components and systems for integrated photonics or sensing applications [3-5]. The versatility of the nanoplasmonic platform is described in this talk on three folds: our findings on an enhanced ultracompact photodetector based on nanoridge plasmonics for photonic integrated circuit applications [3], a colorimetric sensing of miRNA based on a nanoplasmonic core-satellite assembly for label-free and on-chip sensing applications [4], and a controlled fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures on a flexible substrate based on a transfer printing process for ultra-sensitive and noise free flexible bio-sensing applications [5]. For integrated photonics, nanoplasmonics offers interesting opportunities providing the material and dimensional compatibility with ultra-small silicon electronics and the integrative functionality using hybrid photonic and electronic nanostructures. For sensing applications, remarkable changes in scattering colors stemming from a plasmonic coupling effect of gold nanoplasmonic particles have been utilized to demonstrate a detection of microRNAs at the femtomolar level with selectivity. As top-down or bottom-up fabrication of such nanoscale structures is limited to more conventional substrates, we have approached the controlled fabrication of highly ordered nanostructures using a transfer printing of pre-functionalized nanodisks on flexible substrates for more enabling applications of nanoplasmonics.