• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

When Aphidius colemani mummies were stored at four different temperatures (6, 8, 10 and 12 ± 1℃), they could be stored at 8℃ for 10 days with over 50% adult emergence. A number of mummies of Rhopalosiphum padi parasitized by A. colemani adults emerged from mummies after 8℃ storage clearly reduced with increasing duration of storage and especially declined with storage longer than 13 days showing < 20% parasitism. However, there were no differences in aphid parasitisms by A. colemani on 3 to 10 days after storage. Over 3 day storage at 8℃ was adversely affected on survival of A. colemani adults. Therefore, cold storage of A. colemani adults is considered as an unsuitable method for mass production of biological control agent. When 2-day-old Meteorus pulchricornis cocoons were stored at 6, 8 and 10 ± 1℃, it was possible to be stored up to 63 days at 8℃, showing the highest emergence. With increasing of cold storage duration at 8℃, parasitism on 2^nd and 3^rd larval instar of Spodoptera litura by stored M. pulchricornis significantly reduced. However, parasitic rate by M. pulchricornis stored for 2 weeks was similar to that by 1 week stored ones. Therefore, M. pulchricornis cocoons could be stored up to 2 weeks at 8℃ for stockpiling before release.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2019

Cotesia glomerata L., an internal parasitoid wasp, attacks the larvae of both the cabbage white butterfly (Artogeia rapae L.) and the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). It can be utilized as a natural biological enemy to control these two insect pests in the summer cabbage fields of the Korean highland areas. The developmental response and sex ratio of C. glomerata to various temperatures and its longevity were examined in the laboratory. The egg-to-larva and pupa stages of C. glomerata were 12.1 ± 2.1 and 6.4 ± 1.8 days, respectively, at 20℃, The developmental threshold for egg-to-larva and pupa stages were 7.7 and 8.5℃, respectively. The sex ratios of C. glomerata when reared under various temperatures were 61.0 ± 4.5% at 15℃, 44.2 ± 1.0% at 20℃, and 39.0 ± 2.3% at 25℃, and the incidence of females increased as the temperature decreased. The longevity of C. glomerata when fed a 10% sugar solution was 20.4 ± 0.2 days, while in adults without any feed, the longevity was 3.6 ± 0.1 days. Indoor reared C. glomerata adults were released into cabbage fields from 2007 to 2018, in early August of each year, and the outdoor parasitism rates were surveyed. The parasitism rates were found to increase gradually as the year passed (Y = 0.2696X + 2.8633, R² = 0.3994). The highest parasitism rate was observed in 2013 at 7.6%, and the lowest was in 2018 at 6.5 %. These results could be used as basic information for biological control of kimchi cabbage pests at highland fields.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.653-660
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• 2006

Fuji VII is a glass-ionomer cement specially targeted for early protection in erupting first and second molars. Properties of Fuji VII such as very high level of fluoride release, low viscosity and no need to preliminarily etch the substrate would be useful to erupting molars with primary pit and fissure caries or hypoplastic area for preventive goal or remineralization. The purpose of this study were to evaluate remineralization of Fuji VII glass ionomer cement and to compare with one of other restorative materials such as conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, compomer and composite resin. Forty-two extracted human molars were used for this study. All teeth were immersed in demineralizing solution for 48 hours after Class V cavity preparation was made on sound proximal surface. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups and restored with Fuji VII, Fuji II, Fuji II LC improved, F2000, $Filtek^{TM}$ Z250 and control group was unrestored. The middle area with $130{\pm}20{\mu}m$ thickness was separated from specimen using microtome and demineralized area was photographed under polarized microscope. Separated area was relocated to specimen and stored in artificial saliva, After four weeks, changes of demineralized area were observed and compared to them restorated immediately. The results from the this study can be summarized as follows ; 1. Fuji VII, Fuji II, Fuji II LC improved have more prominent remineralization effect than F2000, $Filtek^{TM}$ Z250, control group. 2. No significant differences in remineralization effect are seen between Fuji VII and Fuji II, Fuji II LC improved.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.889-894
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• 2006

Purpose : Asthma is characterized by the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness(AHR) and inflammation. The extensive eosinophil infiltration into the lung is the hallmark of asthma and contributes to the damage of respiratory epithelium during late phase airway responses. Eotaxin is the major eosinophil chemoattractant found in bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid of allergic inflammation. IL-13 has been known to induce the expression of exotaxin and eosinophilia. IL-13 also induces airway inflammation, mucus production and leads to marked fibrosis, airway remodeling and AHR. We investigated whether serum IL-13 levels can reflect the presence of airway hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma, and the relationship between serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels. Methods : Using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels were measured in 13 atopic asthmatics, 5 atopic non-asthmatics and 12 control subjects. Metacholine challenge tests were performed in all subjects. Airway hyperresponsiveness to metacholine was expressed as provocative concentration of metacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1[$PC_{20}mg/mL$]. $PC_{20}$ value of 25 mg/mL was used as a cut-off for defining a AHR. Results : Serum IL-13 levels showed positive correlation with eotaxin levels. Serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels showed no differences among atopic asthmatics, atopic non-asthmatics and control subjects. And there were no differences serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels in children with and without AHR and atopy. Serum IL-13 and eotaxin levels did not correlate with $logPC_{20}$ levels. Conclusion : IL-13 is closely related to the eotaxin release. But serum IL-13 and eotaxin per se can't predict the severity of airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 and eotaxin may have local effect on respiratory epithelium or there can be some factors to induce airway hyperresponsiveness other than serum IL-13 in asthmatic airways.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2017

In this study, the heating performance and the energy saving effect of the heat pump system using hot waste water(waste heat) of the thermal power plant discharged from a thermal power plant to the sea were analyzed. The greenhouse area was $5,280m^2$ and scale of the heat pump system was 120 RT(Refrigeration Ton), which was divided into 30 RT, 40 RT and 50 RT. The heat pump system consisted of the roll type heat exchangers, hot waste water transfer pipes, heat pumps(30, 40, 50 RT), a heat storage tank and fan coil units. The roll type heat exchangers was made of PE(Poly Ethylene) pipes in consideration of low cost and durability against corrosion, because hot waste water(sea water) is highly corrosive. And the heating period was 5 months from October to February. During the heating performance test(12 hours), the inlet water temperature of evaporator was changed from $32^{\circ}C$ to $26^{\circ}C$, and heat absorption of he evaporator was changed from 175 kW to 120 kW. The inlet water temperature of the condenser rose linearly from $15^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$, and the heat release of condenser was reduced by 40 kW from 200 kW to 160 kW. And the power consumption of the heat pump system increased from 30 kW to 42 kW. When the inlet water temperature of condenser was $15^{\circ}C$, the heating COP(Coefficient Of Performance) was over 7.0. When it was $30^{\circ}C$, it dropped to 5.0, and when it was above $40^{\circ}C$, it decreased to less than 4.0. It was analyzed that the reduction of heating energy cost was 87% when compared to the duty free diesel that the carbon dioxide emission reduction effect was 62% by recycling the waste heat of the thermal power plant as a heat source of the heat pump system.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2014

Purpose: Citron seed oil (CSO) has been reported to have high antioxidant activity. However, the composition and other biologically activities of CSO have not been reported. In this study, we confirmed the fatty acid composition of CSO, which may be beneficial to vascular disease and obesity. Methods: We investigated the oil composition of CSO using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and cytotoxicity was confirmed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured using Griess reagent, and lipid accumulation and leptin secretion in 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil-Red O staining and commercial ELISA kit, respectively. Results: GC-MS analysis indicated that CSO contains several components, including linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, and arachidic acid. In physiological activity analysis, CSO did not induce cytotoxic effects in HUVECs and 3T3-L1 cells. Further, CSO significantly induced nitric oxide and leptin secretion as well as inhibited lipid accumulation. Conclusion: CSO increased NO release, inhibited lipid accumulation, and induced leptin secretion, suggesting it may be useful for the management of vessels and weight gain. Although further studies are required to investigate the safety and mechanism of action of CSO, our results show that the composition and physiological activity of CSO are sufficient for its use as functional edible oil.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.350-363
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• 2009

Inter- and intra-specific differences in removal activities, filtering rates (FR) and production of feces-and pseudo-feces (PF) between a native freshwater bivalve in Korea, Anodonta woodiana Lea and Unio douglasiae Griffith et Pidgeon, were compared using a continuous removal of organic matters (CROM) system. The CROM system comprised five steps; input of polluted water, control of water flow, mussel treatment, analysis of water quality and discharge of clean water. The study was designed to compare the removal activity of organic matters between A. woodiana and U. douglasiae, and the intra-specific differences between density and length in A. woordiana. Results clearly indicate that two kinds of mussels had obvious removal activities of seston in the eutrophic reservoir. First, if both are similar in shell length, there were no significant inter-specific differences in removal activity between A. woordiana and U. douglasiae (P>0.5), but FRs of U. douglasiae was relatively high due to low ash-fee dry weight. Second, if both are same in animal density, the smaller mussels (1$\sim$2 years old) showed a higher filtering rate and production of feces- and pseudo-feces and less release of ammonium than the larger mussels. Third, if both are same in biomass, FRs and PF of mussels were higher in the low-density tank than the high-density tank, While the Concentration of $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$-P released WRS similar to each other (P>0.5). Therefore, these results suggest that CROM system using a young bivalve A. woordiana can be applied to control the nuisance seston in eutrophic lake system, if a relevant species and density were selected. Additional pilot tests to optimize the age and density of domestic bivalves were needed for the generalization of CROM operation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 1979

The effect of liming on the potassium equilibrium activity ratio ($AR^k_e$) of Chinese cabbage cultivated soil and on the potassium uptake by the plant summarize as follows: 1. $AR^k_e$ is raised by the application of 1.6 ton of $Ca(OH)_2$ per hectare that required amount to adjust pH 6 for the soil. Generally, it could be confirmed that both liming and potassium placement to the soil show the combined effects to raise $AR^k_e$. 2. The exchangeable potassium and the electrical conductivity increase by liming. The mean value of the exchangeable potassium is 0.71 m. equ. per 100g of limed soils while the control give 0.64 m. equ. per 100g. For the electrical conductivity, limed soil show $766{\mu}mho$ and $750{\mu}mho$ is for the control. 3. The reason $AR^k_e$ value increase by liming could be considered that concentrations of $K^+$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}+Mg^{{+}{+}}$ in the equilibrium solution are increased owing to release both K and $Ca^+$ Mg into the liquid from solid phase in the potassium equilibrium system of the soil. 4. For considering that the energies of exchange of calcium by potassium in the limed soils at different potassium treatment, that is without K, 200 kg $K_2O/ha$ and 350 kg $K_2O/ha$, give -3887 and -3778 and -3737 calories per chemical equivalent respectively. On the other hand in case of the controls which received the same amounts of potassium as mentioned above, energy values are -3983, -4392 and -4228 calories respectively. 5. The absorbed amount of potassium and weights of dry matters of the plant which grown in the limed soils show little higher values than the controls.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.967-974
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• 2009

The effects of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder on the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were investigated in order to explore the possibility of manufacturing fermented milk containing the powder. Differences in pH, acidity, LAB counts, viscosity, and sensory evaluation were measured. Also the effects of dietary supplementation on the growth of piglets were evaluated by feeding fermented milks containing 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder. Levels of pH, titratable acidity, viable LAB counts and viscosity were significantly different by the addition of the powder. When fermented milks containg 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder were kept at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 days, viable LAB counts remained high after 30 days of storage. The effects of dietary supplementation of 0.2% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten fermented milk were investigated by examining piglet growth rate and fecal ammonia gas release. The piglets were fed 100g/herd of the fermented milk for 14 days. Average daily body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) improved (110%) with dietary supplementation of the fermented milk, compared to a control group. More over, fecal ammonia gas emissions were reduced by dietary supplementation of the Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten fermented milk. Sensory evaluation results showed that the samples containing 0.1% and 0.2% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder had the most parameters similar to those of the control.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.439-446
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• 2021

A field-scale study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic matter amendments on the solubility of arsenic (As) in paddy soil and uptake by rice. Six organic matter (rice bran, rice straw, pig/cattle/fowls manure compost and swine liquid manure) were added to two polluted soils with high As (53 mg kg^-1) and low As concentration (28 mg kg^-1), and changes in soil solution constituents was monitored. The mean As concentrations in soil solution from the high As soil with rice bran, pig manure compost and swine liquid manure addition were significantly higher (0.61-1.15 mg L^-1) than that of the control (0.42-0.66 mg L^-1). Regression between As and Fe in soil solution indicated that As was attributable to reductive dissolution of Fe (hydr)oxides and it was driven by organic matter addition. Mean As concentrations in brown rice from the high As soil were 0.35-0.46 mg kg^-1, above the maximum safety level of inorganic As (0.35 mg kg^-1), and tended to be higher in organic matter amended soils than that of the control. The significant correlation between grain As and soil solution As was not observed and it was probably attributable to As tolerance of rice causing the reduction of As uptake and/or translocation to grain. However, considering the significant As release in soil solution from the high As soil and the tendency of grain As elevation after organic matter addition, it is needed to be cautious for food safety when amending organic matter to paddy soil with high As concentration.