• 재활치료과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.135-151
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• 2023

목적 : 본 연구는 구강운동촉진기술(oral motor facilitation technique, OMFT)이 뇌졸중 환자의 구강운동 기능에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위한 목적으로 시행되었다. 연구방법 : 연하장애를 동반한 뇌졸중 환자 72명을 대상으로 시행되었다. 실험군과 대조군은 난수표를 활용하여 36명씩 무작위로 분류하였고, 두 그룹 사전-사후 검사 설계로 진행되었다. 실험군은 OMFT 중재를, 대조군은 전통적 연하재활치료를 각각 30분간 1일 1회, 주 5회로 4주 동안 총 20회기 적용하였다. 구강운동기능 평가를 위해 포괄적 구강안면기능척도(Comprehensive Oro-Facial Function Scale, COFFS)를 사용하였고, 기간별 치료 효과 확인을 위한 반복측정 분산분석(repeated ANOVA), 두 그룹간 변화량 차이 분석을 위해 독립표본 t-검정(independence t-test)을 시행하였다. 결과 : 두 그룹 모두 COFFS의 총점이 향상되었다. 실험군은 아래턱 및 입술 움직임, 볼 부풀리기, 혀 움직임에서 유의한 변화가 나타났다. 또한 저작 분포도, 음식물 유출, 고체형 및 액체형 음식 삼킴, 목소리 변화 항목에서 치료 기간에 따른 유의한 차이가 있었고, 아래턱 벌리고 닫기 항목에서 두 그룹 사이에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : OMFT가 뇌졸중으로 인한 연하장애 환자의 구강운동기능에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었으며, 임상에서 기초적인 근거로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis is associated with increased inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Vitamin D has been reported to modulate the inflammatory responses of stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and adipocytes in adipose tissue, but the role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis biology is unclear. This study examined the effects of in vitro 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25[OH]₂D₃) treatment on the inflammatory responses of SVCs and adipocytes from atherosclerotic mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: C57BL/6J (B6) mice were divided randomly into 2 groups and fed a 10% kcal fat control diet (control group, CON) or 41% kcal fat, 0.21% cholesterol (high fat + cholesterol, HFC) diet (obese group, OB), and B6.129S7-Ldlr^tm1Her/J (Ldlr^-/-) mice were fed a HFC diet (obese with atherosclerosis group, OBA) for 16 weeks. SVCs and adipocytes isolated from VAT were pre-incubated with 1,25(OH)₂D₃ for 24 h and stimulated with lipopolysaccarides for the next 24 h. Proinflammatory cytokine production by adipocytes and SVCs, the immune cell population in SVCs, and the expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory signaling pathway in SVCs were determined. RESULTS: The numbers of total macrophages and SVCs per mouse were higher in OB and OBA groups than the CON group. The in vitro 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced macrophages/SVCs (%) in the OBA group. Consistent with this change, the production of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by SVCs from the OBA group was decreased by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment. The 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment significantly reduced the toll-like receptor 4 and dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1) mRNA levels in SVCs and MCP-1 production by adipocytes from all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D can attribute to the inhibition of the inflammatory response in VAT from atherosclerotic mice by reducing proinflammatory cytokine production.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• 제54권7호
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• pp.409-421
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• 2024

Background and Objectives: The recent developments in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are emphasizing the multidisciplinary team. We report on the changes in clinical practice following the development of a multidisciplinary team, based on our 7 years of experience. Methods: Multidisciplinary team was established in 2015 offering both balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) and pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) with technical upgrades by internal and external expertise. For operable cases, PEA was recommended as the primary treatment modality, followed by pulmonary angiography and right heart catheterization after 6 months to evaluate treatment effect and identify patients requiring further BPA. For patients with inoperable anatomy or high surgical risk, BPA was recommended as the initial treatment modality. Patient data and clinical outcomes were closely monitored. Results: The number of CTEPH treatments rapidly increased and postoperative survival improved after team development. Before the team, 38 patients were treated by PEA for 18 years; however, 125 patients were treated by PEA or BPA after the team for 7 years. The number of PEA performed was 64 and that of BPA 342 sessions. World Health Organization functional class I or II was achieved in 93% of patients. The patients treated with PEA was younger, male dominant, higher pulmonary artery pressure, and smaller cardiac index, than BPA-only patients. In-hospital death after PEA was only 1 case and none after BPA. Conclusions: The balanced development of BPA and PEA through a multidisciplinary team approach proved synergistic in increasing the number of actively treated CTEPH patients and improving clinical outcomes.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.423-433
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 무인 항공 방제기에 의한 농약 비산을 모의하기 위한 시험 농경지 구축과 정량 평가를 위한 실험법을 정립하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 농약 비산 평가에 대한 ISO 22866과 ASABE S561.1과 같은 국제 표준을 분석 및 고찰하였고, 이를 기반으로 국내 실정에 부합하는 시험 농경지를 구축하고, 그 실효성을 평가하였다. 이로써 현장 실험이 복잡하고, 동일 조건을 구현하기 어려웠던 실험 환경 개선 방안을 마련할 수 있었으며, 이를 통해 항공 살포에 의한 농약 비산 데이터베이스 구축이 가능할 것으로 판단되고, 공기 중 농약 비산을 정량 평가하고, 저감 방안을 마련하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.57-95
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• 1972

This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of service by maternity aids concerning maternal and child health in improving simultaneously infant mortality, contraception and vital registration among expectant mothers in rural Korea, where there is less apportunity for maternal and child health care. It is unrealistic to expect to solve this problem in rural Korea through professional persons considering the situation of medical facilities and the socioeconomic condition of residents. So, we intended to adopt a system of services by maternity aids who were educated formally among indigenous women. After the women were trained in maternal and child health, contraception, and registration for a short period, they were assigned as a maternity aids to each village to help with various activities concerning maternal and child health, for example, registration of pregnant women, home visiting to check for complications, supplying of delivery kits, attendance at delivery, persuasion of contraception, and invitation for registration and so on. Mean-while, four researchers called on the maternity aids to collect materials concerning vital events, maternal child health, contraception and registration, and to give further instruction and supervision as the program proceeded. A. Changes of women's attitude by services of maternity aid. Now, we examined to what extent' such a service system to expectant mothers affected a change in attitude of women residing in the study area as compared to women of the control area. 1) In the birth and death places, there were no changes between last and present infants, in study or control area. 2) In regard to attendants at delivery, there were no changes except for a small percentage of attendance (8%) by maternity aid in study area. But, I expect that more maternity sids could be used as attendants at delivery if they would be trained further and if there was more explanation to the residents about such a service. 3) Considering the rate of utilization of sterilized delivery kit, I am sure that more than 90 percent would be used if the delivery kit were supplied in the proper time. There were significant differences in rates between the study and the control areas. 4) Taking into consideration the utilization rate of the clinic for prenatal care and well baby care, if suck facilities were installed, it would probably be well utilized. 5) In the contraception, the rate of approval was as high as 89 percent in study area as compared to 82 percent in the control area. 6) Considering the rate of pre-and post-partum acceptance on contraception were as much as 70 percent or more, if motivation to use contraception was given to them adequately, the government could reach the goals for family planning as planned. 7) In the vital registration, the rate of birth registration in the study area was some what improved compared to that of the control area, while the rate of death registration was not changed at all. Taking into account the fact that the rate of confirmation of vital events by maternity aids was remarkably high, if the registration system changed to a 'notification' system instead of formal registration ststem, it would be improved significantly compared to present system. B. Effect of the project Thus, with changes in the residents' attitude, was there a reduction in the infant death rate? 1) It is very difficult problem to compare the mortality of infants between last and present infants, because many women don't want to answer accurately about their dead children especially the infants that died within a few days after birth. In this study the data of present death comes from the maternity aides who followed up every pregnancy they had recorded to see what had happened. They seem to have very reliable information on what happened in first few weeks with follow up visitits to check out later changes. From these calculaton, when we compared the rate of infant death between last and present infant, there was remarkable reduction of death rate for present infant compare to that of last children, namely, the former was 30, while the latter 42. The figure is the lowest rate that I have ever heard. As the quality of data we could assess by comparing the causes of death. In the current death rate by communicable disease was much lower compare to the last child especially, tetanus cases and pneumonia. 2) Next, how many respondents used contraception after birth because of frequent contact with the maternity aid. In the registered cases, the respondents showed a tendency to practice contraception at an earlier age and with a small number of children. In a comparison of the rate of contraception between the study and the control area, the rate in the former was significantly higher than that of the latter. What is more, the proportion favoring smaller numbers of children and younger women rose in the study area as compared to the control area. 3) Regarding vital registration, though the rate of registration was gradually improved by efforts of maternity aid, it would be better to change the registration system. 4) In the crude birth rate, the rate in the study area was 22.2 while in the control area was 26.5. Natural increase rate showed 15.4 in the study area, while control area was 19.1. 5) In assessment of the efficiency of the maternity aids judging by the cost-effect viewpoint, the workers in the Medium area seemed to be more efficiency than those of other areas.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The Low Birth Weight infant birth rate in this country is a little more than 15 percent and is being increased. The survival rate of Low Birth Weight infant is over 90 percent and recently the rate runs is getting. However, because of the high risk of Low Birth Weight infant for handicap in growth, a preventive nursing intervention program for Low Birth Weight infant and their mother is considered to be necessary. Touch and massage, thus sensory stimulation has been considered to be important ensuring a normal growth of Low Birth Weight infant During the past decades sensory stimulation program has been used for premature and Low Birth Weight infants. Recently a study on the sensory stimulation for Low Birth Weight infants has bee n done in this country. Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's development. Especially, mother and infant interaction during one year after birth plays important role in child's social. affective and cognitive developments. But in the study of Low Birth Weight infants, the mother and infant interaction has been rare yet. However, there was no study effectiveness of the sensory stimulation on mother and infant interaction. In this respect, this study based on the importance of the nursing intervention, is intended to measure the effectiveness of the massage therapy in the aspects of weight, daily feeding amount, cortisolurine stress hormone and mother and infant interactions. This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretestposttest design in quasi experimental basis and Low Birth Weight infants from NICU of two Medical University Hospitals located in Taegu Metropolitan were selected in experimental group of 21 infants and control group of 20 infants. Data has been collected from May 1, 1999 to September 5, 2000. For the experimental group Field's sensory stimulation(tactile and kinesthetic stimulation) was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00 - 11:00 hours in the morning and 19:00 - 20:00 in the afternoon) by nurse and mother. The electronic indicator scale (Cas Co. Korea) was used to measure infant's body weight. To determine urine cortisol concentration level under stress, rad immuno assay method was used. And to determine mother and infant interactions during feeding, tools developed by Kim Mi-Ye (1999) were used. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program using x-test, t-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Findings were as follows : 1. For the daily mean weight gain, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, even though, there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 2. For the amount of daily mean feeding, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, while there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 3. The level of wine cortisol concentration was increased in both groups, while no Statistical significance was shown between the two groups. 4. Mothers in experimental group were more likely to have higher mean scores in mother and infant interaction during feeding than mothers in the control group. Statistical significance was shown between the two groups(t= 5.78, P=.001). In conclusion, the massage therapy in this study showed with regard to even though through there was no statistically significance in the weight gain and urine stress hormone concentration. there was Statistical significantly higher in the mother and infant interaction during feeding. Based on the result of this study, it is considered that the massage therapy should be applied clinical practice and home to help a developmental growth and interaction of Low Birth Weight infants and mothers during the period of recovery.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2015

농가에서 잡초방제를 위해 비닐멀칭을 이용한 직파재배보다 이식후 중경제초를 하여 잡초를 방제하고자 수수의 이식 및 직파재배시 잡초방제를 위한 중경제초 시기 및 횟수 시험에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 이식재배시 중경제초는 이식후 20일, 30일 1회 실시와 20/40일 2회 실시하였다. 처리시기 및 횟수 시험에서 이식후 20일에 1회 실시한 구에서는 잡초방제가가 83%, 80%로 비닐멀칭 대비 90%에 비해 다소 낮았다. 수확기 경장은 중경제초 1회와 2회 및 비닐멀칭구가 111.6~126.8 cm에 비해 무제초구가 139.3 cm로 잡초와의 경합으로 도장하는 경향이었다. 간장은 중경제초구가 무처리구에 비해 초장이 20 cm 정도 짧고, 간경은 17.8 cm에 비해 작고, 2mm 굵어 도복에 강한 특징을 가지고 있다. 출수소요일수는 비닐멀칭구가 잡초의 발생량이 많았던 무처리구에 비해 7일정도 더 소요되었다. 수수 이식재배시 이식후 20일에 1회 중경제초를 하면 수량성이 95%로 비닐멀칭과 통계적 유의성이었다. 파종재배시 중경제초 처리시기 및 횟수 시험에서 파종후 10일과 파종후 30일에 2회 중경제초를 실시하면 초기에 발생하는 잡초가 방제되어 87% 이상의 효과가 있었다. 수량은 비닐대조구 대비 파종후 10일과 30일 2회 처리시 91%, 초기 처리가 늦은 20일과 30일 2회 실시한 구는 다소 감소하였다.

• 한국호스피스완화의료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2004년도 정기총회 및 하계학술대회
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• pp.100-102
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• 2004

Under the current medical system, a terminal patient and his/her family who are neglected inevitably face various aspects of crises including not only physical, but also psychological, social, economic, spiritual and legal problems. Nurses often look after many terminal patents with these types of complicated problems. Therefore, educating the nurses who will take care of such patents would greatly reduce stress so the patents end could their lives in peace and without losing their dignity. This research is a quasi experimental study of nonequivalent control group. A pretest-posttest design where a basic education program is developed for nurses, who frequently treat terminal patents, to understand the importance of the role of hospice and to apply their understandings to treat terminal lancer patents. A sample of the nurses were taken from those who were working in general wards at two general hospitals in Seoul during October, 2003${\sim}$December 2003. The study was composed of 46 experimental group and 43 control group. A basic hospice education program was developed by taking emphasized and overlapping parts from advanced practice hospice nurses education course, short-term education course, an extensive literature survey and by consulting three professionals as well. With the group of 5 professors with vast experiences in oncolgy, 5 nursing administrator, 3 nursing practitioner, the tentative first version of the program was developed and reviewed. Afterwards, by utilizing person to person interviews with 2 head nurses experienced with terminal patients, 1 nurse in charge of hospice, 1 nurse on the contents of the program, and a person to person rating on the educating medium by a nurse were performed. The final version of a basic education program was developed after the second revision. The hospice basic education program consists of introduction to hospice, hospice and commucation, management of pain for terminal cancer patients, physical management for terminal cancer patients, socio-psycological caring of terminal cancer patients and management of death and separation. Total education time was four hours organized into 50 minutes of instruction and 10 minutes of break. $Powerpoint^{(R)}$ software was used as the education medium. As research tools, "Knowledge on Hospice" was developed by the author after receiving a review from one expert. "Attitude of Hospice Nursing" was revised Kim(2001)'s attitude measuring tool which was based on Wang(1998), Kwon(1989), Park and Sung(1991)'s tool. "Liability on nursing terminal patients" was used as developed by Zarits(1980) and Mongomory(1985) translated by Lee(1985). For collecting data, preliminary investigation prior to 1 week of the hospice basic education program and post-investigations after 1 week and 4 weeks of the education were carried out for the nurses at a general ward who understood and agreed on the purpose of the program. Collected data were analyzed throughout t-test, $x^2-test$, Manova test and Bonferroni correction in $SAS^{(R)}$ program. The summary of the investigation is as follows: Hypothesis 1: "Educated experimental group would possess more knowledge on hospice compared to the un-educated control group" was supported after 1 (F=12.14, p=.00) and 4 (F=5.3, p=.02) weeks of education. Hypothesis 2: "Educated experimental group would take a positive attitude toward hospice nursing compared to the un-educated control group" was supported after 1(F=3.92, p=.05) and 4(F=5.05, p=.02) weeks of education. Hypothesis 3: "Educated experimental poop would feel less liability compared to the un-educated control group in nursing terminal cancer patients' was rejected. In this study, it was found that knowledge on hospice was significantly important. By applying hospice basic education programs to nurses, the education program helped nurses to take a positive attitude toward terminal patients. It was, however, seen that the education program had no effect on alleviating liability in nursing terminal patients. Therefore, it is expected that this educational program would help hospices and nurses at general wards to understand the concept and the role of hospice so that terminal patents, now neglected under current medical system, would be able to end their lives in peace.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.212-217
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• 2011

목적: 본 연구는 완화의료 활성화 및 서비스 질 향상이라는 정책적 목표를 위하여 2005년부터 완화의료 전문기관에 지원된 운영비가 구체적으로 어떻게 사용되고 있는지 연도별, 지원 횟수별 그리고 종별로 현황을 파악하고, 지원사업의 효과성에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 지원 대상 기관이 제출한 사업비 정산 보고서를 토대로 운영비의 비목별 사용 비율을 빈도분석 하였다. 연도별 추세를 파악하기 위해 선형회귀분석을 실시하였고, 지원받은 횟수별, 기관 종별에 따른 완화의료 전문 기관 운영비의 비목별 사용액에 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위해 추리통계방법인 Kruskal-Wallis Test와 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test를 이용하였다. 결과: 연도별 분석에서, 프로그램 운영비와 교육 훈련비 및 홍보비에 대한 지출 비율은 지속적으로 증가한 것으로 나타났다(P<0.001). 그러나 저소득층 지원비는 감소하는 추세를 보였다(P=0.024). 연도별 지원받은 횟수별 의료기관 종별에 관계없이 운영비의 절반가량을 인건비, 시설비, 장비비 등의 하드웨어 마련에 사용하고 있었다. 결론: 정부의 완화의료 활성화 지원사업은 장비와 시설 개선 그리고 서비스 질 향상을 위한 활동에 지원금이 꾸준히 사용되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 당해 사업의 평가 기준이 기관의 운영비 사용 흐름에 영향을 주는 것으로 보이는데, 이에 따라 환자 가족을 위한 프로그램 운영과 전문가 교육 훈련에 대한 지출 비율이 늘어나고 있어 서비스 질 향상 위한 바람직한 변화로 보인다. 다만, 평가 기준 조정을 통해 감소하고 있는 저소득층 지원 비율을 향상시킬 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.202-210
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• 1985

최근(最近)에 급증(急增)하고 있는 P.E. film 피복밀식(被覆密植) 뽕밭에 있어서 조성당년(造成當年) P.E. film을 피복(被覆)한 이랑과 피복(被覆)하지 않은 이랑의 잡초방제(雜草防除)를 위한 제초제(除草劑) 처리효과(處理效果)를 구명(究明)하고자 일반(一般) 뽕밭의 허가약제(許可藥劑)인 simazine 수화제(水和劑) 및 alachlor 유제(乳劑)와 함께 alachlor 입제(粒劑) 및 oxyfluorfen 유제(乳劑)를 공시(供試)하였으며, 각(各) 약제(藥劑)의 처리수준(處理水準)을 표준량(標準量)(simazine 수화제(水和劑), 150g ai/10a ; alachlor 유제(乳劑), 130g : alachlor 입제(粒劑), 200g : oxyfluorfen, 70g)과 이의 반량(半量) 및 배량(倍量)으로 하여 춘기(春期)에는 P.E. film 피복(被服)이랑과 무피복(無被覆)이랑에 처리했고, 하기(夏期)에는 무피복(無被覆)이랑에만 paraquat 49g ai/10a 혼용(混用)하여 각각(各各) 처리(處理)하고 잡초방제효과(雜草防除效果)와 뽕나무 生育 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관하여 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 방임구(放任區)에 있어서의 춘기(春期) 우점잡초(優占雜草)는 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서는 갈퀴덩쿨, 망초, 며느리밑씻개, 명아주, 바랭이 등(等)이었으나 피복(被覆)이랑에서는 바랭이, 쇠비름이었다. 한편 하기무피복(夏期無被覆)이랑에서는 쇠비름, 망초, 바랭이, 쑥, 메꽃등(等)이 우생(優生)하였으나 피복(被覆)이랑에서는 뽕나무 생장(生長)에 따른 피음(被陰)으로 잡초발생(雜草發生)이 억제(抑制)되었다. 뽕나무 생육은 춘(春) 하기(夏期) 모두 손제초구에 비하여 특히 방임구(坊任區)가 불량(不良)하였으며 제초제(除草劑) 처리구(處理區)에서도 전반적(全般的)으로 약간 저조(低調)하였으며 수량(收量)에서도 같은 경향(傾向)이었다. 잡초(雜草)들은 이른 봄의 경우 피복(被覆)이랑내 잡초(雜草)들이 발생량(發生量)이 많을수록 뽕나무 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)을 저하(低下)시키는 반면(反面) 하기(夏期)에는 무피복(無被覆)이랑내의 잡초(雜草)들이 영향(影響)을 미쳤다. 2. Alachlor 유제(乳劑) 및 simazine 수화제(水和劑) 표준사용량(標準使用量) 130g 및 150g의 제초효과(除草效果)는 춘기(春期) 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서 비교적(比較的) 양호(良好)하였으며 처리수준(處理水準) 증가(增加)에 따른 효과(效果)가 인정(認定)되었고(simazine 배량제외(倍量除外)), 반량수준(半兩水準)에서의 효과(效果)는 매우 낮았다. 그러나 춘기(春期)의 피복(被覆)이랑에서는 처리수준(處理水準)에 따른 효과(效果)의 차(差)가 뚜렷함이 없이 모두 높은 효과(效果)를 나타내어서 반량처리(半兩處理)로서도 기대효과(期待效果)가 충족(充足)되었다. 위 두 약제(藥劑)의 처리(處理) 후(後) 잔존(殘存)하는 우점잡초(優占雜草)들은 춘기(春期)의 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서는 갈퀴덩쿨, 며느리 밑씻개, 메꽃 등(等)이었으며, 피복(被覆)이랑에서는 바랭이, 띠, 쇠비름, 등(等)으로 약제간(藥劑間) 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었다. 하기(夏期) 무피복(無被覆) 이랑에서의 alachlor 유제(乳劑) 및 simazine 수화제(水和劑)의 제초효과(除草效果)는 방임구(坊任區)에 비하여 다소(多小) 효과적(效果的) 이었지만 처리수준(處理水準)에 따른 효과(效果)의 차이(差異)는 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 한편 하기(夏期) 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서의 우점잡초(優占雜草)는 alachlor 유제(乳劑)의 경우 쇠비름, 명아주, 며느리밑씻개 메꽃등(等)이었고, simazine 수화제(水和劑)의 경우에는 바랭이 쇠비름, 며느리밑씻개 등(等)이었다. 3. Alachlor 입제(粒劑)의 춘하기(春夏期) 피복(被覆) 및 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서의 제초효과(除草效果) 및 잔존우점잡초(殘存優占雜草)는 alachlor유제(乳劑)의 경우와 비슷한 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. Oxyfluorfen의 제초효과(除草效果)는 춘하기(春夏期)에 피복(被覆) 및 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서 모두 타약제(他藥劑)의 경우보다 지속적(持續的)인 우수(優秀)한 효과(效果)를 나타내었으며, 처리수준(處理水準)에 따른 효과(效果)의 차(差)가 있었으나 표준량(標準量)(70g ai/10a)보다 낮은 수준(水準)에서도 기대(期待)하는 효과(效果)가 인정(認定)되었다. 반면(反面) 배량구(倍量區)의 경우는 춘기(春期)에 1회(回) 처리(處理)로서 150일(日)간의 장기간(長期間)에 걸친 지속효과(持續效果)를 나타내었다. 처리(處理) 후(後) 잔존(殘存)하는 잡초(雜草)는 춘기(春期) 무피복(無被覆)이랑에서는 메꽃, 망초, 닭의 장풀 등(等)이었으며, 피복(被覆)이랑에서는 쇠비름, 바랭이 등이었고, 하기무피복(夏期無被覆)이랑에서는 쇠비름, 닭의장풀등(等)이었으나 높은 수준처리구(水準處理區)에서는 쇠뜨기의 발육(發育)도 억제(抑制)하는 강력(强力)한 제초력(除草力)을 보였다.