• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 2022

Rock discontinuities, as weak interfaces in rock, control mechanical properties of rock mass. Presence of discontinuities complicates the engineering properties of rock, which is the root of anisotropy and heterogeneity that have nonnegligible influences on the rock engineering. Morphological characteristics of discontinuities in natural rock are an important factor influencing the mechanical properties, particularly roughness, of discontinuities. Therefore, the accurate measurement and characterization of morphologies of discontinuities are preconditions for studying mechanical properties of discontinuities. Taking discontinuities in red sandstone as research objects, the research obtained three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of discontinuities in natural rock by carrying out 3D morphological scanning tests. The waviness and roughness were separated from 3D morphologies of rock discontinuities through wavelet transform. In addition, the calculation method for the overall slope root mean square (RMS) as well as slope RMSs of waviness and roughness of 3D morphologies of discontinuities considering the shear direction was proposed. The research finally determined an evaluation method for 3D morphologies of discontinuities by quantitatively characterizing 3D morphologies with the mean value of the three slope RMSs.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.106-109
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• 2003

With the variation of Ag concentration in bath, current density, additive and agitation for electroplating of Sn-Ag solder, the compositions and the morphologies of solder were studied. It was possible to control Ag content in Sn-Ag solder by varying Ag concentration in bath and current density The microstructure size of Sn-Ag solder decreased with increasing current density. Duty cycle of pulse electroplating and quantity of additive affected on Ag content of deposit and surface roughness. In this work eutectic Sn-Ag solder bumps with fine pitch of 30m and height of 15m was formed successfully. The Ag content of electrodeposited solder was confirmed by EDS and WDS analyses and the surface morphologies was analyzed by SEM and 3D surface analyzer.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2013

ZnO nanostructures of rod-like, faceted bar, cup-end bars, and spindle shaped morphologies could be grown by a low power ultrasonic synthesis process. pH of the reaction mixture seems to plays an important role for defining the final morphology of ZnO nanostructures. While the solution pH as low as 7 produces long, uniform rod-like nanostructures of mixed phase (ZnO and $Zn(OH)_2$), higher pH of the reaction mixture produces ZnO nanostructures of different morphologies in pure hexagonal wurtzite phase. pH of the reaction as high as 10 produces bar shaped uniform nanostructures with lower specific surface area and lower surface and lattice defects, reducing the defect emissions of ZnO in the visible region of their photoluminescence spectra.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2009

This paper presents a motion generation technique for arbitrary morphologies with the user defined correspondences between joints. Users can define the controlling part in the source character and the part to be controlled in the target character in our system. To remove the restriction in the morphology of the target character, we use the pair of example posture sets. In our system, in order to provide the correspondence regardless of the number of joints, the deformed part in the target character is simplified into the direction vector. The final postures are then generated with the weighted sum of the examples. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approach can generate motions for various target characters and can control the user defined joints in real-time.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.240-246
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• 2015

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has been widely used for the development and fabrication of nano-powder with various morphologies such as particle, wire, rod, and tube. So far, many researchers have reported about shape control and fabrication of AAO films. However, they have reported on the shape control with different diameter and length of anodic aluminum oxide mainly. We present a combined mild-hard (or hard-mild) anodization to prepare shape-controlled AAO films. Two main parameters which are combination mild-hard (or hard-mild) anodization and run-time of voltage control are applied in this work. The voltages of mild and hard anodization are respectively 40 and 80 V. Anodization was conducted on the aluminum sheet in 0.3 mole oxalic acid at $4^{\circ}C$. AAO films with morphologies of varying interpore distance, branch-shaped pore, diameter-modulated pore and long funnel-shaped pore were fabricated. Those shapes will be able to apply to fabricate novel nano-materials with potential application which is especially a support to prevent volume expansion of inserted active materials, such as metal silicon or tin powder, in lithium ion battery. The silicon powder electrode using an AAO as a support shows outstanding cycle performance as 1003 mAh/g up to 200 cycles.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2010

The effects of thermal treatment on CNTs, which were coated with a-$CN_x$ thin film, were investigated and related to variations of chemical bonding and morphologies of CNTs and also properties of field emission induced by thermal treatment. CNTs were directly grown on nano-sized conical-type tungsten tips via the inductively coupled plasma-chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD) system, and a-$CN_x$ films were coated on the CNTs using an RF magnetron sputtering system. Thermal treatment on a-$CN_x$ coated CNT-emitters was performed using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) system by varying temperature ($300-700^{\circ}C$). Morphologies and microstructures of a-$CN_x$/CNTs hetero-structured emitters were analyzed by FESEM and HRTEM. Chemical composition and atomic bonding structures were analyzed by EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. The field emission properties of the a-$CN_x$/CNTs hetero-structured emitters were measured using a high vacuum (below $10^{-7}$ Torr) field-emission measurement system. For characterization of emission stability, the fluctuation and degradation of the emission current were monitored in terms of operation time. The results were compared with a-$CN_x$ coated CNT-emitters that were not thermally heated as well as with the conventional non-coated CNT-emitters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.547-553
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• 2024

Precise control over the morphology of nanostructures is critical for tailoring their physical and chemical properties. This study addresses the challenge of developing a simple, integrated method for synthesizing both 1D and 2D colloidal Cu nanostructures in a single system, achieving successful tuning of their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties. A facile hydrothermal synthesis utilizing potassium iodide (KI) and hexadecylamine (HDA) is presented for controlling Cu nanostructure morphologies. The key to achieving 1D nanowires (NWs) and 2D nanoplates (NPs) depends on the controlled adsorption of HDA molecules and iodide (I-) ions on specific crystal facets. Depending on the morphologies, the resultant Cu nanostructures exhibit tunable LSPR peaks from 558 nm [nanoplates (NPs)] to 590 nm [nanowires (NWs)]. These results pave the way for the scalable and cost-effective production of plasmonic Cu nanostructures with tunable optical properties, holding promise for applications in sensing, catalysis, and photonic devices.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the effects of shutter control by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering using Inductively-Coupled Plasma(ICP) for obtaining ZnO thin films with high purity. The surface morphologies and structure of deposited ZnO thin films were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Also, optical and chemical properties of ZnO thin films were analyzed by Spectroscopic Ellipsometer (SE) and X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As a result, it observed that ZnO thin films grown at reactive sputtering using shutter control and ICP were higher density, lower surface roughness, better crystallinity than other conventional sputtering deposition methods. For obtaining better quality deposition ZnO thin films, we will investigate the effects of substrate temperature and RF power on shutter control by a reactive magnetron sputtering using inductively-coupled plasma.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.183-183
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• 2006

Hyaluronic acid and chitosan-based poly(ethylene oxide) (HA-PEO and Chitosan-PEO) hydrogels have been employed as unique biomedical polymeric materials with properties such as bioactivity from polysaccharide, biocompatibility of HA and chitosan as well as PEO and control release of bioactive molecules from the hydrogel itself. We here examine in situ hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid and chitosan in terms of their synthesis, mechanical properties, morphologies and in vitro cellular interactions on their surface and inside. In vivo bone regeneration of HA-PEO and Chitosan-PEO hydrogels was compared with in mouse model.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.07a
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• pp.1271-1272
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• 2007

Experimental results regarding to the structural properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the field-emission characteristics of CNT-coated tungsten (W) tips are presented. CNTs are successfully grown on conical-type W-tips by inductively coupled plasma-chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD) with or without inserting a TiN-buffer layer prior to the formation of Ni catalysts. For all the CNTs grown, their nanostructures, morphologies, and crystalline structures are analyzed by FESEM, HRTEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the emission properties of CNT-based field-emitters are characterized to estimate the maximum current density and the threshold voltage. The results obtained in this study indicate that the emission current level of the CNT-emitter without using a TiN buffer is desirable for the application of micro-focused x-ray systems.