• 한국항공운항학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.38-53
• /
• 2007

In a seminal judgment of November 2002 (Case C-476/98) relating to the compatibility with Community laws of the 'nationality clause' in the 1996 amending protocol to the 1955 U.S.-German Air Services Agreement, the European Court of Justice(ECJ) decided that the provision constituted a measure of an intrinsically discriminatory nature and was thus contrary to the principle of national treatment established under Art. 52 of the EC Treaty. The Court, rejecting bluntly the German government' submissions relying on public policy grounds(Art. 56, EC Treaty), seemed content to declare and rule that the protocol provision requiring a contracting state party to ensure substantial ownership and effective control by its nationals of its designated airlines had violated the requirement of national treatment reserved for other Community Members under the salient Treaty provision. The German counterclaims against the Commission, although tantalizing not only from the perusal of the judgment but from the perspective of international air law, were nonetheless invariably correct and to the point. For such a clause has been justified to defend the 'fundamental interests of society from a serious threat' that may result from granting operating licenses or necessary technical authorizations to an airline company of a third country. Indeed, the nationality clause has been inserted in most of the liberal bilaterals to allow the parties to enforce their own national laws and regulations governing aviation safety and security. Such a clause is not targeted as a device for discriminating against the nationals of any third State. It simply acts as the minimum legal safeguards against aviation risk empowering a party to take legal control of the designated airlines. Unfortunately, the German call for the review of such a foremost objective and rationale underlying the nationality clause landed on the deaf ears of the Court which appeared quite happy not to take stock of the potential implications and consequences in its absence and of the legality under international law of the 'national treatment' requirement of Community laws. Again, while US law limits foreign shareholders to 24.9% of its airlines, the European Community limits non-EC ownership to 49%, precluding any ownership and effective control by foreign nationals of EC airlines, let alone any foreign takeover and merger. Given this, it appears inconsistent and unreasonable for the EC to demand, $vis-{\grave{a}}-vis$ a non-EC third State, national treatment for all of its Member States. The ECJ's decision was also wrongly premised on the precedence of Community laws over international law, and in particular, international air law. It simply is another form of asserting and enforcing de facto extraterritorial application of Community laws to a non-EC third country. Again, the ruling runs counter to an established rule of international law that a treaty does not, as a matter of principle, create either obligations or rights for a third State. Aside from the legal problems, the 'national treatment' may not be economically justified either, in light of the free-rider problem and resulting externalities or inefficiency. On the strength of international law and economics, therefore, airlines of Community Members other than the designated German and U.S. air carriers are neither eligible for traffic rights, nor entitled to operate between or 'free-ride' on the U.S. and German points. All in all and in all fairness, the European Court's ruling was nothing short of an outright condemnation of established rules and principles of international law and international air law. Nor is the national treatment requirement justified by the economic logic of deregulation or liberalization of aviation markets. Nor has the requirement much to do with fair competition and increased efficiency.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.331-340
• /
• 2013

The main topic of this paper is to show a possibility of indoor air quality enhancement and the fan energy savings in underground parking facilities by applying the demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) strategy based on the real-time variation of the traffic load. The established ventilation rate is estimated by considering the passing distance, CO emission rate, idling time of a vehicle, and the floor area of the parking facility. However, they are hard to be integrated into the real-time DCV control. As a solution to this problem, the minimum ventilation rate per a single vehicle is derived in this research based on the actual ventilation data acquired from several existing underground parking facilities. And then its applicability to the DCV based on the real-time variation of the traffic load is verified by simulating the real-time carbon monoxide concentration variation. The energy saving potentials of the proposed DCV strategy is also checked by comparing it with those for the current underground parking facility ventilation systems found in the open literature.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.221-228
• /
• 1992

In order to evaluate the degree of air pollution, soils from 125 and 60points of main streets of Seoul and Daejeon, respectively, were sampled and analyzed for the contents of lead, copper, iron and zinc by nitric acid($HNO_3$) extraction followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry during June and September, 1990. The Pb contents of Seoul and Daejeon were 350.2$\mu$g/g and 175.9$\mu$g/g, respectively, which were 14.5times and 7.3times respectively higher than the control(24.0). In Seoul, the commercial area gave the highest value followed by resdential and industrial areas in the decreasing order, while the order in Daejeon was Industrial, commercial and residential areas. The Cu contents in Seoul and Daejeon were very similar(236.6 and 234.6, respectively) each other, and about 11times higher than the control(20.9). The concentration was highest in industrial, followed by commercial and the lowest in residential areas in Seoul, while the order in Daejeon was industrial, residential and commercial areas. The Fe contents were 25716.5 in Seoul and 22838.6 in Daejeon, both being similar to the control value(22537.0). The value was highest in industrial and next in commercial areas and the lowest in residential area both in Seoul and Daejeon. The Zn contents in Seoul and Daejeon were 728.2 and 404.0, respectively, wihch were 6.3 and 3.6times higher than the control(113.3). The value was highest in commercial and next in industrial areas and the lowest in residental area in Seoul, while the order was industrial, residential and commercial areas in Daejeon. The heavy metal content was higher in the soil of main streets than that of minor streets in Seoul. The content of lead in Seoul was higher in the streets of Chongro-ku(525.9) and Chung-ku(684.8), the central area of the city which had a heavy traffic, than those in Nowon-ku(320.3) and Kwanak-ku(312.6) which had relatively less traffic crowd. The similar pattern was observed in the content of zinc; it was higher in Chongro-ku(1305.0) and Chung-ku(1335.4) than in Nowon-ku(489.1) and Kwanak-ku(569.8). In Daejeon, the contents of lead and zinc were decreasing as the distance from Daejeon Railroad Station increased : they were respectively 157.8 and 447.7 within 2km from the station, 157.6 and 235.7 with in 2-4km, and 63.5 and 156.2 within 4-6km and 58.7 and 142.2 within 6-8km. In summary, the contents of lead, copper and zinc were generally higher in the central area of the city, areas of heavy traffic and areas of industry and commerce.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.743-755
• /
• 2018

터널은 지하공간과 유사한 반밀폐 형태로서 화재 발생 시 연기가 빨리 차오르고 외부로 연기가 천천히 빠져나가는 구조이다. 이에 따라 교통사고로 인한 화재 발생 시 사고차량 뒤에 차량이 연속으로 정차되어 차량을 이용한 피난이 어려우며, 화재 현장에 소방차 진입이 어렵기 때문에 소화하기가 매우 어렵다. 따라서 국내외적으로 터널 방재등급을 설정하고 이에 맞는 방재시설을 설치하고 운영하고 있다. 우리나라 도로터널은 1 km 미만의 터널의 80.0%를 차지하고 있으며, 1 km 미만의 터널은 방재등급 3등급으로서 제연시설을 설치하지 않아도 된다. 본 연구에서는 내열시로코 팬을 이용한 에어커튼 시스템을 1 km 미만 터널에 제연설비로 활용하기 위해서 실물화재실험을 통하여 성능평가를 수행하였다. 이에 따라, $250^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 60분 이상 작동하는지 내열시험을 통해서 확인하였으며, 실물화재실험을 수행하여 에어커튼 내부(터널 화재방향)에서는 온도 및 이산화탄소 농도가 급격히 상승하였지만, 에어커튼 외부(터널 외기방향)에서는 초기의 상태를 유지하고 있는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
• /
• 제19권6호
• /
• pp.465-472
• /
• 2015

TCAS (traffic alert and collision avoidance system)의 성능 향상을 위해서는 각종정보를 송신해주는 센서의 성능이 향상되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 성능향상을 위해 기존에 사용 중인 레이더와 같은 센서를 대신하여 차세대 항공관제시스템인 ADS-B (automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast)를 적용하였다. 또한 ADS-B에서 초정밀 GPS (global positioning system) 보정시스템인 SBAS (satellite based augmentation system)의 정보를 사용하여 향상된 위치정확도를 TCAS에 적용할 수 있을 것이라 가정하고 TCAS와 ADS-B를 분석하였다. 시뮬레이션을 해본 결과, 이러한 ADS-B의 도움을 받는 TCAS 장비는 사전에 항공기의 위치를 파악하여 CPA (closest ponit of approach)를 계산할 수 있고 불필요한 RA (resolution advisory) 동작을 감소시킬 수 있다는 것이 확인되었고, 또한 조종사의 업무로드 감소와 불필요한 RA동작이 줄어듦에 따른 연료소비나 시간 등에 대한 장점이 있음이 확인되었다.

• 항공우주의학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.40-49
• /
• 2020

In accordance with ICAO SARPs, the states should implement appropriate aviation-related health promotion for airmen subject to an aviation medical examination to reduce future medical risks to flight safety. We aimed to analyze the results of the aviation medical examination to use as objective evidence for establishing an aviationrelated health promotion plan. The results of the final issuance of airmen medical certificate from 2015~2017 were collected from the e-sky computer system. The 30 cases (0.3%) in 2015, 22 cases (0.2%) in 2016, 38 cases (0.3%) in 2017 were unfit for flight duty. The 34 unfit out of the total 90 cases were renewal physical examinations. The cardiovascular disease was most commonly in 11 cases, followed by 8 tumors, 4 psychiatric diseases, 3 ophthalmic diseases, 2 respiratory diseases, 2 neurologic diseases, 2 otolaryngological diseases, 1 endocrine disease and 1 digestive disease. The results of this study can be used as objective data in aviation-related health promotion plan. The health promotion activities based on objective data can contribute to improving aviation safety by improving the lifestyles of airmen.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.515-524
• /
• 2022

This study investigated characteristics of meteorological parameters and ionic components of PM_2.5 during Asian dust events on November 28 and 30, 2018 at Busan, Korea. The seasonal occurrence frequencies of Asian dust during 1960~2019 (60 years) were 81.7% in spring, 12.2% in winter, and 6.1% in autumn. Recently, autumn Asian dust occurrence in Busan has shown an increasing trend. The result of AWS (automatic weather station), surface weather chart, and backward trajectory analyses showed that the first Asian dust of Nov. 28, 2018, in Busan came with rapid speed through inner China and Bohai Bay from Mongolia. The second Asian dust of Nov. 30, 2018, in Busan seems to have resulted from advection and deposition of proximal residual materials. These results indicated that understanding the characteristics of meteorological parameters and ionic components of PM_2.5 during Asian dust events could provide insights into establishing a control strategy for urban air quality.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.171-178
• /
• 2016

지상 관제소에 근무하는 항공관제사와 비행중인 항공기는 무전기를 이용하여 음성통신을 한다. 항공기에서 송신하는 음성신호는 전국에 있는 다수의 지상사이트에 동시에 수신된다. 이때 항공관제사는 항공기와의 거리, 속도, 기상상태, 안테나와 무전기 조정상태 등에 따라 다양한 품질의 음성신호를 수신하게 된다. 항공관제사는 매 순간 최적의 음성신호를 찾아 항공기와 최적의 상황에서 음성통신을 수행한다. 그러나, 현재는 입력된 음성의 음량(Gain)을 기준으로 CD(: Carrier Dectect)값이 우수하다고 판단되는 신호를 최적채널로 선택하지만, 이는 잡음이 통화품질에 미치는 영향을 고려하지 않기에 최적채널을 선택한다고 볼 수 없다. 본 논문을 통해 수신된 음성신호에서 잡음을 제거한 후 사용자가 최적채널을 선택할 수 있도록 수치화된 정보 및 개선된 음질의 음성신호를 제공할 수 있었다. 이를 이용하여 항공기 관제 또는 훈련감청시스템 운용 시 향상된 품질의 채널을 선택하여 안전사고 예방, 훈련 능력향상 등을 기대할 수 있다.

• 한국산업정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국산업정보학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2000

능동 레이더 반사기는 지금까지는 특히 비행물체와 미사일의 레이더 유효 반사 면적을 효과적으로 증가시키기 위한 군사적 응용에만 사용이 제한되어져 왔기 때문에 그다지 친숙한 용어는 아니다. 레이더 트랜스폰더의 가장 잘 알려진 응용은 군용의 피아 식별 장치 (IFF ; Identification Friend or Foe)와 이것의 민간 항공부문이고, 항공 교통 관제(An , hir Traffic Control)를 위한 2차 감시 레이더(SSR : Second Surveillance Radar), 그리고 보다 최근에는 전 세계 해상 조난 및 안전 제도(GMDSS ; Global Maritime Distress and Safety System)의 수색 구조용 트랜스폰더(SART ; Search And Rescue Transponder)등이 있다. 최근 연안이나 대양에서의 해난사고가 빈번히 발생되고 있으므로, 이로 인한 해양오염이 심각한 실정이다. 이제는 전통적인 항해표지 및 시설로써 해상교통의 안전을 유지하기에는 충분치 못하며, 새로운 개념과 구조가 적용되어야만 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 개선된 구조를 가진 능동 레이더 반사기를 제안하고 제작하였다. 제작된 시스템은 기존의 시설에 비해 높은 성능 향상을 보인다.

• 산업공학
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.751-758
• /
• 2000

Situation awareness is defined as a person's perception of the elements of the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future. Situation awareness is important in attempting to evaluate human behavior in operating complex systems such as aircraft, air traffic control, and nuclear power plant systems. From the literatures this study reviews the relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual, system and environmental factors, and also reviews the methodologies for the empirical measurement of situation awareness applicable to Korea Next Generation Reactor (KNGR) design project. Attention, working memory, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation are presented as critical factors limiting operator's situation awareness. Mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms overcoming these limits. This study summarized hypothesized guidelines for interface design to improve situation awareness of reactor operators. Some of the guidelines should be tested in the KNGR evaluation experiments in the future.